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PubMed2001

School refusal and depression with school inattendance in children and adolescents: comparative assessment between the Children's Depression Inventory and somatic complaints.

School refusal has become a relatively common problem of increasing magnitude in Japan. Although clarification of the relationship between 'school refusal' and 'depression with school inattendance' is crucial in light of the difference in treatment modalities involved, it is not clear whether the two are to be regarded along the same tangent or as disparate entities. For clarification, a comparison was made between clinical diagnosis, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) scores, and scores for the three subordinate scales of the CDI in 34 cases of school refusal, 10 cases of depression with school inattendance, and normal students. Significant difference in CDI score was noted between the three groups: highest among depression cases, followed by school refusers, and lowest in normal students. A larger proportion of school refusers expressed somatic complaints together with low CDI scores. The typical case of school refusal appears to exhibit somatic complaints in the foreground rather than depression, both clinical characteristics and CDI scores indicate school refusal and depression to be separate entities. Although many approaches are being taken in the treatment of school refusal, the results appear to justify primacy of the psychotherapeutic approach with the possible adjuvant use of pharmacological agents, for the phenomenon as it presents in Japan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of narrative ability in children with cochlear implants.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to: 1) develop a scoring system to assess narrative ability in children; 2) evaluate the impact of auditory speech perception with a cochlear implant on narrative ability; and 3) evaluate the importance of narrative ability to reading comprehension in deaf children. DESIGN: Narrative productions prompted from an eight-picture sequence story were elicited from 8 and 9 yr olds; 87 who had at least 4 yr of cochlear implant experience and 28 who had normal hearing. The stories were transcribed and a scoring system for narrative ability was developed based on the use of complete narrative structure, conjunctions linking semantic relations, and referents that served to identify and distinguish characters in the narrative. Narrative ability scores of cochlear implant users were examined in relation to their age, IQ, speech perception, language, and reading test scores. In addition, narrative ability scores for children with normal hearing were compared with two groups of cochlear implant users, those with above average speech perception scores and those with below average speech perception scores. RESULTS: Within the sample of hearing-impaired children, narrative ability scores correlated significantly with speech perception, language syntax, and reading test scores. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to predict reading comprehension scores from four predictor variables (age, IQ, language syntax, and narrative ability). Results reflected the independent contribution of discourse-level language skills, as measured by the narrative ability score, as well as sentence-level language skills in predicting reading test scores. Analysis of stories obtained from 8- and 9-yr-old children with normal hearing revealed the classic pattern that included a high point, a resolution, and one or more evaluative statements. Their stories achieved cohesion from correct use of both conjunctions and referents. Deaf children who received above-average speech perception scores with a cochlear implant (i.e., scored above 48% on the Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification speech perception test) told narratives that were similar in structure and use of referents to those of age mates with normal hearing. Although their use of subordinate conjunctions was not as well developed as normal-hearing children, it was significantly above that of deaf children who received less speech perception benefit after a similar period of implant use. These below-average speech perceivers exhibited significantly poorer use of narrative structure and cohesive devices than either normal-hearing age mates or children who achieved above average speech perception with a cochlear implant. CONCLUSIONS: Narrative ability is an important predictor of reading comprehension ability in deaf children above and beyond IQ and syntactic competence. Children who receive a cochlear implant under 5 yr of age and obtain above average speech perception benefit from the device construct narratives that are similar in structure and cohesion to those of their hearing age mates by age 8 to 9.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Converging operations on a basic level in event taxonomies.

Research on object concepts has identified one level of abstraction as "basic" in cognition and communication. We investigated whether concepts for routine social events have a basic level by replicating the converging operations used to investigate object concepts. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with event names from a taxonomy and were asked to list the actions comprising the event. Many more actions were listed at the middle than at the highest taxonomic level, without a further increase at the most specific level, paralleling the pattern of superordinate-, basic-, and subordinate-level object concepts. From these action lists, brief stories were composed for each event. In Experiment 2, subjects made pairwise similarity judgments on the stories. The mean similarity of events increased with specificity, as expected. But differentiation of categories (within-category similarity compared to between-category similarity) was highest for super-ordinates, contrary to results with object categories. In Experiment 3, subjects were fastest in recognizing actions as belonging to events named at the basic level. In Experiment 4, subjects predominantly chose basic-level terms to name stories. We conclude that event taxonomies do show basic-level structure, albeit a less sharply defined and less stable structure than in object taxonomies. The benefits and hazards of extending models of object concepts to other entities, such as social events, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A causative factor of copulatory disorder in rats following social stress.

