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PubMed1989

Hormonal correlates of male attractiveness during mate selection in the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos).

The aims of the present study were (1) to examine if feeding condition prior to mating influences male hormone levels and behavior, (2) to evaluate the effect of age on male hormone levels, (3) to examine a possible association between male social display activity and four steroid hormones (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrogen, and corticosterone), and (4) to examine if female behavior influences male hormone levels. Thirty male and fifteen female mallards were used in this study. Observations were made on a mixed flock of mallards for 10 consecutive days in autumn. Five weeks before the observations, males were randomly assigned to a feeding regime with either an unlimited food supply (UL group) or a limited food supply (L group). Males in the UL group showed significantly greater social display activity compared to the L group males. Females never incited (courted) males from the L group. Dihydrotestosterone levels were significantly higher in males showing social display activity as compared to males not showing these behavior patterns. Testosterone levels were significantly higher in males incited by females compared to males not incited by females.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Younger and older adolescents' thinking about commitments.

One hundred and sixty-three adolescents listed factors they consider or would consider when choosing a career and a romantic partner, and defined "commitment" in an open-ended essay. Male and female ninth graders, twelfth graders, and college juniors, from public and private schools served as subjects. Gender, grade, and type of school differences were found in the types and number of different types of factors listed for the above commitments, but not in the number of factors listed. Conceptions of the nature of commitment became more complex with grade, and differed as a function of gender and of type of school. Females listed more "internal" factors than did males for romantic commitments. Males described commitment more contractually, women more affectively. Older students focused more upon long-term and internal concerns, and defined "commitment" more in terms of cognitive processing and emotional attachment than younger students. Implications for related areas of work are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Clonidine inhibits female spawning behavior in ovulated and prostaglandin-treated goldfish.

Previous studies have indicated that female spawning behavior in goldfish is stimulated by prostaglandin (PG) synthesized in the reproductive tract shortly after ovulation and acting within the brain. In this study, clonidine inhibited PG-induced spawning behavior of nonovulated female goldfish in a dose-dependent manner and also inhibited spawning of ovulated goldfish. In male goldfish, clonidine also inhibited PG-induced female spawning behavior but did not affect male spawning behavior. The results provide further support for a role of endogenous PG in female spawning behavior of goldfish and are consistent with the findings [15] that clonidine antagonizes the action of PG on sexual behavior in the female guinea pig.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Acquaintance rape and the high school student.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of forced sex among high school students and to assess student attitudes about it. The questionnaires were given in conjunction with a presentation on date rape to 9th through 12th grade students in health and science classes in three large metropolitan Louisiana public high schools. The first questionnaire, given before the presentation, elicited demographic information and attitudes about forced sex in 11 scenarios; the second, given after the program, asked if the student had ever been in a situation involving forced sex and, if so, whether he or she had told anyone. The two questionnaires were completed by all 237 students. Although one out of five students (20%) reported they had experienced forced sex, only half had told about the experience. A majority of boys (60%) found it acceptable in one or more situations for a boy to force sex on a girl. Male, black, and older students were significantly more likely (p < 0.05) to indicate that it was acceptable for a boy to force sex on a girl in certain circumstances. These findings should alert physicians to the risk of acquaintance rape among their high school student patients. Student attitudes, particularly those of males, may provide an important focus of preventive sex education in the physician's office, the classroom, and the community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Binge drinking in the context of romantic relationships.

This study examined consequences of binge drinking on relationship conversation qualities (positive tone, general disagreements, drinking disagreements, and talks about drinking) among romantically involved college students. Conversation qualities were predicted with three binging variables: (a) same day binging, (b) prior day binging, and (c) total amount of binging reported. The participants (N=156) completed 10 daily diaries of relationship conversations as well as drinking behaviors. Same day binging increased the occurrence of both drinking disagreements and talks about drinking. However, prior day binging was not associated with any of the four conversation qualities examined. Greater numbers of binges over the duration of the study were associated with less overall positive tone, and more general disagreements, drinking disagreements, and talks about drinking. The implications of the findings for student drinking patterns and relational quality are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Retrospective reports of parenting received in their families of origin: relationships to adult attachment in adult children of alcoholics.

