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PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual receptivity of adult female rats prenatally intoxicated with alcohol on gestational day 8.

On gestational day 8 (GD 8), pregnant albino rats received two IP injections, spaced by 4 hours, of either ethanol (2.9 g/kg in 24% v/v saline solution) or saline. Adult females exposed to ethanol in utero showed greater sensitivity to estrogen, but not to estrogen plus progesterone, for induction of lordotic response. The 5-HT1 receptor agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine (5-MeODMT) had a significantly smaller effect in inhibiting lordosis response in experimental rats. The greater sensitivity to estrogen and lower sensitivity to the receptor agonist could be a consequence of long-term changes in central neurotransmitter systems induced by acute intoxication with ethanol on GD 8.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute blindness and putaminal necrosis in methanol intoxication.

PURPOSE: To review the neuro-ophthalmological and radiological findings of acute methyl alcohol intoxication. METHOD: 8 acute methyl alcohol intoxication cases were evaluated. RESULTS: All patients were male and their ages varied between 21 and 55. At the initial examination, 6 to 12 days after methanol intake, visual acuity ranged from no light perception to counting fingers at 2 meters with no color perception. Bilateral dense central scotomas were detected in patients whose vision was slightly preserved. Pupillary light reactions were either absent or sluggish. In 4 cases, edema of the optic disk and the peripapillary nerve fiber layer was observed. Three months later, optic atrophy had developed. Five patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Bilateral putaminal hyperintense lesions on T2 weighted images were observed in 3 cases. Two patients died and autopsy permission could not be obtained. Follow-up examination 12 months later revealed optic atrophy in the other six cases, with no improvement in vision. CONCLUSION: Methanol intoxication is detrimental to health, possibly resulting in blindness and occasionally death. In association with ocular signs and the other systemic and laboratory features, the ophthalmologist should be alert to the diagnosis of methanol intoxication in which visual loss may be the only symptom.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Smoking and intoxication after alcohol challenge in women and men: genetic influences.

In an earlier analysis, men and women who were current or former smokers were found to report feeling less intoxicated on average than nonsmokers after ingestion of a challenge dose of alcohol. Here, we examine whether differences in subjective response to alcohol and a tendency to smoke cigarettes are transmitted together in families; and, if so, whether this association might be entirely explained by the same heritable factors that influence alcohol intake (as we might expect if both smoking and subjective intoxication are influenced by some general susceptibility for substance use). Alcohol challenge data on 388 Australian male and female twins (194 complete pairs) were reanalyzed using multivariate genetic analysis to evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and self-report intoxication after a standard dose of alcohol. In women, we could not reject the hypothesis of complete genetic overlap between effects on intoxication rating and history of smoking, and a significant residual genetic correlation between smoking and postalcohol intoxication persisted even when genetic influences on alcohol consumption were controlled for. In men, the familial association seemed to be largely environmentally mediated and associated with differences in drinking history. These findings prompt the question of whether, in some individuals, cigarette smoking may contribute to the development of tolerance to the effects of alcohol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effect of alcohol on exercise-induced changes in serum glucose and serum free fatty acids.

The effect of alcohol on exercise-induced changes in serum glucose, serum free fatty acids, and serum insulin was studied in healthy male volunteers by performing an exhaustive ergometer exercise: (1) followed by alcohol intoxication (induced by 1.5 g of alcohol/kg of body weight); (2) during alcohol intoxication (induced by 0.8 g of alcohol/kg of body weight); and (3) during hangover (13 hr after a dose of 1.5 g of alcohol/kg of body weight). Acute alcohol intake immediately before exercise inhibited the exercise-induced increase in mean serum glucose concentration and caused a mild decrease in serum glucose levels during recovery from exercise. Exercise during hangover also resulted in decreased glucose levels during recovery from exercise. Alcohol administration immediately before or after exercise inhibited the postexercise increase in mean serum free fatty acids concentration. This was not seen during hangover, when blood alcohol concentration had already reached 0. In conclusion, alcohol interferes with the metabolism of carbohydrates during and after anaerobic exercise by decreasing the availability of circulating glucose. Furthermore, during recovery from exercise, alcohol decreases the supply of free fatty acids for the body.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Alcohol and football.