PURPOSE: We investigated the causative role of testosterone in copulatory disorder and the expression of c-fos messenger (m)RNA in the medial preoptic area in rats after social stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To generate copulatory disorder rats in the experimental defeated group were attacked by residents for 10 minutes daily for 7 consecutive days (social stress). We then investigated the effect of repeat defeat on the frequency of mounting behavior and plasma testosterone levels. The effects of testosterone replacement and/or apomorphine (100 microg./kg. subcutaneously), a dopamine receptor agonist, on the frequency of mounting behavior were also studied. After experiencing social stress the brain area within the medial preoptic area was removed for analysis of c-fos and androgen receptor mRNA expression. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was done to analyze gene expression. RESULTS: Rats in the defeated group showed a reduced frequency of mounting behavior and a decrease in plasma testosterone levels compared with values in control rats (p <0.01). After testosterone replacement the frequency of mounting behavior became significantly higher than that of socially stressed rat (p <0.05) but did not achieve control levels. The frequency of mounting behavior by socially stressed rats after apomorphine treatment was significantly higher than that of vehicle treated rats (p <0.05) but the frequency produced by the combination of testosterone replacement and apomorphine injection did not achieve control levels. After the social stress experience c-fos mRNA expression was significantly increased compared with that in control rats (p <0.05). The expression of androgen receptor mRNA was not affected by social stress. Testosterone replacement significantly reduced the expression of c-fos mRNA in the medial preoptic area (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that a reduction in plasma testosterone may have a causative role in copulatory disorder induced by social stress. Changes in c-fos mRNA expression in the medial preoptic area correlated with copulatory disorder and, thus, they are suitable for monitoring that disorder.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Bullying and victimization among black and Hispanic adolescents.

The prevalence of bullying and victimization by gender, grade level, and race/ethnicity was examined among a sample of low socioeconomic, Black and Hispanic 6th- to 12th-graders in a large urban school district in Texas. Bullying and victimization were measured using specific behaviors. Students were classified as bullies (7%), victims (12%), bully-victims (5%), or neither (76%), depending on the number and frequency of reported experiences. For specific types of bullying (e.g., spreading rumors, excluding others), 4.5%-9.4% of students reported participation. Specific types of victimization (e.g., being hit or pushed, picked on) ranged from 6%-12%. Gender differences were not observed for general bullying and victimization, but physical and some verbal types were more prevalent among males. Blacks were more likely to participate in bullying and victimization, and these experiences seemed to peak in the 9th grade. This study adds to the literature as few U.S. studies on both general and specific types of bullying have been conducted among low socioeconomic, racial/ethnic minority students in middle and high school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Development of lexical and sentence level context effects for dominant and subordinate word meanings of homonyms.

Nine-ten-and twelve-year-old children (N = 75) read aloud dominant, subordinate or ambiguous bias sentences (N = 120) that ended in a homonym (BALL). After the sentence (1,000 ms), children read aloud targets that were related to the dominant (BAT) or subordinate (DANCE) meaning of the homonym or control targets. Participants were also divided into three reading skill groups based on an independent measure of single word oral reading accuracy. There were three main developmental and reading skill findings. First, 9-year-olds and low skill readers showed lexical level facilitation in accuracy. Second, 9- and 10-year-olds or low and moderate skill readers showed lexical level facilitation in reaction time. Third, 12-year-olds or high skill readers showed sentence level facilitation in reaction time with high skill readers additionally showing sentence level inhibition in reaction time. These results show that lexical level context effects decreased and that sentence level context effects increased with development and skill. These results are discussed in terms of connectionist models of visual word recognition that incorporate distributed attractor principles.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implenting family planning in a Ministry of Health: organizational barriers at the state and district levels.

