Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CASTS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,477 records · Page 82Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Gender, caste, and economic inequalities and marital violence in rural South India.

We conducted a survey to examine the relationships among gender, caste, and economic inequalities and marital violence among women in rural South India. Thirty-four percent of 397 women reported having ever been hit, forced to have sex by their husbands, or both. Women belonging to lower caste, poorer households, having greater economic autonomy, and whose husbands consumed alcohol were more likely to report violence. In multivariate analyses, indicators of women's economic autonomy and husbands' alcohol consumption were significantly associated with violence, independent of caste and economic status, which highlights the need to address the links between gender inequalities and marital violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

HLA-B27 allele diversity in Indians: impact of ethnic origin and the caste system.

HLA-B27 is a serological specificity which encompasses an increasing number of subtypes that show varied racial/ethnic prevalence in the world. Here, data from 5129 Indians (4500 population and caste; 629 tribal) is compiled from the literature. In addition, HLA-B27 subtyping of 58 positive individuals from Maharastra is presented. Analysis revealed an increased B27 antigen frequency among the north Indian groups (>5%) compared to the south Indian groups (<5%). HLA-B27 subtyping identified B*2704 (34.48%), B*2705 (36.2%), B*2707 (15.51%), B*2708 (10.34%) and B*2714 (3.44%) alleles in the population groups from Maharastra, but these differed in their distribution among the caste and tribal groups studied. The study showed that more extensive subtyping in other Indian caste groups will be necessary to resolve the evolutionary implications of HLA-B27 subtypes and their relationship to disease association in the Indian context.

Alleles↗
PubMed1983

Identification and composition of types of granular urinary casts.

Granular urinary casts were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and histochemistry. Three types were identified. They appear to have distinctly different origins and significance. Their clinical associations remain to be defined. One type can be misidentified by bright field microscopy. Bacterial casts also can be misidentified as granular casts unless the sediment is examined carefully.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1984

Nuclear fuel-cycle radionuclides in raptor castings: implications for environmental monitoring.

Our sampling results indicate that raptor castings (regurgitated material containing the nondigestible remains of prey) faithfully reflect the composition of known environmental gamma-emitting radionuclides. The castings are easily obtainable and provide a way to monitor for the presence of biologically available radionuclides. Raptor castings can also provide a useful adjunct to existing monitoring programs where small mammal burrowing into buried waste may occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Flow distribution in human and canine tracheobronchial airway casts.

Measurements of flow rates through hollow casts of human and canine tracheobronchial airways, which extend from just below the larynx to airways 1 mm in diameter, show basic similarities in the distribution of air flow and also species differences which must be considered. The distribution of air flow, for both constant and pulsatile inspiratory flow, was measured for minute volumes equivalent to 6, 11, 17 and 22 L min-1 for the human and 3, 6, 8, and 11 L min-1 for the dog. Inertia of air flow (inertance) was found to carry more of the flow to airways of the lower lobes at higher flow rates. Basic differences in airway branching pattern result in a more distinct change in airflow distribution as flow rate changes for the canine cast as compared with the human cast. These differences should contribute to differing patterns of mass transfer of inhaled particles and gases in central airways of the two species.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Particle deposition in human and canine tracheobronchial casts: a determinant of radon dose to the critical cells of the respiratory tract.

The radiation dose to the sensitive cells of the bronchial epithelium from inhaled short-lived radon progeny depends critically on the efficiency with which the particles are deposited on the airway surfaces. Measurements of deposition for particles 50, 100, 180, and 400 nm in diameter have been carried out along three single pathways in full hollow airway casts of the human and canine tracheobronchial trees. The pathways are a major branch path, a minor branch path, and one which consists of alternating major and minor branches. The casts, prepared from whole lungs obtained at autopsy, extend to airways with diameters less than 1 mm. Monodisperse test aerosols were nebulized from either a 99mTc-ferric oxide or 99mTc-NaCl solution and size classified with an electrostatic classifier or formed by condensation of triphenyl phosphate onto 99mTc-salt nuclei. Measured deposition fractions (etaFs) form a family of curves with etaF being highest for the 50 nm particles and lowest for 400 nm. This agrees with expectations for this particle size range where diffusion is the dominant deposition mechanism. The etaF pattern is strongly influenced by the morphometry and resulting airflow distribution. Results of the experiments obtained in the human cast are compared with two predictive deposition models. The model, that is more explicit with respect to flow and geometric parameters, appears to be a marginally better predictor of the data.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of human right ventricular cast volume by CT and angiocardiography.