The present study examined general and romantic attachment and parenting students received in their families of origin among 401 college students who resided with an alcohol-abusing parent prior to age 16 years as compared to those who did not reside with alcohol-abusing parents. Participants completed the Children's Report of Parent Behavior Instrument [Schludermann, E. and Schludermann, S. (1970). Children's Report of Parent Behavior Inventory (CRPBI). Canada: University of Manitoba], Experiences in Close Relationships--Revised [Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., and Brennan, K. G. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 350-365], Relationship Scale Questionnaire [Griffin, D. W. and Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 430-445], and the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test [Jones, J. W. (1983). The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test: Test manual. Chicago: Camelot]. Young adults who met criteria for ACOAs reported more anxious and avoidant behavior in romantic relationships and a more fearful style of general adult attachment. Parenting behavior in one's family of origin predicted anxious behavior in romantic relationships and a fearful overall style of attachment, whereas being an ACOA and parenting in one's family of origin predicted avoidant behavior in romantic relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Informal helpers' responses when adolescents tell them about dating violence or romantic relationship problems.

This study examines the responses of informal helpers to adolescents who disclose dating violence or upsetting but non-violent experiences in their romantic relationships. Based on a survey of 224 Midwestern high school students, the study found that youths were more likely to disclose problems to friends rather than others. A factor analysis of potential helpers' responses showed that, compared to avoidance and minimization, nurturing was the most typical response received. Adolescents who told someone about being victimized by severe dating violence were more likely to receive an avoidance response than those who told about less severe dating violence. Males encountered high levels of minimization regarding less severe dating violence. While friends and family seem to respond effectively to romantic relationship problems, youths need more training in how to respond helpfully to friends' difficulties with dating violence or how to encourage victims to seek help from trained practitioners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Reactions to dating violence among Latino teenagers: an experiment utilizing the Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations paradigm.

Dating violence is a serious problem among adolescents and young adults. Understanding teens' reactions to dating violence offers the potential to understand the factors that lead to perpetration of violent behavior and to elucidate prevention strategies. Knowledge concerning youth attitudes about dating violence is limited, and has largely come from self-report questionnaires to date. We utilized the Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations (ATSS) paradigm to assessing Latino teens' reactions to dating violence. Forty-one 9th grade students were presented with four simulated dating violence scenarios, and articulated their thoughts in response to them. Teens' reactions to dating violence differed on a variety of dimensions as a function of their gender, the gender of the perpetrator, and familiarity with the perpetrator.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

College women's experience of stalking: mental health symptoms and changes in routines.

BACKGROUND: Stalking is a serious public health and societal concern affecting many college women. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore college women's experiences of stalking. The specific aims were to compare victims and nonvictims on physical and mental health indicators and to identify lifestyle changes made in response to being stalked. METHODS: In this cross-sectional design, 601 women from two universities completed a stalking questionnaire, a mental health screening tool, and an injury checklist. Data analysis included frequencies, multivariate analysis of variance, analysis of variance, and chi(2) analysis. RESULTS: A quarter of the sample reported experiencing stalking, most often by an intimate or dating partner. Individuals who reported experiencing stalking reported significantly more mental health symptoms and lower perceived physical health status than individuals who did not. Victims reported changing routines, behaviors, and activities. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric nurses must be knowledgeable about stalking and its impact on health. Nurses can provide support, services, and community referrals.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Dating violence and sexual risk behaviors in a sample of at-risk Israeli youth.

OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study examines the reported dating violence and its association with sexual risk behavior among Israeli adolescents, who are at risk for dropping out of school. METHODOLOGY: A convenience sample of 105 at-risk youth (51 boys and 54 girls) completed self-administered anonymous, questionnaires in small same-gender groups. The questionnaire included a Hebrew version of the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory, a valid scale developed in the US especially for adolescents, the Hebrew version of the Conflict Tactics Scale and the Self-Efficacy to Refuse Sexual Behavior Scale. RESULTS: We found high rates of perpetration of verbal-emotional abuse for both girls and boys. Rates of reported victimization by physical abuse were higher among boys but that by sexual abuse were higher among girls. We found a moderate inverse association between victimization by dating violence and practicing safe sex among girls. There was a similar but much stronger association for boys who were victims of dating violence. CONCLUSIONS: The high rates of various types of dating violence in Israel, at least among at-risk adolescents, should raise concern and motivate designing and implementing specific prevention interventions. The high reported rates of victimization from dating violence among boys are somewhat surprising and call for special attention and more indepth studies.