1. Family planning occupied a subordinate position in the medical and health bureaucracy almost two decades after its introduction. Senior Ministry officials accorded low priority to formal program objectives, while the State Family Planning Officer, the highest state official concerned solely with the family planning program, suffered from a relatively subordinate position in the Directorate and a lack of authority and support. Within the medical profession, family planning was held in low esteem, and the medical and health bureaucracies did not have a mechanism for selecting personnel on the basis of interest and commitment. 2. Organizational adjustment to family planning in the Ministry of Health was a slow and painful process, absorbing the energy and attention of Ministry officials for almost a decade. The repeated reorganizations of the district setup revolving around the division of labor between medical, health, and family planning acitvities and between the rural and urban program, led to months of almost total inertia and detracted substantially from the supervisory capacity of the officials involved. 3. Decision making and guidance suffered from the quick turnover of the Secretary, the most powerful administrator in the Ministry. In Uttar Pradesh Secretaries stayed barely long enough to begin to understand the complex organizational setup of the program. 4. Multiple and often conflicting lines of authority characterized the relationships between the higher and lower echelons within the Ministry. This was accentuated when the District Family Planning Officer was placed under the administrative control of the District Magistrate. While intended to "energize" family planning through the association of the most prestigious and powerful district official with the program, this organizational arrangement resulted in conflicting instructions to the staffs of the primary health centers. 5. The organizational behavior of the Ministry of Health was shaped by the interplay of the various "professional cultures" of its key actors. The generalist administrators' short time horizon and eagerness to produce quantitative results clashed with the specialists' emphasis upon long-term goals and technical constraints; the politician's defense of the interest of his constituents clashed with the administrator's desire to defend his autonomy. The calculus of political survival made support for family planning goals a costly burden that few politicians have been willing to shoulder. As the party system does not reward the advocacy of family planning, ministers emphasize those programs within their ministry or those decisions within their discretion that correspond to the demands of their constituents.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMed1995

Aggressiveness, dominance, developmental factors, and serum cholesterol level in college males.

The present study was conducted to examine for college males relations between aggressiveness (or expressive hostility) and dominance and (a) particular developmental experiences and (b) total serum cholesterol. Aggressiveness but not dominance was found to be positively related to subjects' reports of their parents' behavior which reflected (a) less genuine acceptance, (b) more interference in the person's desires as a child, and (c) more punitiveness. For low-physically fit subjects, both aggressiveness and dominance were found to be positively related to levels of total serum cholesterol. These relations are congruent with the notion that both aggressiveness and dominance may contribute to hastening coronary atherosclerosis and risk of CHD via elevated levels of plasma lipids. It should be noted, however, that the relations obtained in the present study were all modest in size. For high-physically fit individuals associations were not found between total serum cholesterol and either aggressiveness or dominance. These results suggest that good physical fitness may attenuate the degree to which either aggressiveness or dominance may adversely affect health via elevated levels of cholesterol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Displaced agendas: current regulatory strategies for germline gene therapy.

Recent developments in biotechnology are radically affecting the nature of reproduction and the manner in which we approach disease. In particular, germline gene therapy, or the insertion of genetic material into cells while they are developing and dividing, offers the promise of eradicating genetic defects in humans during embryonic development. In this article, the authors argue that the social and ethical implications of the developments in the field of germline gene therapy have not yet received adequate consideration. Unlike previous technologies which targeted already-developed cells, germline gene therapy can potentially correct and eliminate genetic deficiencies at the developmental stages of a cell. This raises issues of genetic enhancement beyond the therapeutic applications of this technology. However, the authors submit that an established pattern of subordinating social and ethical issues to technical and scientific debate in the regulatory arena is repeating itself in the case of discussions over germline gene therapy. The authors suggest that the American scientific regulatory process fails to fully meet the challenges of this technology, particularly because social and ethical issues are not formally considered in the existing process. They therefore suggest that American regulatory agencies should look to the approach taken by Europe with regard to germline gene therapy as an emerging technology, and that it may be necessary to incorporate effective public debate over social and ethical concerns into a regulatory process which is primarily concerned only with the efficacy of new technologies.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1995

Genetic aspects of communication during male-male competition in the Madagascar hissing cockroach: honest signalling of size.

