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PubMed1988

Cognitive-behavioural treatments for obesity.

The effects of the original behavioural treatment have been studied exhaustively and the limits of this very useful approach have been delineated. Further developments have largely come from combining it with other modes of treatment or from delivering it in more intensive ways. The knowledge base has been limited to operant psychology, despite the fact that study of the psychology of appetite has developed extensively in the two decades since Stuart's original paper of 1967 (Stuart RB. Behavioral control of overeating. Behav Res Ther 1967; 5: 357-365). Many fundamental processes such as the role of conditioning in the development of satiety, and the effects of monotony and variety, have important implications for the treatment of obesity which have yet to be explored.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Synergistic sedative effects of noradrenergic alpha(1)- and beta-receptor blockade on forebrain electroencephalographic and behavioral indices.

The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system exerts an activating influence on forebrain neuronal and behavioral activity states. For example, in the anesthetized rat, unilateral locus coeruleus stimulation elicits bilateral activation of forebrain electroencephalographic activity. Pretreatment with a noradrenergic beta-antagonist blocks this effect, suggesting that beta-receptors play a critical role in locus coeruleus-dependent activation of the forebrain. Consistent with this, stimulation of beta-receptors located in certain basal forebrain structures evokes sustained periods of alert waking in the unanesthetized rat. Similar forebrain and behavioral activating effects are observed with alpha(1)-receptor stimulation within these basal forebrain regions. To assess the extent to which alpha(1)- and beta-receptors contribute to the maintenance of behavioral and forebrain activation, we examined the electroencephalographic and behavioral effects of alpha(1)-, beta- and combined alpha(1)/beta-receptor blockade in the unanesthetized rat. Rats were treated individually or in combination with either varying doses of the alpha(1)-antagonist, prazosin (intraperitoneally), and/or the beta-antagonist, timolol (intracerebroventricularly). Thirty minutes following treatment, animals were placed in a mildly-arousing novel environment, which has been demonstrated previously to elicit activation of central noradrenergic systems and sustained waking in vehicle-treated controls. Behavior and electroencephalographic activity were recorded and later scored. Electroencephalographic activity was analysed using power spectrum analysis. The following were observed: (i) beta-receptor blockade alone does not alter behavioral or electroencephalographic indices of alert waking; (ii) alpha(1)-receptor blockade alone increases high-voltage spindle activity in cortical electroencephalographic activity that was associated with decreased behavioral activity; (iii) combined alpha(1)- and beta-receptor blockade elicits a substantial increase in slow-wave activity (0.33-2.0Hz), also in association with decreased behavioral activity. All of these effects were dependent on the dose administered and time following initiation of testing. These results indicate that the combined actions of alpha(1)- and beta-receptors exert distinct and synergistic actions on cortical neuronal activity patterns that are essential elements of alert waking.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed2001

Can the theory of planned behavior explain patterns of health behavior change?

This article tested the ability of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict patterns of behavior change associated with health screening. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions were used to predict objective measures of attendance 1 month and 13 months later among participants who had never previously been screened (N = 389). Findings showed that the TPB predicted attendance on each occasion and also predicted frequency of attendance. However, the model was unable to reliably distinguish among consistent attendees, participants who delayed attending, and participants who initially attended but relapsed. Thus, the TPB needs to be extended to understand behaviors that must be performed promptly and repeatedly for health benefits to accrue.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Consistency and change in mothers' behavior toward young siblings.

Siblings differ markedly in behavioral development, and it has been suggested that differential maternal treatment may contribute significantly to these differences. The question of how consistently mothers treat their different children was examined in a study of 45 sibling pairs from the Colorado Adoption Project, in which each child at 24 months of age was videotaped at home with the mother. The results showed mothers to be consistent in affection and verbal responsiveness but to differ in their controlling behavior toward the 2 siblings. Comparison of the same mother's behavior to the 2 siblings at 12 months and at 24 months showed little stability in maternal behavior to the same child over this age period.

Adoption↗
PubMed1987

[Control of ingestive behavior and rumination by neuropeptides].

