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PubMed1983

Comparative vitamin B-6 bioavailability from tuna, whole wheat bread and peanut butter in humans.

Relative bioavailability of vitamin B-6 from tuna, whole wheat bread and peanut butter was investigated in eight men. The study was divided into a 10-day adjustment and three, 14-day experimental periods in a 3 X 3 Latin square design. Vitamin B-6 intake was set at 1.6 mg/day, with 50% of the intake coming from one of the three experimental foods and 50% from a basal diet. Daily complete urine and fecal collections were made. Urine was analyzed for 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA) and vitamin B-6, fecal samples for vitamin B-6 and plasma (sampled every 5 days) for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Mean values +/- SD for the adjustment, tuna, whole wheat bread and peanut butter periods were: 5.65 +/- 1.76, 4.89 +/- 1.10, 3.62 +/- 0.66 and 2.80 +/- 0.50 mumol/day for 4-pyridoxic acid; 0.98 +/- 0.34, 1.05 +/- 0.20, 0.76 +/- 0.09 and 0.68 +/- 0.19 mumol/day for urinary vitamin B-6; 2.72 +/- 0.94, 3.08 +/- 0.73, 3.80 +/- 0.78 and 4.42 +/- 1.03 mumol/day for fecal vitamin B-6 and 65.0 +/- 23.30, 64.8 +/- 29.80, 49.3 +/- 14.40 and 48.4 +/- 20.20 nM for plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, respectively. 4PA and urinary vitamin B-6 excretion were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) higher in the tuna period than in either the whole wheat bread or peanut butter periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Rodents are not a source of endogenously-produced, fecally-transmitted Caryospora bigenetica oocysts.

Fifteen Swiss-Webster mice (Mus musculus) and eight cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were inoculated orally with Caryospora bigenetica oocysts. Feces from these animals were collected from 0 to 180 days postinoculation (DPI) and examined for endogenously-produced oocysts using Nomarski microscopy. Oocysts were recovered from mouse feces at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, and 14 DPI, and from cotton rat feces at 1, 2, and 9 DPI. The recovered oocysts were determined to be from the original inocula due to the presence of thick walls, polar granules, and Stieda and substieda bodies. All animals exhibited clinical signs at 8 DPI. Developmental stages of C. bigenetica were identified in various tissues of seven cotton rats found dead at 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 DPI. Caryocysts were found in muzzle, tongue, footpad, scrotum, and rectum of mice and cotton rats at 30 DPI. Fecal samples collected from mice on 0, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 DPI, and from cotton rats on 0, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 DPI were injected subcutaneously into 13 mice. Of the 13 mice, a Caryospora infection was observed only in the mouse inoculated with 0 DPI mouse feces. We propose that endogenously-produced C. bigenetica oocysts are not fecally-transmitted by Swiss-Webster mice or cotton rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccine field trial in 9 feedlots in Alberta and Saskatchewan.

A feedlot trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccine in reducing fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in 218 pens of feedlot cattle in 9 feedlots in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Pens of cattle were vaccinated once at arrival processing and again at reimplanting with either the E. coli O157:H7 vaccine or a placebo. The E. coli O157:H7 vaccine included 50 microg of type III secreted proteins. Fecal samples were collected from 30 fresh manure patties within each feedlot pen at arrival processing, revaccination at reimplanting, and within 2 wk of slaughter. The mean pen prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in feces was 5.0%; ranging in pens from 0% to 90%, and varying significantly (P < 0.001) among feedlots. There was no significant association (P > 0.20) between vaccination and pen prevalence of fecal E. coli O157:H7 following initial vaccination, at reimplanting, or prior to slaughter.