The use of alcohol is often intimately associated with sport, and the association is particularly strong in football. As well as providing a source of energy, alcohol (ethanol) has metabolic, cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, and neuromuscular actions that may affect exercise performance. Its actions on the central nervous system, however, result in decrements in skill and behavioural changes that may have adverse effects on performance. There is also evidence of dose-dependent decrements in aerobic capacity. Although the mechanisms are not well understood, the aftermath of alcohol use (hangover) may also adversely affect performance for many hours after intoxication. Alcohol intoxication may adversely affect the player's dietary choices by displacing carbohydrate from the diet at a time when restoration of glycogen stores should be a priority.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in the lipoprotein metabolism in alcoholism do not recover during of prolonged remission].

Contents of lipoproteins (LP), activity of lipoprotein lipase (LP-lipase) and cholesterol esterification activity of blood serum were examined in patients with alcoholism at the periods of intoxication, alcohol abstinence and under conditions of prolonged remission. During remission a general pattern of apoB-containing LP was similar to the period of intoxication. Processes of transformation of this class LP significantly delayed in isolated blood serum in vitro. The magnitude of these changes almost corresponded to the period of intoxication. However activity of free and membrane-bound forms of LP-lipase. A high level of LPHD2a was characteristic for the conditions of intoxication and alcohol abstinence. In the remission the level of all the apoA-containing LP fractions was significantly lower than in the control. Besides, processes of their transformations in vitro were slowed down. Intensity of these changes resembled the period of intoxication. Thus, disorders of LP metabolism pointed out during the period of intoxication and alcohol abstinence do not recovered under conditions of a prolonged remission.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cognitive dysfunction and the inherited predisposition to alcoholism.

A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to 22 nonalcoholic sons of male alcoholics (SOMAs) from families with extensive histories of male alcoholism and to 22 nonalcoholic controls with no history of familial alcoholism. In each group 11 subjects were tested while sober and 11 were tested while alcohol-intoxicated. Analyses of the results of this battery suggested (1) that SOMAs may be characterized by comparative decrements in those cognitive functions associated with the organization of novel information, dependent in theory upon the prefrontal cortex; and (2) that alcohol detrimentally affects delayed memory, associated with the temporal cortex, equally across groups. Of these SOMAs 20 had previously participated in one of two studies that demonstrated their cardiovascular hyper-reactivity to threat/stress and their increased sensitivity to the reactivity-dampening effects of alcohol intoxication. Correlational analyses of the results of the present and previous studies demonstrated the existence of a highly significant relationship between cognitive impairment, cardiovascular hyper-reactivity and susceptibility to the reactivity-dampening effects of alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Abnormal microheterogeneity of transferrin in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in alcoholism.

The serum and CSF proteins were analyzed by isoelectric focusing in 16 male alcoholics after alcohol intoxication and after 10--14 days of alcohol abstinence. An abnormally marked protein band with pI 5.7 was found in serum in 15 patients and in CSF in 12 at the first examination. On crossed immunoelectrofocusing it appeared as an increased, cathodal, microheterogeneous molecular form of transferrin. The abnormality was reversible and decreased or normalized in serum in all cases after abstinence. In 6 patients with clinical signs of cerebellar degeneration, an abnormal microheterogeneous pattern of CSF transferrin of partly different appearance to that in serum remained after abstinence. Disturbed liver synthesis of transferrin is a probable origin of the serum finding, which may be specifically related to alcohol abuse. Substitution or loss of acidic amino acids and/or decreased iron binding ability are possible structural explanations.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Esophageal motor disorder in alcoholics: result of alcoholism or withdrawal?