In sheep as in other species, intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of picomolar doses of several peptide hormones affects food intake and rumination, suggesting that these hormones play a role in the physiological control of feeding behavior. Their effects depend on their duration (short vs long-term) and/or their nature (orexigenic vs anorexigenic). Among the short-term satiety factors, CCK8, CRF and calcitonin, administered ICV, decrease food intake by reducing the rate (CCK8) or the duration (CRF, calcitonin) of ingestion; in contrast, the gastrin group of peptides (gastrin 17, penta or tetragastrin) reduces food intake by promoting an early period of rumination. Opioid peptides such as Met-enkephalin and Dynorphin initiate food intake in satiated sheep and are supposed to be active in the short-term regulation of food intake in these ruminants. In contrast both calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) increase the daily food intake, when ICV injected, but their centrally mediated orexigenic effects depend on the regimen and the digestive status. These results confirm the species differences observed in food intake regulation and the major role of the C.N.S. in controlling feeding behavior and energy balance in ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Behavioral effects of adenosine analogs in squirrel monkeys: relation to adenosine A2 receptors.

The behavioral effects of seven metabolically stable analogs of adenosine were studied in squirrel monkeys responding under a fixed-interval (FI) schedule of stimulus-shock termination. All drugs produced dose-related decreases in response rate, but differed in potency by up to three orders of magnitude. The 5'-carboxamide and 2-chlorine substituted analogs were more potent than the N6-substituted analogs. The potencies of the adenosine analogs in decreasing schedule-controlled behavior correlate well with their reported affinities for adenosine A2, but not A1, recognition sites as determined by displacement of bound ligands or modulation of adenylate cyclase activity. The results suggest that the behavioral effects of adenosine analogs in squirrel monkeys are linked to their actions at adenosine A2 receptors.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1990

Panic disorder: cognitive-behavioral treatment.

The effectiveness of an integrated treatment program utilizing cognitive-behavioral therapies for Panic Disorder was examined. Treatment was comprised of Cognitive Model of Panic-derived procedures, Cognitive Therapy and Applied Relaxation Training. Subjects meeting DSM-III-R criteria for Panic Disorder received thirteen 2.5-hr sessions of outpatient therapy in small groups, over a 12-week period. Subjects were given an extensive rationale of the etiology, development and maintenance of Panic Disorder, within the framework of the Cognitive Model of Panic, and controlled behavioral experiments in panic evocation to internal panicogenic cues, cognitive reappraisal of somatic and ideational cues, breathing retraining, Applied Relaxation Training and Cognitive Therapy to identify and remediate maladaptive beliefs and dysfunctional cognitive schemas. A comprehensive assessment battery was given at pre-mid-post-treatment which included measures of tripartite functioning, global severity, panic, fear, anxiety, depression and psychiatric symptomatology. Analyses indicated statistically significant improvements across all outcome domains. All subjects were free of spontaneous (uncued) panic attacks at post-treatment, and all met operationalized criteria for high endstate functioning. These findings are discussed, with recommendations for future research.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Late Social and psychological aftereffect of pregnancy in adolescence.

Pregnancy in midadolescence may continue to affect social and psychological competence long after the pregnancy ends. Most studies report the effects on the children of these young mothers while only a few have examined the mothers who kept their babies and none have looked past the first decade after the birth. Twenty men and women who became parents in midadolescence were interviewed 17 to 24 years later. All were first seen because of family discord and the breakdown of parent-child relationships due to the rebellious behavior during the adolescence of the child born in their own adolescence. All of these adolescents had been well-behaved in childhood, but, having begun to date, were viewed by the parents as being troublesome and in danger of repeating the parental "mistake". Mothers were found to overtly spy on their daughters and expressed distrust of their heterosexual relationships. Fathers were distant and distrustful of their children and doubtful of their own abilities to control behavior. All parents were unable to discuss sexuality with their children. Pregnancy in midadolescence may significantly affect parental relationships with the subsequent children, especially when those children become adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The dangerous patient.

The dangerous patient requires proper management to ensure appropriate disposition and preclude injury. A safety-conscious public has propelled the issue into the courtroom, and a slowly evolving standard of care is emerging. In some states a legal duty to protect victims of violence exists. Understanding human aggression, the potentiating effects of the environment, and prior methods of coping, as well as assessing current behavioral controls and certain statistical correlates all aid management decisions. Stabilization of the dangerous patient begins with the interview and progresses to medication or restraints as the situation dictates. Once the acute crisis is resolved, attention is directed toward a more thorough review.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Feedback training of 36 - 44 HZ EEG activity in the visual cortex and hippocampus of cats: evidence for sensory and motor involvement.

