Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CALIFORNIA”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,477 records · Page 82Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Assessment of spatial and temporal clustering of ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant strains of Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica isolated from cattle in California.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant strains of Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica isolated from California cattle with pneumonia were spatially and temporally clustered and to compare overall estimates of percentages of these isolates resistant to these antimicrobials with estimates obtained on the basis of regional and temporal information. DESIGN: Epidemiologic study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Records of P multocida and P haemolytica isolates obtained from lung or tracheal wash samples collected from California cattle with pneumonia between July 1, 1991 and July 31, 1996. Only isolates obtained from samples submitted by dairies and calf ranches were used. PROCEDURE: Spatial clustering of ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant isolates was assessed by use of nearest-neighbor and Cuzick and Edwards' analyses. Linear clustering along a north-south line was assessed by use of runs and maximum length of runs tests. Temporal clustering was assessed by use of scan tests. Spatial-temporal clustering was assessed by use of Barton's method. Regional estimates of percentages of P multocida and P haemolytica resistant to ampicillin or tetracycline were calculated. RESULTS: There was significant spatial clustering of resistant isolates and significant linear clustering along a north-south line. Significant differences in regional estimates of percentages of antimicrobial-resistant isolates were found. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results support the hypothesis that antimicrobial-resistant organisms can be clustered at the local level and reinforce the need to establish regional estimates of percentages of bacterial isolates that will be susceptible to commonly used antimicrobials.

Ampicillin Resistance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Circulation of viruses of the California serocomplex (Bunyaviridae, Bunyavirus) in the central and southern parts of the Russian plain].

Seventy strains of California group viruses were isolated in the Central and Southern territories of the Russian plain situated in the Southern taiga, mixed forest, broad-leaved forest, forest-steppe, steppe, and semiarid zones. Sixty-three of these were isolated from 873,300 mosquitoes, 4 from patients, and 3 from rodents. 57.1% of strains were isolated from Aedes communis and the associated species, 28.5% from Aedes excrucians and associated species, and rarely from other mosquito species. The mosquito infection rate was the highest in the Southern taiga zone: 0.0103%, this value decreasing towards the Southern areas. Out of 70 isolated strains 42.3% were identified as the Inkoo virus, 47.2% wer ejust referred to the California group, and only 2.8% were Tahyna and snowshoe hare viruses. The findings of serological screening of the population correlate with the results of virological studies of mosquitoes. Population morbidity is mainly caused by the Inkoo virus in the Southern taiga and mixed and broad-leaved forest, by Inkoo and Tahyna viruses in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, and by Tahyna virus in semiarid zone.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Changing nature of physician licensure. Implications for medical education in California.

Recent upheavals within health care delivery, technological advances, and changing attitudes among consumers have challenged and changed health professions licensure. At the same time, traditional regulatory frameworks remain in place. Beginning with a comparison of California's physician regulation with other states, we explore this tension between established regulatory systems and emerging reforms. Current trends in regulatory reform across the United States and in California include efforts to standardize practice requirements, expand scopes of practice for nonphysicians, and restructure boards. Because of these trends, medical educators will be expected to prepare physicians to practice under increased scrutiny and expectations of accountability; promote interdisciplinary education, training, and practice; and step up the efforts toward uniformity in medical education, training, and practice.

California↗
PubMed1976

Distribution of suspected tick vectors and reported cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in California.

Evidence is presented for an area of human risk to Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) in California extending beyond the range of its classic tick vector, Dermacentor andersoni. Geographic, seasonal, and host distributions of Dermacentor variabilis and Dermacentor occidentalis suggest these species as potential vectors of RMSF in California outside the range of Dermacentor andersoni.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Methods development for epidemiologic investigations of the health effects of prolonged ozone exposure. Part II. An approach to retrospective estimation of lifetime ozone exposure using a questionnaire and ambient monitoring data (California sites).

