Antisociality and dangerousness in women before and after the women's movement.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Dangerous Behavior”
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Defensive attribution hypothesis and serious occupational accidents.
Based on the defensive attribution hypothesis, we assume that the victims of serious occupational accidents tend to attribute their accidents to external factors, while their coworkers and foremen tend to attribute the accidents to the victims' own action. The data to test this hypothesis consisted of 99 serious occupational accidents in southern Finland. In connection with the accident, or after the investigation at the accident site, 73 victims, 65 coworkers, and 71 foremen were interviewed. The results support our assumption, as the victims tended to use external attributions, whereas the foremen and coworkers attributed the accidents to internal factors. The defensive attribution hypothesis seems to explain the differences in how each party interpreted the basis for each accident.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Scale for the Prediction of Aggression and Dangerousness in Psychotic Patients, an introduction.
The design and theoretical bases of the Scale for the Prediction of Aggression and Dangerousness in Psychotic Patients (PAD) are described. The scale is based on an interactional understanding of aggressive behaviour in psychotic patients. This model emphasizes detailed analyses of each patient's situational and interactional vulnerability, in addition to personality variables, for improved prediction of aggressive behaviour. Situational vulnerability is thus defined as increased likelihood to act aggressively towards others in a given interaction. Based on 29 items grouped in 7 main categories, the PAD scores describe a patient's profile of interactional vulnerability. Empirical data from the clinical and research application of PAD at a special secure unit for dangerous patients are presented.
Adult↗
Perceived consequences to the predictor: a variable in the release of psychiatric patients.
The present study examined factors hypothesized to influence mental health professionals' perceptions of dangerousness, predictions of violence, and decisions on patients' release. 120 mental health professionals employed in state mental hospitals were each given one of 12 patient profiles. The independent variables, manipulated within vignettes, were (a) violence history, (b) paranoid schizophrenia versus nonparanoid schizophrenia, and (c) perceived consequences in terms of liability and publicity. Type of schizophrenia did not affect ratings, but violence history of the predictee and perceived consequences to the predictor did significantly influence the ratings. Patients with actual violence histories were viewed by the subjects as having more potential for future violence, as being more globally dangerous, and as requiring a more secure placement than those with histories of threats of violence or no violence. Possible litigation following release led to a recommendation for more secure placement than did minimal legal consequences. Predictions of violence and decisions on hospital release were interpreted as dependent on both predictor and patient-related variables.
Adult↗
Dangerous activities by children in grocery carts: is adult supervision important?
Systematic observations of 231 children (infancy to 5 years) and the 231 adults accompanying them were made in 29 supermarkets in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The objective of the study was to describe the influence of two indices of adult supervision in supermarkets on children's activities in shopping carts. Adult supervision was measured by whether the adult ever lost sight of the child and whether the adult was 10 feet or more from the child at any time during a shopping trip. 23% of the children stood on the ends or sides of carts; 49% climbed or tried to climb out of carts. Adults lost sight of a child, whether in or outside the cart, a mean of 3.3 times and were 10 feet away 2.7 times during an average shopping trip. Logistic regression showed that a child rather than an adult pushing a shopping cart through the store was the strongest factor related to standing on ends or sides of carts. Pushing by a child was more likely to occur when adult monitoring was low and when children were older. Climbing out was predicted by the number of times an adult was > or = 10 feet away, older children, and a child being in the cart basket as opposed to outside the cart or in the child safety seat.
Accidental Falls↗
Homosexual sex as harmful as drug abuse, prostitution, or smoking.
In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court said same-sex sexual activity could not be prohibited by law. Analyzing data from the 1996 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (N= 12,381) and comparing those who engaged in four recreational activities-homosexual sex, illegal drug use, participation in prostitution, and smoking --against those who abstained, participants (1) were more frequently disruptive (e.g., more frequently criminal, drove under the influence of drugs or alcohol, used illegal drugs, took sexual risks), (2) were less frequently productive (e.g., less frequently had children in marriage, more frequently missed work), and (3) generated excessive costs (e.g., more promiscuous, higher consumers of medical services). Major sexuality surveys have reported similar findings for homosexuals. Societal discrimination inadequately accounts for these differences since parallel comparisons of black and white subsamples produced a pattern unlike the differences found between homosexuals and nonhomosexuals.
Adolescent↗
Fatigue and the criminal law.
Fatigue is an increasingly recognised risk factor for transportation accidents. In light of this, there is the question of whether driving whilst fatigued should be a criminal offence. This paper discusses the current legal position, including the problems of voluntary conduct and self awareness. Three models for reform are proposed. The manner in which scientific research can inform legal consideration and future directions for research are discussed.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Faculty perceptions of university students with psychiatric disabilities.
Information sources such as professional training, the media, personal relationships, and one's own experience may impact perceptions about people with psychiatric disabilities (PDs). The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between information sources and university faculty members' perceptions of working with university students who have PDs. Specific types of personal experience were then analyzed: having a family member, friend, and student with a PD, and having a PD oneself. Faculty who had a friend or a student with a PD had more positive perceptions of university students with PDs than faculty who had neither of these experiences.
Adult↗
A review of compulsory admissions to a psychiatric unit in Sydney.