Male Madagascar hissing cockroaches, Gromphadorhina portentosa, engage in agonistic contests with other males and produce audible sounds or 'hisses' during these interactions. Hisses are used to maintain, rather than to establish, social relationships among males. The agonistic hisses of males are variable and could be used as signals to communicate size or competitive ability of an individual. In this study we examined how size influences male-male competition, as well as the genetic variation and covariation of male body size and components of the agonistic hiss. We found that male size affected the outcome of agonistic interactions between pairs of males: a male that dominated in a pair was significantly larger than the male that was subordinate. However, we found no differences in the hisses produced by dominant and subordinate males after controlling for male weight. We estimated heritabilities, evolvability and genetic correlations for male size and characteristics of the hiss from a full-sib analysis of brothers. The patterns of heritabilities and evolvabilities were very similar. The heritabilities of both male weight and duration of the hiss were significantly greater than zero. There was a significant positive genetic correlation between duration of the agonistic hiss and male weight, and a significant negative genetic correlation between hiss duration and the beginning dominant frequency. There was also a positive phenotypic correlation and a negative environmental correlation between male weight and hiss duration. Thus, hiss duration can signal the present influence of the environment on male size, whereas information from hiss duration and beginning dominant frequency can signal the male's ability to transmit genetic influence for size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Patterns of reproductive skew in the polygynandrous acorn woodpecker.

We compared observed levels of reproductive skew in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) with those predicted by two alternative transactional models. "Concession" models predict the degree to which parentage is shared assuming that a single dominant is in complete control of reproduction. Alternatively, "restraint" models predict reproductive sharing assuming that the dominant controls only whether subordinates remain in the group but does not control its share of reproduction. Reproductive skew is high among males: on average, the most successful male sires more than three times as many offspring as the next most successful male. Females share parentage equally and have lower constraints on dispersal and lower survival rates compared with males, which is consistent with predictions from the concessions model. Also as predicted by the concessions model, yearly variation in opportunities for dispersal before the breeding season correlates positively with skew. However, in contrast to concessions but consistent with the restraint model, skew decreases with relatedness. Thus, neither model consistently predicts patterns of reproductive skew in this species. We suggest that models of reproductive skew will need to include competitive interactions among potential breeders and mate choice before they will adequately predict patterns of reproductive partitioning in most vertebrate societies.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The energetics of lactation in cooperatively breeding meerkats Suricata suricatta.

Species may become obligate cooperative breeders when parents are unable to raise their offspring unassisted. We measured the daily energy expenditure of mothers, helpers and offspring during peak lactation in cooperatively breeding meerkats Suricata suricatta using the doubly labelled water technique. Lactating mothers expended more energy per day than allo-lactating subordinate females, non-lactating females or suckling offspring. Metabolizable energy intakes of lactating mothers were calculated from isotope-based estimates of offspring milk energy intake, and were not significantly different from the previously suggested maximal limit for mammals. Allo-lactating females were the only category of animals that lost weight during the period of study, probably because they spent more time babysitting than non-lactating females. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) of lactating mothers increased with litter size but decreased with the number of helpers. Calculations show that for every 10 helpers, even in the absence of allo-lactators, mothers are able to reduce their DEE during peak lactation by an amount equivalent to the energy cost of one pup. These results indicate that helpers have beneficial energetic consequences for lactating mothers in an obligate cooperatively breeding mammal.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A longitudinal analysis of patterns of adjustment following peer victimization.

This study examined the effects of being victimized by peers on children's behavioral, social, emotional, and academic functioning. We assessed an ethnically diverse sample of 2,064 first, second, and fourth graders and followed them over 2 years, locating 1,469 of the participants at the follow-up. Correlation and partial correlation analyses revealed that prior victimization predicted externalizing, internalizing, and social problems 2 years later for the sample as a whole. However, not all victimized children experienced the same types of outcomes; instead, there was heterogeneity in children's responses to victimization. Using cluster analysis, we identified eight outcome patterns that represented different patterns of functioning. These were labeled as externalizing, internalizing, symptomatic, popular, disliked, absent, low achieving, and high achieving. Discriminant function analyses revealed that the symptomatic, externalizing, and disliked patterns were systematically related to victimization. Moreover, significant gender and age differences in the severity of effects were obtained. The discussion highlights the complexity of victimization effects.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Helpers in a cooperatively breeding cichlid stay and pay or disperse and breed, depending on ecological constraints.

The theory of family-group dynamics predicts that group structure, helping behaviour and social interactions among group members should vary with the opportunities of subordinates to breed independently. We investigated experimentally whether unrelated mature helpers in the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher reduce costly social and cooperative behaviour and choose to disperse and breed independently when offered vacant breeding sites. As predicted by the ecological constraints hypothesis,when breeding substrate was available, (i) helpers spent more time in dispersal areas and it was mainly large helpers that left the group to breed independently; (ii) all helpers invested less in costly submissive behaviours towards other group members and large helpers reduced help, supporting the 'pay-to-stay' hypothesis; and (iii) large helpers, particularly those that dispersed and bred, increased more in body mass in the treatment than those without breeding options, suggesting status-dependent strategic growth of helpers. We conclude that helpers of N. pulcher decide whether to stay and pay or disperse and breed in response to constraints on independent breeding.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1984

Defeat, learned submissiveness, and analgesia in mice: effect of genotype.

