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PubMedDate not supplied

Tissue engineering human placenta trophoblast cells in 3-D fibrous matrix: spatial effects on cell proliferation and function.

Nonwoven polyethylene teraphathalate (PET) fabrics with different porosities and knitted fabric were used as support matrixes to grow human trophoblast cells to study the spatial effects of fibrous matrix on cell adhesion, spatial organization, proliferation, and metabolic functions. In general, cells grown on 2-D surface and knitted fabric had faster metabolic rates and also showed higher proliferation activities as detected by cyclin B assay. For nonwoven PET fibers, matrix porosity had profound effects on cell morphology, spatial organization, and proliferation. Cells grown in a low-porosity fibrous matrix formed small aggregates ( approximately 100 cells per aggregate), whereas cells grown in high-porosity matrix formed big aggregates ( approximately 1000 cells per aggregate). This was attributed to the difference in pore volume or averaged fiber distance, which dictated a cell's ability to cross over and form a bridge between adjacent fibers. The high-porosity matrix had a relatively poor surface accessibility for cells to attach and spread, which are essential for cell proliferation. Dual staining with PI and BrdU showed that 60% of cells in the small aggregates found in the low-porosity matrix were proliferating, while only 18% of cells in the large aggregates found in the high-porosity matrix were proliferating. These results suggest that spatial characteristics of fibrous matrix are important to cell proliferation and function and should be considered in tissue-engineering human cells.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2001

A honeycomb collagen carrier for cell culture as a tissue engineering scaffold.

As a three-dimensional carrier for cell culture, a honeycomb structure cell scaffold was created from atelopeptide collagen Types I, II, and III. The diameter of the honeycomb pores ranged from 100 to 1,000 microm. The depth of the pores was from 10 to 3,000 mm. The scaffold was elastic and hard. Creation of various shapes was easy, and these shapes were easily maintained. Human fibroblasts, CHO-K1, BHK-21, and bovine endothelial cells were cultured with the scaffold. The growth curves of these cells were satisfactory. These results suggest that this carrier is a suitable scaffold for cell culture and will be useful as a three-dimensional tissue engineering scaffold.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Toward tissue engineering of the knee meniscus.

This review details current efforts to tissue engineer the knee meniscus successfully. The meniscus is a fibrocartilaginous tissue found within the knee joint that is responsible for shock absorption, load transmission, and stability within the knee joint. If this tissue is damaged, either through tears or degenerative processes, then deterioration of the articular cartilage can occur. Unfortunately, there is a dearth in the amount of work done to tissue engineer the meniscus when compared to other musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone. This review gives a brief overview of meniscal anatomy, biochemical properties, biomechanical properties, and wound repair techniques. The discussion centers primarily on the different components of attempting to tissue engineer the meniscus, such as scaffold materials, growth factors, animal models, and culturing conditions. Our approach for tissue engineering the meniscus is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Present use of clinical engineering in hospitals: a nationwide survey.

To determine the present involvement of clinical engineers in hospitals, 1120 hospitals with more than 250 beds were surveyed. Replies were received from 573 inquiries for a 51% return. Sixty percent of the respondents stated that they presently have in-house service, 31% employ clinical engineers, and 29% only employ BMET's. Seven percent showed no interest in clinical engineer-type service. Extrapolating the data to all hospitals with more than 250 beds, there will be a minimum of 345 new clinical engineering positions during the next two to five years.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2000

Tissue engineering applications in the genitourinary tract system.

The concept of cell transplantation using tissue engineering techniques has provided numerous possibilities in the area of urologic tissue reconstruction. Tissue engineering applications in the genitourinary tract system have been investigated in almost every tissue in order to improve, restore and replace existing tissue function. Although most reconstructive efforts still remain in the experimental stage, several technologies have been transferred to the bedside with satisfactory outcome. In this article, we describe tissue engineering approaches attempted in the genitourinary system for reconstruction.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

An introduction to biodegradable materials for tissue engineering applications.

Tissue generation by autogenous cell transplantation is one of the most promising treatment concepts being developed as it eliminates problems of donor site scarcity, immune rejection and pathogen transfer. Cultured cells are seeded onto a three-dimensional biocompatible scaffold that will slowly degrade and resorb as the soft and hard structures grow and assimilate in vitro and/or in vivo. The 3-D scaffold provides the necessary template for cells to proliferate and maintain their differentiated state. Ultimately, it defines the overall shape of the tissue-engineered transplant. The aim of this review is to describe and discuss the scaffold materials of natural and synthetic origin that are of specific interest to tissue engineers. This review is based on previous publications and our own experience in the use of biomaterials of natural and synthetic origin for tissue engineering applications. Biodegradable polymers which have been used for tissue engineering applications are mainly based on clinically established medical devices and implants. In the group of macromolecules of natural origin collagen, alginate, agarose, hyaluronic acid derivatives, chitosan, and fibrin glue have been used as scaffolds. Man-made polymers such as polyglycolide (PGA), polylactides (PLLA, PDLA), poly(caprolactone) (PCL), and poly(dioxanone) (PDS) have been studied as matrix material to guide the differentiation and proliferation of cells into the targeted functional premature and/or mature tissue. Appropriate selection of scaffold material with respect to the targeted tissue is essential. Today, biomaterials of choice remain to be those approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. In spite of that, novel biomaterials should be developed specifically designed for tissue engineering applications.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1982

International registration of clinical engineers.

This paper outlines the moves being made by the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering to establish an International Clinical Engineering Board. The purpose of this board is to stimulate, through the establishment of National Examining Authorities, international agreement on the minimum requirements needed for the registration or certification of professional clinical engineers.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1995

Techniques in anthropometry applied to disabled and elderly populations.

We discuss the requirements of anthropometric and biomechanical data for specific application to the design of assistive devices and other products for elderly and disabled populations, including body size, shape, range of motion and strength data. We analyse available information and the practical and statistical problems involved in the collection of data from such populations. We comment on the different human interface design issues posed by various types of device and compare a task-specific approach to ergonomic analysis with the use of a generic biomechanical database. The specific requirements of a useful biomechanical data collection system intended to fulfil this need, and the conditions under which a practical system would have to operate are discussed. We review a range of available measurement techniques, including manual, mechanical, optical and electronic systems and discuss their relative fitness for the task in question. We propose an approach to the collection of multi-variable biomechanical data from the analysis of various tasks and discuss the use of computer models and other means of interpreting such data to make it available to product designers and engineers.

Aged↗