Both acute and chronic ethanol consumption may cause esophageal dysmotility. In order to systematically evaluate the effect of ethanol on esophageal motility, we studied esophageal motility in 13 healthy subjects before and following acute intravenous administration of 0.8 g/kg ethanol and in chronic alcoholics within 6 hr of their last drink (n = 6) and following 24 to 48 hr of abstinence when signs of withdrawal were present (n = 13). Withdrawing alcoholics were also restudied after intravenous administration of 0.8 g/kg ethanol. Ethanol transiently decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) and inhibited LES relaxation in all control subjects; this inhibitory effect of ethanol on LESP in alcoholics was significantly less, indicating the development of tolerance. Ethanol moderately decreased esophageal contraction amplitude (ECA) in 10 of 13 controls and prolonged duration of contractions in all but had no effect on velocity of esophageal contractions. In contrast, ECA was significantly elevated in both groups of alcoholics, but this was significantly more marked in withdrawing alcoholics. Ethanol infusion returned ECA toward normal values in withdrawing alcoholics. Abnormal motility was noted in three intoxicated alcoholics and 10 (77%) withdrawing alcoholics. This included nutcracker esophagus in five and hypertensive LES in two. These data indicated that (1) esophageal motor dysfunction is common in alcoholics; (2) acute ethanol administration decreases LESP and esophageal contraction amplitude, whereas chronic ethanol consumption and withdrawal from ethanol increases ECA. This suggests development of a compensatory mechanism in chronic alcoholics leading to high pressure esophageal contractions during withdrawal.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in oral glucose intolerance.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolic base of psychoneurological symptoms, most notably tiredness and loss of concentration ability, appearing after carbohydrate-rich meals and during oral glucose tolerance tests. Such metabolic changes may be the cause of many accidents attributed to the "human factor". Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed in healthy volunteers, divided into symptomatic (n = 21) and symptom-free (n = 15) groups. Since the symptoms arising during OGTT simulate those in alcohol intoxication, a method for clinical examination of alcohol intoxication was used to separate symptom-free from symptomatic subjects. Comparison of blood glucose concentrations during OGTT revealed the symptomatic group to have higher concentrations in blood samples taken 15 min (p less than 0.05), 30 min (p less than 0.01), 45, 60 and 90 min (p less than 0.05) after intake of glucose than those having no symptoms. The symptoms began when the glucose concentration was at maximum, some 38 min (mean value) following the ingestion of glucose. The symptomatic subjects demonstrated a normal assimilation rate of glucose (mean 1.7 %/min) as tested with intravenous glucose tolerance tests and the differences in blood glucose concentrations between the groups is concluded to depend on the rate of absorption of glucose from the intestinal tract. The enterochromaffine cells of the intestinal tract are the site of biosynthesis, storage and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (serotonin). In whole blood practically all of the 5-HT is of thrombocytic origin. Thrombocytes are thought to be peripheral models of 5-HT neurons in regard to 5-HT uptake, storage release and metabolism. Thrombocytes have a mechanism for 5-HT uptake analogous to the reuptake mechanism for 5-HT in the serotonergic nerve terminals. The whole blood 5-HT changes parallel changes in the 5-HT concentrations of the neurons. In this work 5-HT concentrations were measured during OGTT in whole blood to ascertain the possible relation between 5-HT changes and glucose absorption. For this purpose a reliable, fluorometric method for 5-HT was developed with the following improvements: In whole EDTA-blood the oxidation of 5-HT was prevented with ascorbic acid. The oxidation of hemoglobin iron to ferri-iron was prevented with carbon monoxide, because 5-HT, being a phenol, will otherwise form a complex with ferri-iron. Proteins were precipitated with perchloric acid and the supernatant neutralized before purification of 5-HT by cation exchange.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Changes in alcohol-related inpatient care in Stockholm County in relation to socioeconomic status during a period of decline in alcohol consumption.

Alcohol sales in Stockholm County decreased by 18 per cent from 1976 to 1981. The socioeconomic status of inpatients treated for alcohol psychosis, alcoholism, alcohol intoxication, liver cirrhosis, and pancreatitis was studied by linking data from the National Housing and Population Censuses in 1975 and 1980 with the inpatient care registers for 1976 and 1981. In both years, all rates were highest for people outside the labor market and lowest among white collar employees. The employment rate for those aged 25-44 years and treated in 1981 for alcohol psychosis, alcoholism, and alcohol intoxication--already low in 1975--had drifted further downward by 1980. Total rates of inpatient treatment for alcohol-related diagnoses generally declined but the gap between blue collar workers and white collar workers widened. We conclude that the goal for national alcohol policy, suggested by the WHO--a reduction of per capita consumption--should be combined with additional measures that will reach all social groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrical amygdala kindling in alcohol-withdrawal kindled rats.