An extensive body of data supports a relation between acute exposures to ambient ozone and the occurrence of various acute respiratory symptoms and changes in measures of lung function. In contrast, relatively few data are available on the human health effects that result from long-term exposure to ambient ozone, Current efforts to study long-term ozone-related health effects are limited by the methods available for ascertaining lifetime exposures to ozone. The present feasibility study was undertaken as part of the Health Effects Institute's Environmental Epidemiology Planning Project (Health Effects Institute 1994) to (1) determine whether, in the context of an epidemiologic study, reliable estimates can be obtained for lifetime exposures to ozone by combining estimates from lifetime residential histories, typical activity patterns during life, and residence-specific ambient ozone monitoring data; (2) identify the minimum data required to produce reliable estimates of lifetime exposure; and (3) analyze the relations between various estimates of lifetime ozone exposure and measures of lung function. A convenience sample of 175 first-year students at the University of California, Berkeley, who lived all of their lives in selected areas of California (the Los Angeles Basin or the San Francisco Bay Area), were studied on two occasions (test and retest or test sessions 1 and 2), five to seven days apart. Residential and lifestyle data were obtained from a questionnaire: residence-based ambient ozone exposure values were assigned by interpolation of ambient ozone monitoring data to residential locations. Estimated lifetime exposure was based on average ozone levels between 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. and hours of exposure to ozone concentrations greater than 60 parts per billion (ppb). "Effective" lifetime exposure to ozone was based on a weighted average of estimated time spent in different ambient ozone environments as determined by different combinations of activity data. Pulmonary function was evaluated with flows and volumes from maximum expiratory flow-volume curves and slope of phase III of the single-breath nitrogen washout (SBNW) curves. Although the test-retest reliability of the residential history was acceptably high only for first and second residences, most of the unreliability for other residences came from residences occupied for relatively short durations. Therefore, the test-retest reliability of estimated lifetime exposure to ozone was high, with intraclass correlations greater than 0.90 for all approaches evaluated. Multiple, linear regression analyses showed a consistently negative relation between estimates of lifetime exposure to ozone and flows that reflect the physiology of pulmonary small airways. No relation was observed between lifetime ozone exposure and forced expiratory volume or the slope of phase III, and the relation between lifetime exposure and forced expiratory volume in one second was inconsistent. The results of the flow measures were unaffected by the method used to estimate lifetime exposure and gave effect estimates that were nearly identical. The data from this study indicate that useful and reproducible estimates of lifetime ozone exposure can be obtained in epidemiologic studies by using a residential history. However, the total burden of ozone to which the subjects were exposed cannot be determined accurately from such data. Nonetheless, the estimates so obtained appear to be associated with alterations in pulmonary function that are consistent with the predicted site of maximum effect of ozone in the human lung.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1998

Characteristics of women who refuse an offer of prenatal diagnosis: data from the California maternal serum alpha fetoprotein blood test experience.

This paper presents data from the California maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (MSAFP) program in order to explore the effect and interaction of various factors, especially ethnicity, abortion history and attitudes, religion, and religiosity on MSAFP test decision. The intent is to describe which women are more likely to reject MSAFP screening and also to understand the reasons for refusal and the meanings associated with it. We obtained data on sociodemographics and reproductive history from 595 obstetrical patient charts; we conducted semistructured interviews with an additional 158 pregnant women who were European-American, English-speaking Latina, or Spanish-speaking Latina. All of the women had been offered screening within the context of California's MSAFP Program. We found that women who had never terminated a pregnancy, Spanish-speaking Latinas, and women who scored high on a religiosity scale were significantly more likely to refuse testing. However, we found that all of those factors were strongly mediated by the effects of ethnicity and acculturation, producing different patterns of association in different groups of women.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1998

Haemophilus influenzae invasive disease among children aged <5 years--California, 1990-1996.

Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) causes a variety of severe clinical illnesses including meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis, and septic arthritis. In the prevaccine era (i.e., before 1988), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) caused approximately 95% of the Hi invasive disease among children aged <5 years. In 1988, Hib conjugate vaccines were introduced for use among children aged 18 months-5 years; they were subsequently recommended for routine use in infants by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in 1990. During 1989-1995, Hib invasive disease among children aged <5 years declined 95% nationally. To document the decline of Hib invasive disease and to examine the epidemiology of reported nontype b Hi invasive disease among children aged <5 years, CDC, in collaboration with the California Department of Health Services, analyzed reported cases in California from 1990 to 1996. This report summarizes the results of the analysis and documents the decline of Hib without an increase of nontype b Hi invasive disease among children aged <5 years.

California↗
PubMed1993

Unintentional carbon monoxide deaths in California from charcoal grills and hibachis.

This study was carried out to determine the annual incidence rate of and factors associated with unintentional deaths due to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning from charcoal grills/hibachis in California during 1979-1988. A search through the California Master Mortality File was conducted to identify all cases with ICD-9 codes related to unintentional CO deaths. Individual coroners' investigation reports were obtained from 42 counties and evaluated by three evaluators. After excluding miscoded and misclassified cases, 444 deaths were judged to be authentic cases of unintentional CO poisoning. Among them, 59 deaths found to be due to the improper use of charcoal grills/hibachis. An increasing but not statistically significant trend was observed over the 10-year period. The highest rates occurred among males, asians, blacks, and middle-aged (20-39) people. Fifty-four percent of the deaths occurred in motor vehicles and 46% in residential structures.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Indication and identification of California serogroup viruses in experimentally infected Ae. aegypti mosquitos by a lanthanum immunofluorescent analysis method].

The sensitivity and specificity of lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (LFIA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for indication and identification of California antigens in suspensions of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are compared. The sensitivity of LFIA was 2.3 Ig TCD50/ml, EIA was less sensitive and detected virus antigens in mosquito suspensions at infective titer of 4.1 Ig TCD50/ml. If a pool contained mosquitoes infected with different California viruses, they could be identified only at the level of serological complex.

Aedes↗
PubMed1983

Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Experience in a southern California hospital.

The experience with nontuberculous mycobacterial disease at an "acute-care" hospital in southern California between 1971 and 1981 is reported. Forty-five patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial or Mycobacterium bovis-caused disease were identified by retrospective review. Of these, 31 patients (69%) had pulmonary infection alone, nine (20%) had cervical lymphadenitis, two (4%) had disseminated disease, two (4%) had cutaneous infection, and one had soft tissue infection. Nonmycobacterial pulmonary disease was noted in 15 (33%) of the patients and underlying malignant neoplasms were noted in eight (18%). Symptoms most frequently reported at initial examinations of patients with pulmonary disease were cough, weight loss, sputum production, and fatigue. Response to therapy was more successful in patients with Mycobacterium kansasii-caused disease than in those with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-caused pulmonary disease. We conclude that nontuberculous mycobacterial disease is not rare in the general hospital setting in southern California.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Multiple somatosensory areas in the anterior parietal cortex of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyii).

Multiunit electrophysiological recording techniques were used to explore the somatosensory cortex of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyii). Cortex rostral and caudal to the primary somatosensory area (SI) contained neurons that responded to stimulation of deep receptors and to muscle and joint manipulation. The region of cortex rostral to SI was termed the rostral field (R) because of possible homologies with a similar field described in other mammals. Cortex caudal to SI had neurons that responded to stimulation of deep receptors and has been termed the parietal medial area (PM), as in previous investigations in squirrels. Like SI, both R and PM contained a complete or almost complete representation of the body surface, although the receptive field size for clusters of neurons in these regions was somewhat larger than those for clusters of neurons in SI. Electrophysiological recording results were correlated with histologically processed tissue that had been sectioned tangentially. Although SI was clearly identified as a myelin-dense region, both R and PM stained much less densely for myelin. Our results indicate that as in a number of other mammals including monotremes, marsupials, carnivores, and primates, the anterior parietal cortex of the California ground squirrel contains multiple representations of the sensory epithelium. This work, as well as a growing body of studies of somatosensory cortex organization in a variety of mammals, indicates that anterior parietal fields other than SI existed early in mammalian evolution, and were present in the common ancestor of all mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Chronic infection with hepatitis G virus in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma among non-Asians in Los Angeles County, California.