Courtship↗
PubMed2004

Violence perpetration across peer and partner relationships: co-occurrence and longitudinal patterns among adolescents.

PURPOSE: To examine the co-occurrence and consistency over time of peer violence, sexual aggression, and dating violence among European American and Mexican-American adolescent boys and girls. METHODS: One-hundred-twelve girls and 135 boys who were either European American or Mexican-American were recruited from a large health maintenance organization. They were interviewed by telephone at baseline (at ages 16 to 20 years) and at one-year follow-up. Variable-centered and person-centered analyses examined the co-occurrence of violent behavior across domains, and whether adolescents who engaged in violent behavior at baseline also engaged in violent behavior during the following year. RESULTS: Results indicated that adolescent boys who engaged in violence in one domain were more likely to engage in violence in other domains during the same time period. Results for girls were less consistent. For boys but not girls, perpetration of either sexual aggression or peer violence was a significant predictor of the same behavior at follow-up. Person-centered analyses indicated that boys who perpetrated both peer violence and sexual aggression at baseline were most likely to perpetrate later violence. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that adolescent boys who engage in peer violence are also at risk for perpetrating sexual aggression or dating violence. Boys who perpetrate peer violence and sexual aggression are at high risk for later violence. Interventions with a dual focus on peer and partner violence may be valuable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sexual communication and contraceptive use in adolescent dating couples.

PURPOSE: This study had two aims: first, to examine the relationship between general sexual communication and contraceptive use in sexually active adolescent romantic couples, and second, to explore predictors of open communication from characteristics of adolescent couples and individual adolescents. METHODS: Data were drawn from 209 couples dating a minimum of four weeks who participated in the Study of Tennessee Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Seventy-three adolescent dating couples (ages 14-21 years) that engaged in sexual intercourse and completed a sexual communication questionnaire were included in current analyses. RESULTS: Nearly 30% of couples failed to use contraception at first intercourse and almost half of couples did not use contraception every time they had sex. More open communication about sex from both male and female partners was associated with increased contraceptive use. Additionally, adolescents who were more satisfied in their relationships reported more open communication about sex, and adolescent females who self-silenced reported less open communication about sex. Finally, mediation analyses revealed that boys' and girls' relationship satisfaction and girls' self-silencing indirectly predicted contraceptive use through their effects on general sexual communication. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first known study to address individual and dyadic components of sexual communication using reports from both members of established adolescent dating couples. Findings suggest that open sexual communication between intimate partners is important to sexual decision-making. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The role of friendship in the lives of male and female adolescents: does diabetes make a difference?

PURPOSE: We examined differences in the nature of friendship between adolescents with diabetes and healthy adolescents. We also examined whether friend support and negative relations with friends were related to health for both groups. METHOD: We interviewed 127 adolescents with diabetes and 129 healthy adolescents on two occasions, separated by one year. We measured aspects of friendship and psychological health among both groups as well as self-care behavior and metabolic control among adolescents with diabetes. We used logistic regression analysis to predict the presence of friends, repeated measures analysis of covariance to predict changes in friendship over time, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis to examine the relations of friendship to psychological health, self-care behavior, and metabolic control. RESULTS: Both groups of adolescents were equally likely to have a best friend and boyfriend/girlfriend, but healthy adolescents were more likely to have an other-gender friend. Adolescents with diabetes and healthy adolescents reported similar levels of friend support, but support increased over the year for healthy girls only. Boys with diabetes had the lowest levels of friend support. Negative relations with friends were inversely related to psychological health and predicted a decline in psychological health over time. Negative relations also predicted poor metabolic control and a deterioration of metabolic control over time. CONCLUSION: There are similarities and differences in the nature of friendship for adolescents with diabetes compared with healthy adolescents. Friendship serves a protective function for psychological health for both groups and has implications for physical health among those with diabetes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