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PubMed2001

Comparison of copper(II) biosorptive properties of live and treated Candida sp.

Biosorption of copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions was studied to compare the binding capacities of untreated (live) or treated (dried, autoclaved, perchloric acid (HClO4)-washed, ethanol-treated, formaldehyde-treated) Candida sp. Due to the ion exchange nature of metal biosorption, copper(II) uptake was strongly affected by the solution pH and optimum adsorption pH value was determined as 5.0 for all the live and treated Candida sp. At the optimal conditions, metal ion uptake increased with increasing initial copper(II) concentration up to 300 mg l-1 for all the biomass types. It is found that all the treatment methods used to kill the yeast (except for formaldehyde treatment) increased the copper(II) biosorption capacity of Candida cells. The results also indicated that copper(II) biosorption by live, autoclaved and formaldehyde-treated yeasts was consisted of an initial, rapid surface binding of copper(II) followed by a second, slower intracellular uptake of copper(II), but copper(II) uptake by the other treated yeasts took place only via surface binding. Both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were suitable for describing the short-term biosorption of copper(II) by all the untreated and treated Candida.

Absorption↗
PubMed2000

Fungal endophthalmitis diagnosis by detection of Candida albicans DNA in intraocular fluid by use of a species-specific polymerase chain reaction assay.

Candida endophthalmitis is a serious infection secondary to hematogenous dissemination or direct inoculation of the organisms following trauma or eye surgery. The diagnosis is based on the characteristic findings in the infected eye and on culture of vitreous samples. Unfortunately, the yield of vitreous cultures is limited. The use of a Candida albicans species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in the diagnosis of Candida endophthalmitis is reported herein. Four patients with suspected fungal endophthalmitis underwent vitrectomy for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In 2 of the 4, vitreous cultures were negative. However, characteristic PCR products were generated in all 4 patient specimens, enabling the rapid diagnosis of Candida endophthalmitis in all 4. Clinical response was observed in all cases. These results demonstrate the utility of PCR-mediated detection of C. albicans in vitreous samples.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Candida-specific systemic cell-mediated immune reactivities in human immunodeficiency virus-positive persons with mucosal candidiasis.

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), as opposed to vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), is a common opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons that correlates with reduced CD4 T cell counts. Although cell-mediated immunity (CMI) by CD4 Th1-type cells is considered to be the predominant host defense against mucosal candidiasis, the immune factors associated with susceptibility to OPC in HIV-positive persons are not well understood. This study investigated Candida-specific systemic CMI in HIV-positive persons with OPC and/or VVC. Reductions in delayed skin test reactivity to Candida antigen were observed in HIV-positive persons with CD4 cell counts <200 cells/microL, irrespective of the presence of mucosal infection. Likewise, despite the correlate of OPC with reduced CD4 cell counts in HIV-positive persons, differences in Candida-specific peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and Th1/Th2 cytokine production between HIV-positive and HIV-negative persons were not consistent in a manner to suggest that deficiencies in Candida-specific systemic CMI account solely for the susceptibility to OPC.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2006

Oral supplementation with Lactobacillus casei subspecies rhamnosus prevents enteric colonization by Candida species in preterm neonates: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Colonization by Candida species is the most important predictor of the development of invasive fungal disease in preterm neonates, and the enteric reservoir is a major site of colonization. We evaluated the effectiveness of an orally supplemented probiotic (Lactobacillus casei subspecies rhamnosus; Dicoflor [Dicofarm spa]; 6 x 10(9) cfu/day) in the prevention of gastrointestinal colonization by Candida species in preterm, very low birth weight (i.e., < 1500-g) neonates during their stay in a neonatal intensive care unit. METHODS: Over a 12-month period, a prospective, randomized, blind, clinical trial that involved 80 preterm neonates with a very low birth weight was conducted in a large tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. During the first 3 days of life, the neonates were randomly assigned to receive either an oral probiotic added to human (maternal or pooled donors') milk (group A) or human milk alone (group B) for 6 weeks or until discharge from the NICU, if the neonate was discharged before 6 weeks. On a weekly basis, specimens obtained from various sites (i.e., oropharyngeal, stool, gastric aspirate, and rectal specimens) were collected from all patients for surveillance culture, to assess the occurrence and intensity of fungal colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. RESULTS: The incidence of fungal enteric colonization (with colonization defined as at least 1 positive culture result for specimens obtained from at least 1 site) was significantly lower in group A than in group B (23.1% vs. 48.8%; relative risk, 0.315 [95% confidence interval, 0.120-0.826]; P = .01). The numbers of fungal isolates obtained from each neonate (P = .005) and from each colonized patient (P = .005) were also lower in group A than in group B. L. casei subspecies rhamnosus was more effective in the subgroup of neonates with a birth weight of 1001-1500 g. There were no changes in the relative proportions of the different Candida strains. No adverse effects potentially associated with the probiotic were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Orally administered L. casei subspecies rhamnosus significantly reduces the incidence and the intensity of enteric colonization by Candida species among very low birth weight neonates.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Candida infection as a risk factor for HIV transmission.

BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiological studies have documented that ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes, promote heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. However, the role of vaginal inflammations, such as Candida infection, in HIV acquisition has not been well established, even though, like Trichomona vaginalis infection, it is rapidly emerging as a significant co-factor in HIV transmission. METHODS: This study was conducted among a high-risk population of heterosexual women, cohabitating with their HIV-positive male partners, to determine if an association exists between vaginal infections, primarily Candida, and HIV seroconversion. These serodiscordant couples (i.e., one of the persons is HIV positive, and the other is HIV negative) are currently enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal heterosexual discordant couple cohort that is being prospectively followed at Project Sans Francisco (PSF), an HIV Prevention and Research Center in Lusaka, Zambia. A nested case-control study that used retrospective laboratory analyses data obtained from medical, clinical, and laboratory records at PSF was employed. RESULTS: The findings from this study clearly document that women who seroconverted from HIV-negative status during baseline to HIV-positive status at follow-up were significantly more likely to have vaginal Candida infections than were the correspondingly matched seronegative control women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that high-risk heterosexual HIV-negative women could benefit from appropriate gynecological management and care regarding the prevention and treatment of vaginal Candida infections, especially in resource-poor environments.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

A quantitative study of the growth of Candida albicans in vented and unvented blood-culture bottles.

Suspensions of four strains of Candida albicans of various concentrations were inoculated in equal amounts into paired vented and unvented vacuum blood-culture bottles. Inocula ranged from 10 to 10(7) organisms. After 48 hours, it was found that unvented bottles contained essentially the same numbers of organisms as the original inocula, whereas heavy growth was observed in vented bottles. When the previously unvented bottles were subsequently exposed to room atmospheric pressure and incubated, all, even those with the smallest inocula, showed heavy growth in two days. It is concluded that Candida yeasts do not multiply under the microaerophilic conditions in such containers, but survive with the capability of subsequent proliferation. To avoid the necessity of employing two bottles, it is suggested that Candida be sought when indicated by venting the container at 48 hours after anaerobic subculture and again examining and subculturing for Candida two days later.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2004

The effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on the oral carriage of Candida species and Enterobacteriaceae.

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the prevalence of Candida and Enterobacteriaceae in a group of adolescents during fixed orthodontic appliance (FOA) therapy. The experimental group was recruited from a larger sample of orthodontic patients who were clinically examined once to obtain baseline data before active treatment. The group comprised 27 subjects; 13 males, 14 females (mean age 15.5 +/- 2.3 years). Thereafter, the experimental group was examined three times during a 3 month follow-up period after insertion of the FOA. The whole mouth plaque score was obtained, and the oral cavity was then sampled for Candida species and Enterobacteriaceae using three different microbiological culture techniques, namely the oral rinse, pooled plaque and the imprint culture.A significant increase in candidal numbers was observed after FOA insertion when the imprint technique was used (P < 0.001), although the overall candidal prevalence rates obtained using the oral rinse and pooled plaque techniques did not demonstrate such a change. The predominant Candida species isolated was C. albicans and the number of coliform carriers significantly increased after the insertion of a FOA, as detected by the oral rinse (P < 0.05) and the pooled plaque (P < 0.05) techniques. In total, eight coliform species were isolated following FOA therapy compared with the three species isolated before insertion of the appliance. The results also revealed a significant increase in plaque index due to the introduction of a FOA. Taken together, these data imply that insertion of a FOA is likely to promote oral carriage of Candida and coliform species. Furthermore, it appears that routine oral hygiene instruction and information on appliance hygiene given to these patients may not necessarily reduce plaque accumulation and possible attendant effects. Further work with a larger cohort is required to confirm these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Evolutionary origin of nonuniversal CUGSer codon in some Candida species as inferred from a molecular phylogeny.

CUG, a universal leucine codon, has been reported to be read as serine in various yeast species belonging to the genus Candida. To gain a deeper insight into the origin of this deviation from the universal genetic code, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis based on the small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes from some Candida and other related Hemiascomycetes. Furthermore, we determined the phylogenetic relationships between the tRNA(Ser)CAG, responsible for the translation of CUG, from some Candida species and the other serine and leucine isoacceptor tRNAs in C. cylindracea. We demonstrate that the group of Candida showing the genetic code deviation is monophyletic and that this deviation could have originated more than 150 million years ago. We also describe how phylogenetic analysis can be used for genetic code predictions.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1979

Detection of candida antigenemia by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in patients with invasive candidiasis.