Milk reinforcement was contingent on the occurrence of 36 -44 (40) Hz EEG activity in the left visual cortex (VC) of one group of cats and in the right hippocampus (H) of a second group. Both groups learned to increase 40 Hz activity, and acquisition of reinforcement was associated with immobility. A third group (behavioral controls - BC) was trained by the method of successive approximation to behave in a similar manner to VC and H cats. Training significantly increased 40 Hz activity in all of the following structures, except the hippocampi of VC cats and between the right and left visual cortex of H and BC cats: posterior primary visual cortex (bilateral), anterior primary visual cortex (left), primary motor cortex (bilateral), dorsal hippocampus (bilateral), and midbrain reticular formation (bilateral). Since the behavioral and EEG changes of H and BC animals were similar, immobility appears to be important for increased hippocampal 40 Hz activity produced by feedback training. Testing in darkness enhanced 40 Hz activity in the trained area of VC cats but had no effect on H or BC animals. These results, in conjunction with the observation that VC cats appeared to visually fixate, suggest that VC cats may have learned to increase 40 Hz activity in the visual cortex by altering visual processing.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Structural equation model for the health behaviors of university students in Korea].

PURPOSE: A structural equation model was analysed to explore the determinants of health behaviors of university students in Korea. METHOD: Nine hundred sixty nine university students were selected by random cluster sampling from five universities located in the central area of Korea. DATA COLLECTION: The data was collected by questionnaires about demographic characteristics, stressful life events, perceived social support, perceived health status and health behaviors. RESULTS: 1. Gender showed indirect effect on health behaviors. 2. Living together with(out) family had a direct effect on health behaviors: students living with family showed more positive health behaviors. 3. Stressful life events had an indirect effect on health behaviors via perceived health status; a higher score of stressful life events was the predictor for negative health behaviors. 4. A higher score of perceived health status predicted positive health behaviors. RECOMMENDATION: Each university should be encouraged to develop a health behavior control program and health promotion program for their own university students. It would be more effective to develop health programs separately according to the demographic or social characteristics of the students. It is also necessary for the Ministry of Education to reform the School Health Act and school health policy to strengthen a health promotion program for university students. In conclusion, following studies should identify and promote the validity and reliability of perceived health status and health behaviors measurements.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Taurine, analogues and ethanol elicited responses.

The effect of taurine, of some of its precursors and major metabolic products on spontaneous locomotor activity were studied in mice. The effect of taurine and some analogues on certain ethanol-mediated responses were observed. Administration of taurine, 50 mg/kg, IP, did not significantly alter motility in experimental animals compared to controls. Behavioral depression was evident subsequent to injection of cysteine hydrochloride or taurocholic acid (50 mg/kg). Administration of taurocholic acid, 50 mg/kg, IP, 30 min prior to a narcotic dose of ethanol, 5 g/kg, IP, reduced the time required for the onset of ethanol-narcosis. Pretreatment with cysteic acid, 50 mg/kg, IP, prolonged ethanol-produced narcosis. Treatment with cysteic acid 30 min prior to ethanol, 2.5 g/kg, IP, was found to decrease whole blood ethanol concentration as compared to the respective controls without a concomitant changes in brain ethanol levels. Administration of taurocholic acid, 100 mg/kg, IP, decreased the intake of an ethanol solution in rats preferring 5% ethanol solution over water as the drinking fluid of choice. None of the compounds tested altered endogenous specific activity of mouse liver alcohol dehydrogenase when given once daily (50 mg/kg, IP) for 10 consecutive days. The results suggest that both taurocholic acid and cysteic acid exert additive action to some ethanol-elicited responses studied.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1987

D1 dopamine receptor--the search for a function: a critical evaluation of the D1/D2 dopamine receptor classification and its functional implications.

The present review focuses on the hypothesized D1/D2 dopamine (DA) receptor classification, originally based on the form of receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase activity. The pharmacological effects of compounds exhibiting putative selective agonist or antagonist profiles at those DA receptors positively coupled to adenylate cyclase activity (D1 DA receptors) are extensively reviewed. Comparisons are made with the effects of putative selective D2 DA receptor agonists and antagonists, and on the basis of this work, the DA receptor classification is critically evaluated. A variety of biochemical, behavioral, and electrophysiological evidence is presented which supports the view that D1 and D2 DA receptors can interact in both an opposing and synergistic fashion. Particular attention is focused on the possibility that D1 receptor stimulation is required to enable the expression of certain D2 receptor-mediated effects, and the functional consequences of this form of interaction are considered. A hypothetical model is presented which considers how both the opposing and enabling forms of interaction between D1 and D2 DA receptors can control behavioral expression. Finally, the clinical relevance of this work is discussed and the potential use of selective D1 receptor agonists and antagonists in the treatment of psychotic states and Parkinson's disease is considered.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microcomputer analysis of cortical power spectrum: calibration and correlates of behavioral artifacts.