Defeat-induced unconditioned and conditioned behaviors of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice were assessed in a social-learning paradigm. Upon bites, mice of the DBA strain reacted with significantly more escape reactions, while C57 mice showed more immobility, crouch, and defensive sideways and upright postures. Clear genotype-dependent patterns were also evident from the conditioned responses recorded 24 h after defeat. DBA mice displayed more escape and defensive sideways and upright postures upon contact with a nonaggressive partner mouse; in contrast, C57 mice reacted with more immobility and crouch. With an increasing number of bites the sum of learned responses increased in C57 mice while it decreased in mice of the DBA strain. This decrement was paralleled by an increase in the analgesic response measured on the hot plate in defeated DBA mice. The possible role of endogenous opioids in the genotype-dependent interaction of defeat-induced learned submissiveness and analgesia is discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Cooperative growth regulation in coral-dwelling fishes.

Dominant individuals often grow faster than subordinates because they gain a greater share of important resources. However, dominants should also strategically adjust their growth rates, relative to the size of subordinates, if this improves their reproductive success. Here, we show that individuals in breeding pairs of the coral-dwelling fish Gobiodon histrio regulate their growth to reduce the size difference between partners. In pairs where one individual was larger than the other, the smaller individual increased its growth rate and the larger individual decreased its growth rate, compared to individuals in size-matched pairs. The reproductive success of breeding pairs is limited by the size of the smallest individual in the pair. Therefore, it appears that the larger individual trades-off its own growth against that of the smaller individual, thereby improving the reproductive success of both individuals in the pair. This demonstrates a remarkable ability of individuals to strategically adjust their body size to suit the local social environment, and reveals a novel mechanism for size-assortative mating.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

[Sexual violence--sexualized violence].

The fusion of sexuality and violence is a major issue of concern and has become a central issue of social policy. That fusion can be observed in private circumstances as well as in society at large. Children and young people as well as women and men can fall victim to that phenomenon. Eventually, due to gender stereotyping, the awareness of the victimization of the male gender is somewhat weak. In the social-political discourse the male is seen as dominant and powerful and the female gender as the weak one. Sexual violence and/or domination therefore is interpreted as mirroring the genderized balance of power in society. Otherwise the phenomenon is very complex and cannot be explained by simplistic or one-dimensional interpretations. In respect of definitions it is necessary to separate "sexual violence", as an aspect of sexual behavior, and "sexualized power". The latter means the use of sexuality for the display of power and violence. That kind of fusion is visible in all kinds of interactions--on the private level as well as in the sense of "structural power" (like in war, torture, etc.). To theory and practice of psychiatry and psychotherapy the situation brings a whole series of objectives. On the one hand these disciplines have the task to study the phenomenon in different contexts and to contribute to the understanding of the psychic and psychosocial processes which lead to the fusion of the drives. On the other hand it is their obligation to treat the victims of sexual trauma. In recent times much insight has been gained in that context. Nevertheless there has to be much future work done, to understand the phenomenon more deeply and to develop adapted and efficient concepts for prevention and treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

HIV/AIDS in fishing communities: challenges to delivering antiretroviral therapy to vulnerable groups.

Fishing communities have been identified as among the highest-risk groups for HIV infection in countries with high overall rates of HIV/AIDS prevalence. Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS stems from, the time fishers and fish traders spend away from home, their access to cash income, their demographic profile, the ready availability of commercial sex in fishing ports and the sub-cultures of risk taking and hyper-masculinity in fishermen. The subordinate economic and social position of women in many fishing communities makes them even more vulnerable to infection. In this paper we review the available literature to assess the social, economic and cultural factors that shape many fisherfolks' life-styles and that make them both vulnerable to infection and difficult to reach with anti-retroviral therapy and continued prevention efforts. We conclude from the available evidence that fisherfolk will be among those untouched by planned initiatives to increase access to anti-retroviral therapies in the coming years; a conclusion that might apply to other groups with similar socio-economic and sub-cultural attributes, such as other seafarers, and migrant-workers including small-scale miners, and construction workers.

Africa South of the Sahara↗