Because of the difficulty in diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, an assay that makes use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was developed to detect candida antigen. A cell-wall polysaccharide of Candida was extracted with hot formamide, ethanol precipitation, and gel filtration. Rabbit antiserum was tested by CIE against sera from 20 healthy individuals, 15 patients with mucosal candidiasis, and 48 compromised patients with cultures positive for Candida. Antigen was detected in sera from 13 patients by CIE; eight of these patients were eventually proven to have invasive disease. None of the antigen-negative patients for whom autopsy was performed had evidence of invasive candidiasis. Healthy individuals and patients with superficial mucosal candidiasis were also antigen-negative. The detection of candida antigenemia by CIE is specific for invasive disease and serves as a guide in initiation and follow through of antifungal therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Adherence of Candida albicans to human vaginal and buccal epithelial cells.

Factors that may influence adherence of Candida albicans to exfoliated human vaginal and buccal epithelial cells were studied in vitro. Factors that enhanced germination enhanced adherence. Heat-killed, germinated Candida organisms demonstrated poorer adherence than viable Candida organisms and no better adherence than nonviable, ungerminated Candida organisms. The difference between adherence of C. albicans to buccal epithelial cells and that to vaginal epithelial cells was significant, as were differences among volunteers. Preincubation in fucose but not mannose, glucose or galactose solutions, preincubation of germinated yeast or of epithelial cells in chymotrypsin or trypsin, a culture supernatant of germinated yeast killed by ultraviolet light, or precoating of epithelial cells with lactobacilli each inhibited adherence. These studies indicate that adherence of C. albicans is enhanced by a surface component of germinated yeast, probably a surface protein that binds to the epithelial receptor, possibly a glycoprotein.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Unopsonized Candida albicans hyphae stimulate a neutrophil respiratory burst and a cytosolic calcium flux without membrane depolarization.

We have defined major differences between events elicited during activation of human neutrophils by opsonized Candida hyphae (noningestible) or zymosan (ingestible) and by unopsonized Candida hyphae (also noningestible). In response to opsonized particles, a transient increase in cytosolic free calcium was initially observed, followed by depolarization in the transmembrane potential and a respiratory burst. Without opsonins, zymosan did not elicit a response from neutrophils. In contrast, unopsonized Candida hyphae elicited a transient increase in cytosolic calcium, as well as triggered a respiratory burst; they did not, however, elicit a depolarization of the neutrophil membrane. Furthermore, the rate of superoxide generation decreased after a prolonged lag period. The calcium flux was also delayed and coincided with the onset of superoxide generation. Thus, our data demonstrate that Candida albicans hyphae activate neutrophils in the absence of added serum components and initiate a neutrophil respiratory burst without an antecedent membrane depolarization.

Calcium↗
PubMed1988

Intragastric colonization of infant mice with Candida albicans induces systemic immunity demonstrable upon challenge as adults.

A murine model of long-term colonization with Candida albicans, established by intubating infant CBA/J mice, was used to study the effects of colonization on the development of Candida-specific immune responses in mature animals. Two striking consequences were stimulation of protective immune responses, as evidenced by increased survival and decreased numbers of colony-forming units in mice challenged intravenously (iv), and priming of the T cell component responsible for delayed hypersensitivity (DH). Colonized mice, tested as adults by using a cell wall-derived antigen, had little or no demonstrable DH. If inoculated once cutaneously with viable Candida, however, they responded with significantly enhanced DH reactions that could not be correlated with the cutaneous inoculation. Inoculation of the same number of dead organisms into infant mice neither primed animals for enhanced DH nor stimulated protective immunity. Antibody to cytoplasmic antigens of Candida was demonstrable in colonized animals, and its production was increased significantly in animals challenged iv with the highest dose of blastoconidia.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans by macrophages exposed to myeloperoxidase.

Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen whose resurgence coincides with the rising number of AIDS patients. Neutrophils are known to be involved in the clearance of Candida infections; however, the role of macrophages in host defenses against this organism is not well understood. The present study was undertaken to examine an unrecognized interaction between neutrophils and macrophages resulting in enhanced killing of candidae in vitro. Murine peritoneal macrophages exposed to recombinant myeloperoxidase exhibited enhancement of the respiratory burst, increased phagocytosis, and a dose-dependent increase in intracellular killing of Candida species. Radical scavengers reduced the killing, indicating a role of reactive oxygen intermediates in the candidacidal activity observed. These data suggest that at the site of infection, myeloperoxidase released from neutrophils activates macrophages and induces microbicidal activity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of the effects of chlorhexidine gluconate, amphotericin B and nystatin on the adherence of Candida species to denture acrylic.