BACKGROUND: The recently identified hepatitis G virus (HGV) is a hepatotropic RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. The virus causes chronic viremia, and exposure to blood products is a recognized route of transmission in humans. To the authors' knowledge there is scant information regarding the hepatocarcinogenic potential of HGV. The current study examined the association between HGV infection and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: A population-based, case-control study involving 144 non-Asian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who were ages 18-74 years at diagnosis and 252 community controls of similar age, gender, and race was conducted in Los Angeles, California. Study subjects were assessed for serologic markers of infections with the hepatitis B virus (hepatitis B surface antigen, antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen, and antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen), hepatitis C virus (HCV) (anti-HCV and HCV RNA), and HGV (HGV RNA). RESULTS: Twelve of the 144 hepatocellular carcinoma patients (8.3%) and 5 of the 252 control subjects (2.0%) were positive for serum HGV RNA. The presence of HGV RNA in the serum was associated with a statistically significant 5.4-fold risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (95% confidence limit, 1.8, 16.6). The excess risk for hepatocellular carcinoma among HGV-infected individuals was independent of the effects of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic infection with HGV may play a role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. If the observed statistical association is a causal one, then infection with HGV may account for approximately 8% of hepatocellular carcinoma cases occurring in non-Asians in Los Angeles, California.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Anatomy and histochemistry of spread-wing posture in birds. 2. Gliding flight in the California gull, Larus californicus: a paradox of fast fibers and posture.

Gliding flight is a postural activity which requires the wings to be held in a horizontal position to support the weight of the body. Postural behaviors typically utilize isometric contractions in which no change in length takes place. Due to longer actin-myosin interactions, slow contracting muscle fibers represent an economical means for this type of contraction. In specialized soaring birds, such as vultures and pelicans, a deep layer of the pectoralis muscle, composed entirely of slow fibers, is believed to perform this function. Muscles involved in gliding posture were examined in California gulls (Larus californicus) and tested for the presence of slow fibers using myosin ATPase histochemistry and antibodies. Surprisingly small numbers of slow fibers were found in the M. extensor metacarpi radialis, M. coracobrachialis cranialis, and M. coracobrachialis caudalis, which function in wrist extension, wing protraction, and body support, respectively. The low number of slow fibers in these muscles and the absence of slow fibers in muscles associated with wing extension and primary body support suggest that gulls do not require slow fibers for their postural behaviors. Gulls also lack the deep belly to the pectoralis found in other gliding birds. Since bird muscle is highly oxidative, we hypothesize that fast muscle fibers may function to maintain wing position during gliding flight in California gulls.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Detection of domoic acid in northern anchovies and California sea lions associated with an unusual mortality event.

The occurrence of an unusual mortality event involving California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) along the central California coast in May 1998 was recently reported. The potent neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), produced naturally by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis and transmitted to the sea lions via planktivorous northern anchovies (Engraulis mordax), was identified as the probable causative agent. Details of DA analyses for anchovy tissues and sea lion feces are described. Domoic acid levels were estimated in anchovy samples by HPLC-UV, and in sea lion feces using the same method as well as a microplate receptor binding assay, with absolute confirmation by tandem mass spectrometry. The highest DA concentrations in anchovies occurred in the viscera (223 +/- 5 microg DA g(-1)), exceeding values in the body tissues by seven-fold and suggesting minimal bioaccumulation of DA in anchovy tissue. HPLC values for DA in sea lion fecal material (ranging from 152 to 136.5 microg DA g(-1)) required correction for interference from an unidentified compound. Inter-laboratory comparisons of HPLC data showed close quantitative agreement. Fecal DA activity determined using the receptor binding assay corresponded with HPLC values to within a factor of two. Finally, our detection of P. australis frustules, via scanning electron microscopy, in both anchovy viscera and fecal material from sea lions exhibiting seizures provides corroborating evidence that this toxic algal species was involved in this unusual sea lion mortality event.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Scanning electron microscopy study of the tongue and lingual papillae of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus).