Angiocardiographic methods available for cardiac chamber volume measurements have been shown to be less accurate although more practical than CT for the evaluation of the LV. To explore the capability of CT for RV volume measurements, silastic casts of seven normal RV were measured by a displacement method, conventional angiocardiographic biplane methods, and CT. The displacement method used degassing beneath vacuum to remove air trapped in the casts, and the actual volumes, which varied between 62 and 188 cc, were measured by Archimedes' principle. Cast volumes measured by biplane angiogram methods displayed a varying degree of spread around the regression line, caused by the chamber's irregular shape and its variation in orientation relative to the x-ray beams. CT measurements were in all aspects significantly more accurate.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

MR gradient echo volumetric analysis of human cardiac casts: focus on the right ventricle.

PURPOSE: Our goal was to assess the utility of different imaging directions in volumetric studies of the heart with MRI, in particular to identify the optimal imaging plane for studies of the right ventricle. METHOD: We examined 12 sets of human four-chamber cadaveric cardiac casts. Gradient echo MRI was performed in four imaging planes: (a) perpendicular to the right ventricular inflow tract; (b) perpendicular to the right ventricular outflow tract; (c) in the left ventricular short axis view; and (d) in the axial view. The volumes of the right ventricle and other cardiac cavities were determined with the method of discs. The true cast volumes were measured with the water displacement technique. The agreement between true and measured volumes and the repeatability of image analysis were determined using the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the measured and true right ventricular volumes irrespective of the imaging plane. The axial plane gave the smallest mean absolute difference from the true right ventricular volume (3.2 +/-2.2 ml) and also the best repeatability of volume analysis (0.2+/-1.6 ml). However, the other imaging planes performed nearly as well, and the differences across the planes were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Also, in studies of the left ventricle and left and right atrium, the axial view appeared to give the best results, but differences across the imaging planes remained small. CONCLUSION: The present studies of human cardiac casts suggest that gradient echo MRI is well applicable to right ventricular volume measurements. Imaging the right ventricle in axial planes covering the entire heart gives good agreement with true right ventricular volumes and excellent analysis reproducibility. However, other imaging directions perform nearly as well, and thus selection of the imaging plane may not be of major importance to the accuracy of cardiac volume measurements with MR.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1985

Esophageal cast.

We report a case of esophageal cast, a rare entity, and a review of the literature. We also theorize about the possible mechanism of injury due to vomiting, which was common in most previously reported patients. We assume a close association may occur between the Mallory-Weiss syndrome and production of an esophageal cast. Other causes of esophageal casts are presented.

Esophageal Diseases↗
PubMed1995

Rapid reocclusion of left primary bronchus by fibrinomucinous cast in a case of large cell lung cancer.

This report describes a case of large cell carcinoma of the lung in a patient whose left primary bronchus became completely occluded by a fibrinomucinous cast that recurred within 24 hours despite extensive lavage and removal of the cast via flexible bronchoscopy. The primary tumor involved the aortopulmonary window and was affixed to the pulmonary artery and the aorta, arising from the left upper lobe and extending to the left primary bronchus. The occurrence of a large fibrinous endobronchial cast removed by flexible bronchoscopy forceps, such as we report here, is extremely rare.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1975

Bile composition and bile cast formation after transplantation of the liver in man.

Transplantation of the liver in man is frequently complicated by biliary fistula and obstruction of the biliary tree by casts, which suggests that the composition of the bile may be abnormal. In part of the present study, bile composition was investigated in three recipients during the first few weeks after transplantation, when a T tube was in place. Supersaturation of bile with cholesterol was found in two patients immediately after surgery and during episodes of acute rejection, but bile was never lithogenic in the third. There was no evidence of bile stasis in the absence of acute rejection and bile viscosity was normal in all three patients throughout the study. Free bile acids and free bilirubin, which are relatively insoluble products of bacterial metabolism, were not present in the bile of any patient. However, chemical analysis of casts found at autopsy in a fourth recipient showed that the major component was free bilirubin. Escherichia coli was grown in cultures of the casts and the organisms were shown to possess glucuronidase activity, thus providing an explanation for the high bilirubin content. There was also some evidence in one case that damage to the bile duct mucosa has led to the precipitation of material upon it, and it is concluded that a number of factors, including infection, supersaturation with cholesterol, and mucosal damage, may be involved in bile case formation after transplantation of the liver.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transfer of CT scan data to diagnostic casts.

A technique for the transfer of diagnostic information from transaxial CT scans to diagnostic casts is presented. A duplicate of the patient's existing prosthesis is utilized as a custom tray and an impression of the edentulous arch is made. The data from the transaxial radiographs are transferred to the diagnostic cast using anatomical landmarks as reference points. The marked cast can be used by the surgeon and the restorative dentist for optimal implant placement.

Dental Implantation, Endosseous↗
PubMed2005

Working-class royalty: bees beat the caste system.

