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PubMed1997

Subadult stress, morbidity, and longevity in Latte Period populations on Guam, Mariana Islands.

The frequency and age distribution of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in the dentition of 293 individuals from Latte Period sites (AD 800-1521) on Guam, Mariana Islands, are examined in this study. Individuals dying as subadults (before age 16) and as young adults (ages 16-21) have more frequent LEHs than those who survived to middle or late adulthood, documenting a relationship between LEH-causing stress events and reduced life expectancy. The age distributions of cribra orbitalia and skeletal infection in children who died by age 10 exhibit striking similarities to the etiological age patterns of LEH in children, and those with skeletal infection have more frequent hypoplasias than children without infection. The comorbidity of systemic stress and infection in children, and their impact on life expectancy, are interpreted in the biocultural context of high population density in the large coastal villages of the late prehistoric period in the Marianas.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Direct isolation of longevity mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

We have isolated several new EMS-induced, long-lived mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans, using a novel screen that eliminates the need for replica plating. Three new alleles of age-1 (z10, z12, and z25) were identified by failure to complement age-1 (hx546) for life span extension; these alleles had life spans ranging from 18.9 to 25.9 days at 25 degrees C, with an average 46% increase in life span. After backcrossing, alleles were examined in a wild-type background for resistance to several environmental stresses: heat (35 degrees C), ultraviolet (UV) light (20 J/m2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (0.5 M). Two replicates of the test of thermotolerance were completed on each strain, giving mean survivals of 842 min (hx546), 810 min (z10), 862 min (z12), and 860 min (z25), compared to 562 min for wild type. All the age-1 alleles were significantly tolerant, compared with wild type (P < 0.001). Two replicates for UV resistance were also completed with mean survivals of 103, 118, 108, and 89 hr, respectively, compared to 72 hr for wild type. One test of hydrogen peroxide resistance has shown that z12 and N2 had a mean survival of 41 hr, while the other age-1 alleles had mean survival of 54 hr (z10), and 62 hr (z25); H2O2 resistance is the only environmental stress that differentiates among the age-1 alleles.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Familial correlations of longevity: an isolate-based study.

Familial correlations for age at time of death have been computed in a French Canadian isolate. We show that parent-offspring correlations as well as sib correlations are of the same order of magnitude as that between spouses for various age groups at death. It is suggested that heritability of survival is nearly zero. Observed variability in survival is interpreted as the effect of environmental differences acting upon age-dependent genes.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Hb F levels, longevity of homozygotes and clinical course of sickle cell anemia in Brazil.

A sample of 354 individuals with sickle cell anemia ascertained in the city of Rio de Janeiro was studied to investigate the relationships between Hb F level, morbidity, and mortality. The mean Hb F level was 6.41 +/- 5.21%. The relationship between age and the proportion of Hb F can be described as a quadratic polynomial distribution, the level falling from approximately 11% in the first year to 4% at 25 years and then rising proportionally after 30 years. The correlations between Hb F level and 140 variables, including hematological values, signs and symptoms of the disease, as well as therapeutic requirements, showed that the patients with high Hb F levels are less anemic and have a more benign course. Several significant correlations (between amount of Hb F and the following clinical signs: pallor of mucous membranes, jaundice, cholelithiasis, leg ulcers, bronchial asthma, increased pulmonary vascularity, left ventricular hypertrophy, and osteomyelitis) are being reported here for the first time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Femoral diaphyseal histomorphometric age determinations for the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 Neandertals and Neandertal longevity.

Histomorphometric analysis of femoral diaphyseal fragments from the Shanidar 3, 4, 5, and 6 Neandertals provide age at death estimates of 41 (+/- 6.7), 36 (+/- 6.7), 40 (+/- 6.7), and 24 (+/- 6.7) years. These determinations are in agreement with previous macroscopic age assessments. Since the Shanidar 3, 4, and 5 (and slightly younger Shanidar 1) individuals are among the oldest known Neandertals, these age determinations suggest that significant postreproductive survival was rare among the Neandertals and a phenomenon primarily of anatomically modern humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Longevity and food consumption of microwave-treated (2.45 GHz CW) honeybees in the laboratory.

Adult honeybees, confined singly or in small clusters, were exposed for 0.5, 6, and 24 hours to 2.45-GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at power densities of 3, 6, 12, 25, and 50 mW/cm2. Following exposure, bees were held in the incubator for 21 days to determine the consumption of sucrose syrup and to observe mortality. No significant differences were found between microwave-treated and sham-treated or control bees.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Food, reproduction and longevity: is the extended lifespan of calorie-restricted animals an evolutionary adaptation?

Calorie restriction results in an increased lifespan and reduced fecundity of rodents. In a natural environment the availability of food will vary greatly. It is suggested that Darwinian fitness will be increased if animals cease breeding during periods of food deprivation and invest saved resources in maintenance of the adult body, or soma. This would increase the probability of producing viable offspring during an extended lifespan. The diversion of limited energy resources from breeding to maintenance of the soma is seen as an evolutionary adaptation, fully compatible with the 'disposable soma' theory of the evolution of ageing.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

A shift to Th0 cytokine production by CD4+ cells in human longevity: studies on two healthy centenarians.

Centenarians, particularly healthy centenarians, constitute the example of successful aging and the study of their immune status can help to define the endpoint of the changes occurring throughout life. We characterized T cell clones (TCC) of two healthy centenarians, studying their phenotypes and production of representative Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-4) and compared them with TCC obtained by three young normal subjects; in all 180TCC were analyzed. In young donors, 35TCC were CD4+, 56CD8+ and 2 were alpha beta +CD4-CD8- (double negative). In centenarians, we obtained 46CD4+TCC, 38CD8+, 2CD4+CD8+ (double positive) and 1 gamma delta + double negative. Of the young subjects' TCC, 71% produced IFN-gamma but no IL-4 (Th1 pattern) and this prevalence decreased to 39% in TCC from the centenarians. The number of clones showing the opposite Th2 pattern was similar in young and aged donors (3 out of 93TCC and 2 out of 87TCC, respectively). The intermediate profile of TCC producing both IL-4 and IFN-gamma (Th0) was found in 25.8% of clones from young people, but it almost doubled to 58.6% in centenarians. The analysis shows that the Th profiles of CD8+TCC is nearly superimposable in the two groups, whereas a major shift from a Th1 to a Th0 pattern is presented by CD4+TCC. The balance provided by a majority of CD4+TCC showing a Th0 pattern may ensure both humoral and cell-mediated defences. In CD8+TCC, however, a Th1 pattern still is present, possibly for efficient generation of cytotoxic responses. These findings should be extended by studying other centenarians and elderly subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[The effect of different protein diets on longevity and various biochemical parameters of aged rats].

In this work 23 month old rats were fed for 200 days with different protein diets (NT-diet: 19% protein, 72% of animal origin and LP-diet: 8.8% protein exclusively of vegetable origin). Some metabolic parameters and lifespan (on the base of a 50% death-rate) were determined. The relations of the liver free amino acids glycine + alanine and tyrosine + phenylalanine + branched chain amino acids and the ratio of phenylalanine/tyrosine were determined to be higher in the LP-group. Phenylalanine in liver and urea concentrations in liver and serum were lower in the LP-group. Furthermore the dopamine or serotonin levels were significantly lower in lateral and medial or lateral regions of the hypothalamus respectively in LP-diet fed rats. The norepinephrine content was not modified by the diets. The median lifespan of 23 month old rats was higher by 24% following LP-treatment. These results suggest that the protein component (amino acids) of different diets may modify metabolic parameters and lifespan of animals by mechanisms in which the central regulation may be involved.

Aging↗