This study is concerned with compulsory admissions of patients from a defined catchment area of Sydney in 1979. The rate of such detentions under the present Mental Health Act in New South Wales was found to be about one per 1000 of the total population in one year. A much smaller proportion of psychotic than of non-psychotic patients was considered dangerous by doctors who signed the schedules, yet those (40%) requiring to be on compulsory orders after magisterial hearings were all diagnosed as psychotic. If dangerousness were to be the main criterion for compulsory detention under the Mental Health Act (as recently proposed), many psychotic patients could not legally be detained. Yet follow-up, as in this study, demonstrates the benefits of such admissions. Revision of proposed amendments is recommended.
Adult↗
The Squibb academic address. Human rights: the case for the mentally ill.
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Adolescent↗
Feasibility of discharge of chronic psychiatric patients.
In a survey of all (2795) chronic psychiatric patients resident in Victorian Mental Health Division hospitals, charge nurses were asked to assess patients' levels of physical and psychological dependence on nursing care, aggressive and difficult behaviour and their preferred future placement. The vast majority were 'old' chronic patients and nurses considered the present placement as the most appropriate for two-thirds of the surveyed population. We adopted our own criteria of placement needs, such as level of physical and psychological dependence, behavioural problems and treatment received. Of the 2795 patients, one-quarter (682) would require continuing hospital care. The remainder could be transferred, depending on their characteristics, to intensive or general nursing care homes, hostels or special accommodation houses, provided that such facilities are available and the participation of patients in various therapeutic activities was ensured.
Adult↗
Mental disorder and dangerousness.
Psychiatrists are called upon to make judgements on the future dangerousness of mentally disordered subjects in civil commitment procedures, in the criminal courts, and during the decision process on the release of offenders on indeterminate sentences or committals. The ability of psychiatrists to make these judgements is increasingly under challenge. The difficulties of making useful predictions when the base rate for the event to be predicted is low, is now well recognised. Less obvious are the problems attendant upon making socially useful predictions on psychiatric grounds in populations with a high base rate for future offending. The evidence pertaining to the level of violence amongst the mentally disordered is reviewed. The lesson to be drawn from the empirical evidence is that mental abnormality of and in itself contributes little to the prediction of the predisposition to act violently. The question remains as to whether there are definable groups or classes within the generality of mentally abnormal individuals for whom there is an increased risk of future violence. It would be compatible with both the research studies and common clinical impression if the mentally abnormal contained subgroups with unusually violent predispositions balanced by larger groups with less than average propensities to aggression. The literature is largely inadequate to delineate such high risk groups with the degree of certainty ideally needed to instruct clinical decisions, but does suggest that such groups exist and are capable of further empirical definition.
Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
The statutory definition of a mentally ill person in N.S.W. 1958-1983.
For 11 years the N.S.W. mental health legislation was under review. The new legislation was finally enacted in 1983. Several different committees worked on the development of the legislation over the 11-year period. Two government departments, the Department of Health and the Attorney-General's Department, were involved in the preparation of the legislation. As a result, many parts of the Act represent an uneasy compromise between the medical-humanitarian and legal points of view. The process of development of the definition of a mentally ill person, which is traced in this article, exemplifies this. Features of the new definition are critically reviewed and potential problems discussed.
Australia↗
The use of seclusion: a comparison of two psychiatric intensive care units.
The use of seclusion within a psychiatric intensive care unit in a South Australian metropolitan mental hospital was documented over a ten week period. The seclusion rate within the unit was 32% of all admissions and 34% of new admissions. The overall seclusion rate for the hospital was 5.4% of all admissions and 6.3% of new admissions, somewhat higher than in the United Kingdom but considerably lower than in the Eastern United States. A comparison was then made between consecutive new admissions (30 secluded and 30 non-secluded) to this unit and to a similar unit without a seclusion room in the other mental hospital in the State. Although seclusion offered no clear advantages in terms of duration of admission, levels of medication or relapse rates, it appeared to reduce the level of dangerousness in the unit, thereby enhancing staff morale. The overall mean daily total of neuroleptic medication was about 1,200 mg chlorpromazine equivalent, somewhat less than in comparable units in the United States and Europe.
Adult↗
Alcohol-related problems in the emergency room of an Indian general hospital.
Alcohol-related problems made up 17.6% of the case load of psychiatric emergencies in an Indian general hospital. The police brought three-quarters of them, 45% for quarrels, street-fights and under influence of alcohol and 20% for minor offences like abusing in public. A psychiatric illness was definitely present in 40% of the cases. Only 10% of the patients with alcohol-related problems were referred for outpatient treatment. Eighty-five percent were not given any follow-up advice because the patients said they needed no help.
Accidents, Traffic↗
The madness of Mental Health Acts.
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Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
The Garry David case.
A prisoner with an antisocial personality disorder had almost completed his sentence for attempted murder and there was considerable public concern over his imminent release. The article discusses the many attempts made by the Victorian Government during the past six months to detain him. A recommendation was made to change the Mental Health Act 1986 by including personality disorders as a form of "mental illness". The outcome of such advice has enormous implications for the practice of psychiatry in Victoria.
Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
Definitions and defining responsibility.
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Australia↗