Cortical power spectrum (CPS) is a quantitative estimate of EEG spectral power density. The CPS provides suitably precise data for quantification and statistical inference compared to the qualitative evaluation of EGG when interpreted by clinicians or researchers. In the past decade, the CPS has been applied to the studies of cognitive functions, memory, psi phenomena, speech laterality, and states of consciousness including coma, sleep, anesthesia, pathophysiology and pain state. However, few systematic evaluations of CPS methodology have been reported, rendering cross-laboratory comparisons difficult and external validity of experimental results uncertain. This report first describes a calibration procedure employing a microcomputer system for measuring the functional relationship between input signals and output cortical powers. Second, we examine controlled behavioral artifact effects on the CPS. The behavioral artifacts observed in the CPS can provide a measurement anchor for less ambiguous interpretation of CPS experiments conducted in clinical or laboratory settings.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2005

Antibiotic resistance.

Resistance to antibiotics is economically and physiologically costly. Control of antibiotic resistance will require aggressive implementation of numerous strategies. Ongoing surveillance is needed to monitor known antibiotic types and to be able to identify the development of other potential types. Early intervention is needed to combat the rising rate of resistance. Persistent use of hygiene measures and controlled use of antibiotics will limit the spread of antibiotic resistance. Health care providers need to monitor adherence to control measures. Hand and environmental control measures remain a critical component of staff education activities. Active management of infections with non-pharmacologic treatments should be promoted. Motivational campaigns will reinforce positive infection control behaviors. Consistent surveillance of antibiotic use will help fulfill the CDC directive to combat antibiotic resistance and keep the population healthy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1966

The stability and control of conditioned noise aversion in the tilt cage.

Twenty-six rats were used to study the development of stable conditioned responding to terminate white noise (100 or 105 db) in a tilt cage apparatus. Preliminary work, with one end of the cage consistently associated with silence, demonstrated stability at a high level of cumulative noise-off time per session. Time spent at the noise-off cage end was unaffected by lay-off and showed adaptation to reversal of the cage end functions. Variability in reversal acquisition, insensitivity to stimulus intensity changes and persistence in remaining at one end of the cage in the absence of noise-termination contingencies indicated the need for more precise behavioral control. A schedule programming several reversals of the no-noise end at variable intervals within each session was developed. Performance on the latter schedule was characterized by stability of high noise-off times and also proved more sensitive than the preliminary method to stimulus intensity changes (55, 70, 100 db) as measured by both cumulated noise-off time and cage crossing rates. The ease of training combined with sensitivity to stimulus change and the lack of highly specific motor response requirements make this technique promising for use with animals potentially debilitated by drugs or surgical after-effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The effect of socioeconomic status on chronic disease risk behaviors among US adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and risk behaviors for chronic disease among a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States. DESIGN: Household survey, the Youth Risk Behavior Survey supplement to the 1992 National Health Interview Survey. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative sample of 6321 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Standardized prevalence rates and logistic and multiple regression models were used to examine the effect of educational level of the responsible adult and family income on 5 risk behaviors for chronic disease among adolescents--cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables, excessive consumption of foods high in fat, and episodic heavy drinking of alcohol. RESULTS: Most adolescents (63%) reported 2 or more of the 5 risk behaviors. Controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and school enrollment status of adolescents, as the educational level of the responsible adult increased, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables were less likely among adolescents. Among girls, but not boys, consumption of foods high in fat decreased as education of the responsible adult increased. As family income increased, adolescents were less likely to smoke cigarettes, less likely to be sedentary, and less likely to engage in episodic heavy drinking. CONCLUSION: Among adolescents, risk behaviors for chronic disease are common and inversely related to socioeconomic status. Improved community- and school-based programs to prevent such behaviors among adolescents are needed, especially among socially and economically disadvantaged youth.

Adolescent↗