We observed the three-dimensional structures on the external surface and the connective tissue cores (CTCs) of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus), after exfoliation of the epithelium of the lingual papillae (filiform, fungiform, and vallate papillae), using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conventional light microscopy. Macroscopically, the tongue was V-shaped and its apex was rounded. At the posterior area of the tongue, five vallate papillae were arranged in a V shape. In the epithelium, numerous taste buds were distributed on the top of the vallate papillae. On the dorsal surface from the apex to the boundary between the anterior and posterior tongue, filiform papillae were densely distributed. The CTCs of the filiform papillae consisted of a main protrusion (primary core) and many small cores (secondary cores). From the apex to the anterior one-third of the tongue, dome-like fungiform papillae were densely distributed, whereas fewer were located at the posterior two-thirds of the tongue. Several taste buds were found in the epithelium on the fungiform papillae. The size of the filiform papillae gradually increased from the apex to the boundary between the anterior and posterior tongue. At the lingual radix, the conical papillae, which were bigger than any filiform papillae, were densely distributed. The morphological characteristics of the tongue of the California sea lion appear to have been transformed to adapt to an aquatic environment; however, they possess some structures similar to those of land mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of seals. II. The California sea lion Zalophus californianus and the northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus (Pinnipedia: Otariidae).

The structure, distribution and density of arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) were studied in body and flipper skin of a California sea lion and a nothern fur seal. In both animals AVAs consisted of arterial, intermediate and venous segments, and were generally larger and more tortuous in the sea lion than in the fur seal. In the sea lion the majority of AVAs (72%) occurred in the deeper region of the dermis, and the density was significantly greater in the flippers than in the body. In the northern fur seal most AVAs (76%) occurred in the superficial region of the dermis; the density of AVAs in flipper skin was significantly higher than in body skin, and the density in the hind flipper was significantly greater than in the foreflipper. Arteriovenous anastomoses are important in the regulation of body temperature in seals; when these animals are on land, AVAs function to dissipate body heat, and vascular thermoregulation occurs in the flippers but notover the general body surface. Due to differences in distribution and density, AVAs play a more significant role in thermoregulation in the northern fur seal than in the California sea lion.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Scotopic and photopic vision in the California ground squirrel: physiological and anatomical evidence.

The California ground squirrel is a highly diurnal species previously thought to have an all-cone retina. This issue was re-examined in physiological and anatomical experiments. The electroretinogram (ERG) was used to measure the spectral sensitivity of the eye under different conditions of adaptation. The occurrence of a Purkinje shift could be demonstrated, although there was some indication that not all members of this species show such a shift. Spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted eye of this squirrel is close to that predicted by a typical mammalian rhodopsin. Light adaptation produces a shift in spectral sensitivity to a peak location of about 525 nm. It was shown that two mechanisms having different spectral sensitivities contribute to the photopically recorded ERG. The degree to which these two mechanisms contribute to the ERG was found to be strikingly different from the degree to which the two contribute to visual behavior. Our anatomical results indicate that the retina of the California ground squirrel has two structurally distinct photoreceptors which, on the basis of various criteria, can be classified as cone and rod-like. The rod-like receptors comprise about 6-7% of the total. The two photoreceptor types differ in placement of their inner segments, size of their outer segments, outer segment ultrastructure, and terminal structure and organization.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed2001

Age differences in arousal and vigilance in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi).

Newly emerged pup, juvenile, and adult California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi douglasii) were videorecorded at a seminatural field site in northern California. Video data revealed age differences in the budgeting of ground squirrel behavior, habitat use, and physiological arousal as indicated by morphometric analyses of tail piloerection. Adults and juveniles devoted their time to foraging in the open at feeding stations while displaying low to moderate levels of arousal, respectively. Pups remained vigilant on the fringe of covered habitats while displaying comparatively higher levels of arousal. Higher pup arousal may facilitate memory formation during early stages of development.

Aging↗