The struggle among social classes or castes is well known in humans. Here, we show that caste inequality similarly affects societies of ants, bees and wasps, where castes are morphologically distinct and workers have greatly reduced reproductive potential compared with queens. In social insects, an individual normally has no control over its own fate, whether queen or worker, as this is socially determined during rearing. Here, for the first time, we quantify a strategy for overcoming social control. In the stingless bee Schwarziana quadripunctata, some individuals reared in worker cells avoid a worker fate by developing into fully functional dwarf queens.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Clonal reproduction and genetic caste differences in a queen-polymorphic ant, Vollenhovia emeryi.

Most social Hymenoptera are characterized by simple haploid sex determination and environment-based caste differentiation. This appears to be strikingly different in the queen-polymorphic ant Vollenhovia emeryi. Almost all long- and short-winged queens from a population in Central Japan were homozygous at three microsatellite loci, whereas workers were mostly heterozygous, suggesting either a complex system of genetic caste determination or, more likely, the production of female sexuals from unfertilized eggs by thelytokous parthenogenesis and of workers from fertilized eggs. Furthermore, male genotypes were not compatible with those of the queens and had exclusively the paternal allele found in the sterile, heterozygous workers, probably because males are produced from fertilized eggs after the exclusion of maternal nuclear DNA as recently reported for Wasmannia auropunctata. The genus Vollenhovia might provide an interesting model system to trace the evolution of unusual caste and sex determination systems.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

A fourier theory for cast shadows.

Cast shadows can be significant in many computer vision applications, such as lighting-insensitive recognition and surface reconstruction. Nevertheless, most algorithms neglect them, primarily because they involve nonlocal interactions in nonconvex regions, making formal analysis difficult. However, many real instances map closely to canonical configurations like a wall, a V-groove type structure, or a pitted surface. In particular, we experiment with 3D textures like moss, gravel, and a kitchen sponge, whose surfaces include canonical configurations like V-grooves. This paper takes a first step toward a formal analysis of cast shadows, showing theoretically that many configurations can be mathematically analyzed using convolutions and Fourier basis functions. Our analysis exposes the mathematical convolution structure of cast shadows and shows strong connections to recent signal-processing frameworks for reflection and illumination.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Expression of insulin pathway genes during the period of caste determination in the honey bee, Apis mellifera.

Female honeybees have two castes, queens and workers. Developmental fate is determined by larval diet. Coding sequences made available through the Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium allow for a pathway-based approach to understanding caste determination. We examined the expression of several genes of the insulin signalling pathway, which is central to regulation of growth based on nutrition. We found one insulin-like peptide expressed at very high levels in queen but not worker larvae. Also, the gene for an insulin receptor was expressed at higher levels in queen larvae during the 2nd larval instar. These results demonstrate that the insulin pathway is a compelling candidate for pursing the relationship between diet and downstream signals involved in caste determination and differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

An investigation into the type of union achieved between cast cores and Wiptam wire posts.

The type of union formed between Wiptam wire posts and cast cores has been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy of sectioned 'as cast' specimens showed that the union between Wiptam posts and cast cores was predominantly mechanical in nature. Diffusion studies, however, using an X-ray Microanalysis Unit, revealed that there was evidence of diffusion of silver atoms into the post from the core. This suggests that the bonding between the two components is not merely a simple mechanical lock.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of the tensile bond strengths of cast metal crowns luted with resin cements.

The limitation of photoactivation of dual-polymerized resin cements along the margins of metal restorations may adversely affect the mechanical properties of these cements, thus impairing the retention of restorations. The aim of this study was to assess the bond strength of cast metal crowns cemented with three dual-polymerized resin cements, using a chemically-activated resin cement and zinc phosphate as controls. Fifty nickel-chromium alloy crowns were cast and randomly assigned to five groups of equal size. Castings were cemented on their corresponding metal dies with one of the tested luting agents: Scotchbond Resin Cement, Enforce and Panavia F (dual-polymerized resin cements), Cement-It (chemically-activated resin cement) and Zinc Phosphate Cement (zinc phosphate cement). Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 h and then loaded in tension until failure. Panavia F and Zinc Phosphate Cement provided the highest and lowest bond strength means, respectively. Scotchbond Resin Cement, Enforce and Cement-It cements exhibited similar intermediate values, but with statistically significant difference compared to the other materials (P < 0.05). Even with the restriction or absence of light activation, all tested dual-polymerized resin cements produced significantly higher bond strength than did the zinc phosphate cement and yielded similar or better results than the chemically activated cement. It should be pointed out that the findings of this study relate to a test scenario which does not mimic clinical circumstances and that further work is required to identify the clinical significance of the reported tensile bond strength differences between the different luting materials.

Chromium Alloys↗