Pretreatment of denture acrylic with nystatin, amphotericin B and chlorhexidine gluconate significantly reduced the subsequent adherence of Candida species to acrylic, although chlorhexidine and nystatin were more effective than amphotericin B. The duration of chlorhexidine-mediated inhibition of adherence (up to 19 days) was much longer than that of amphotericin B (24 h) or nystatin (48 h). Exposure of stationary-phase cells of Candida species for a short period to sublethal concentrations of chlorhexidine, or growth of Candida species with sublethal concentrations of chlorhexidine for 24 h resulted in a reduction in the ability of the yeasts to adhere to denture acrylic. The organisms grown in the presence of chlorhexidine were more susceptible to spheroplasting with Zymolyase 20T, indicating that chlorhexidine affects the cell surface composition of Candida species.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1999

In-vitro comparative activity of UR-9825, itraconazole and fluconazole against clinical isolates of Candida spp.

UR-9825 is a new broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent with a good pharmacokinetic profile and excellent bioavailability. It shows high in-vitro activity and efficacy in models of systemic candidosis in rats and rabbits, comparing favourably with fluconazole. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro activity of UR-9825 and to compare it with that of fluconazole and itraconazole against 283 clinical isolates of Candida spp. UR-9825 was more potent against Candida spp. than both fluconazole and itraconazole, even against some Candida albicans and Candida krusei isolates with decreased susceptibility to fluconazole (MIC 16 mg/L).

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of Etest, chequerboard dilution and time-kill studies for the detection of synergy or antagonism between antifungal agents tested against Candida species.

Currently, there is considerable debate regarding the best in vitro method for testing antifungal combinations against Candida spp. In this study, we compared the results obtained by chequerboard dilution, time-kill studies and Etest for several antifungal combinations against Candida spp. Three Candida albicans isolates (fluconazole MICs of 1.0, 32 and >256 mg/L) and three non-albicans Candida isolates (C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. krusei) were tested in RPMI 1640 medium. By chequerboard testing, the majority of antifungal combinations were found to be indifferent. Notably, antagonism was identified by time-kill studies and by Etest for combinations of amphotericin B-fluconazole, but it was not detected by the chequerboard method. Pre-exposure of isolates to fluconazole did not affect results of the Etest or chequerboard method, but it did increase the frequency of antagonism noted by time-kill methods. This study indicates that chequerboard dilution testing in RPMI medium may not reliably detect the attenuation of amphotericin B activity. Of the three methods, Etest was the simplest to use and yielded reproducible results for testing antifungal combinations.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed2005

In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin.

BACKGROUND: Recent open label studies have suggested that dosing amphotericin B (AMB) by continuous infusion (CI) may reduce drug-associated infusion reactions and nephrotoxicity. In vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic (PD) data, however, do not consistently support the concept of CI dosing based on the concentration-dependent activity of this agent and in vitro studies with AMB rarely account for the drug's high degree of protein binding. Therefore, we compared the PD activity of simulated continuous versus rapid infusion strategies of AMB in killing of AMB-susceptible and -resistant Candida species using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. METHODS: Time-kill curves were performed with Candida albicans (Etest MIC 0.38 mg/L) and Candida lusitaniae (MIC 1.5 mg/L) at AMB concentrations between 0 and 16 mg/L in the absence and presence of 4 and 8% human serum albumin (HSA). A one-compartment in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate the steady-state PK parameters of bolus and CI AMB. RESULTS: The fungicidal activity of AMB was attenuated by the presence of HSA for both Candida species tested. The EC50 for each isolate significantly increased in the presence of 4% HSA (P<0.05), and fungicidal activity was completely abated for C. lusitaniae when HSA concentrations were increased to 8%. No substantial differences in the rate or extent of AMB killing were observed between rapid infusion or CI dosing and neither regimen produced fungicidal activity in the presence of HSA. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of HSA changes the in vitro PD of AMB. In our model, CI and rapid infusion dosing of AMB exhibited similar activity when attempts were made to correct for protein binding that is likely to occur in vivo.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1996

Case report: Candida zeylanoides infective endocarditis complicating infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.

Despite the frequent occurrence of mucosal candidiasis in patients infected with HIV, systemic candidiasis is uncommon and usually associated with intravenous catheters, parenteral nutrition, or antibiotics and neutropenia. Most of the fungal isolates are usually Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis or Candida parapsilosis. The authors report a case of infective endocarditis due to Candida zeylanoides that occurred in a patient infected with HIV in the absence of the usual risk factors for systemic candidiasis.

Adult↗