Repeated alcohol withdrawal has been shown to kindle seizure activity. The purpose of the present investigation was to study electrical amygdala kindling in rats previously exposed to alcohol-withdrawal kindling. In three independent experiments, male Wistar rats were subjected to multiple episodes each consisting of 2 days of severe alcohol intoxication and 5 days of alcohol withdrawal. In the first experiment, the alcohol-withdrawal kindled animals were divided into two groups depending on whether spontaneous alcohol-withdrawal seizures were observed in episodes 10-13. In the second and third experiments, the alcohol-withdrawal kindled animals were compared to a group in which alcohol-withdrawal kindling was prevented by diazepam treatment during the withdrawal reactions in order to discriminate between the effect of withdrawal and intoxication. Electrical kindling was initiated 28-35 days after the last alcohol dose by exposing the animals to daily electrical stimulations of the right amygdala. The results showed that amygdala kindling was facilitated in alcohol-withdrawal kindled animals which showed spontaneous withdrawal seizure activity, compared with animals exposed to multiple episodes of alcohol withdrawal which did not develop withdrawal seizures or with animals exposed to a single episode of alcohol intoxication. When compared to the control group, the alcohol-withdrawal kindled group with seizures also kindled at a faster rate, but the difference did not reach statistical significance and therefore the results must be regarded as preliminary at present.

Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of bicuculline and angiotensin II fragment 3-7 on learning and memory processes in rats chronically treated with ethanol.

The aim of this study was to determine the possible influence of bicuculline, the antagonist of GABA-A receptor on behavioral activity (recall, acquisition of conditioned reflexes) of angiotension II fragment 3-7 (A II 3-7) in rats chronically treated with ethanol. Long term (9 weeks) ethanol intoxication profoundly impaired learning and memory processes in all testes used. The GABA-A receptor antagonist bicuculline (0.5 mg/kg ip) did not influence exploratory and motor activity in the control rats, but we observed tendency (without significance) to decrease the locomotor activity, in the alcohol-intoxicated groups of animals, when the drug was injected together with A II 3-7 (2 microgram icv). Bicuculline did not influence retrieval process in passive avoidance recall in both investigated groups, and when the drug was given together with AII 3-7 significantly enhanced its action in the control group and in rats chronically treated with ethanol. Bicuculline significantly improved acquisition in the active avoidance test in the control and alcohol-intoxicated groups. Bicuculline injected together with A II 3-7 significantly decreased its action in the control group. Coadministration of bicuculline with A II 3-7 did not significantly change the activity of A II 3-7 in the acquisition of active avoidance test in the alcohol-intoxicated groups of rats.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1994

[Acute and chronic alcohol abuse--effect on inpatient treatment of trauma surgery patients].

The effect of alcoholism on the length of stay and costs of hospital treatment is not well documented. The posttraumatic course of treatment of 75 alcohol intoxicated patients was prospectively followed. A shortened MAST-test served to identify chronic alcoholised patients. The obtained data were compared with a control group according to the matched-pair method. The course of treatment of 44 drunken patients without signs of chronic alcoholism was not different from the control group. However 31 chronic alcohol intoxicated patients showed a clearly different course from the control group. The hospital stay was nearly doubled (13.5 days) compared to the control group (7.5 days). There were explicitly more consultations of specialists (26 vs. 9) necessary and the complication rate (9 vs. 1) during the hospital stay was significantly increased. Chronic alcoholism of traumatised patients yields to a cost increase of the hospital treatment. The high complication rate forces an intensive supervision of the affected patients. These results have to be taken into account by calculations of reimbursement rates for the field of trauma surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Character of proprioceptive information processing during learning in rats chronically intoxicated with alcohol].

A conditioned alimentary reflex was elaborated in rats placed into K-shaped maze after 8 months of intoxication with 35 degrees alcohol. The most important changes in experimental animals, as compared to intact ones, were revealed in the character of processing of proprioceptive information coming to the brain during learning. It was found that in the animals temporal relations between the processes of analysis and synthesis and the fixation of memory trace changed. Unlike intact animals, in "alcoholic" ones the new proprioceptive information as related to the previous experience was fixed in the long-term memory and only afterwards underwent analytic and synthetic processing. It is suggested that learning was not in enlarging the information capacity of each singled-out motor unit of full decision, but in their combination into one and only one decision.

Alcoholism↗