Alberta↗
PubMed1999

Changes in fecal flora and comparative multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ceftibuten, cefpodoxime proxetil and amoxycillin/clavulanate.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in fecal flora and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics with the oral antibiotics ceftibuten 400 mg daily and cefpodoxime proxetil (CPX) 200 mg every 12 h, compared to amoxycillin/clavulanate 500/125 mg every 8 h during and following 1 week of medication. METHODS: In an open randomized triple crossover design, 18 (nine female, nine male) healthy volunteers received each drug for 7 days, followed by a 'washout' period of 4 weeks. Serum and urine levels of the substances were determined by bioassay, and for ceftibuten isomers by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis of quantitative aerobic and anaerobic cultures of feces was performed, and beta-lactamase activity was determined. RESULTS: Ceftibuten showed a mean Cmax of 18.9 (SD 3.0) mg/L, a terminal half-life of 2.89 h, and an AUCtot of 100 (21.8) mg.h/L; protein binding was 63.7 (5.1)%, and accumulation was marginal. Cefpodoxime proxetil had a Cmax of 1.92 (0.61) mg/L, a terminal half-life of 1.97 (0.42) h and an AUCtot of 10.8 (3.3) mg.h/L; no accumulation was seen. Amoxycillin and clavulanate had Cmax values of 7.15 (2.16) mg/L and 3.39 (1.31) mg/L, terminal half-life values of 1.03 (0.15) h and 0.93 (0.17) h, AUCtot values of 20.0 (4.2) mg.h/L and 8.87 (3.10) mg.h/L, and there was no accumulation. Statistical analysis for ech microorganism in fecal samples showed significant differences between amoxycillin/clavulanate and the two third-generation cephalosporins, but virtually no differences between ceftibuten and cefpodoxime proxetil. Eleven of 12 volunteers reported loose stools (days 2-7, mean duration 4.4 (SD 2.7) days) with amoxycillin/clavulanate, but nobody during ceftibuten administration and one volunteer during cefpodoxime proxetil administration. CONCLUSIONS: Ceftibuten showed excellent and cefpodoxime favorable pharmacokinetic properties, with significantly less pronounced fecal flora changes and intestinal side effects compared to amoxycillin/clavulanate. The multiple crossover design allows powerful microbiological statistical analysis and pharmacokinetic parameter comparisons.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Johne's disease.

A new commercial kit for diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), called the Johne's Absorbed EIA (enzyme immunoassay; Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Parkville, Victoria, Australia), was evaluated by using serum specimens from the National Repository for Paratuberculosis Specimens. The evaluation was specifically designed to measure test sensitivity and specificity for detection of dairy cattle with subclinical paratuberculosis. The case definition of subclinical bovine paratuberculosis was isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from fecal samples or internal organs of cattle without diarrhea or chronic weight loss. Animals designed as free of the disease originated exclusively from four herds in Wisconsin that were certified to be free of disease. The kit had a sensitivity of 47.3% for serum specimens from 150 infected cattle. The test detected 59.7% of animals that shed M. paratuberculosis in their feces, as defined by conventional fecal culture, at the time of serum collection. Testing of 196 serum specimens from cattle without paratuberculosis yielded two false-positive results; the test specificity was thus 99.0%. Decision analysis procedures on the economics of using the kit in a test-and-cull disease control program indicated it would be cost-effective in any herd with a true paratuberculosis prevalence of greater than or equal to 3%. Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of the Johne's Absorbed EIA with those of other tests for detection of subclinical paratuberculosis indicated that it may be the most accurate commercially available test at present and better than standard complement fixation test used in the United States.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Mass spectrometry of a volatile Mg chelate in the measurement of stable 26Mg when used as a tracer.

A method for the detection of 26Mg enrichment of natural Mg was developed based on mass spectrometry (MS) of a Mg chelate made by complexing Mg to 2,2',6,6'-tetramethylheptanedione (THD). The chelate [Mg(THD)2] was extracted at pH greater than 9 from dilute aqueous solutions into ethyl ether, recovered by sublimation at room temperature, and introduced by solid probe into a Finnigan 3300 mass spectrometer. The chelate was ionized by electron impact. Samples were heated to a maximum temperature of 200 degrees C at a rate of 700 degrees C/h. Each analysis required 1--5 micrograms Mg(THD)2. Enrichment levels as low as 5% above natural abundance could be detected satisfactorily. Precision was best at 26Mg enrichment levels of 8--40% above natural abundance, the levels most likely to be encountered in analysis of plasma, urine and fecal samples from experimental subjects who had received 26Mg as a tracer. The method was compared to neutron activation (NA) analysis and judged superior.

Chelating Agents↗
PubMed2004

Potential virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from food and companion animals.

Infection in humans with Campylobacter jejuni is commonly associated with exposure to food animal fecal material. In this study, we report on the recovery, potential for virulence and antimicrobial resistance levels of C. jejuni isolated from food and companion animals. Three hundred and seventy-eight fecal samples from food and companion animals and surface swabs from beef carcasses were tested for the presence of C. jejuni. C. jejuni was isolated from 13.8% (11/80) of dogs, 5% (1/20) of goats, 28.3% (17/60) of dairy cattle, 0% (0/65) of range cattle, 73.5% (36/49) of feedlot cattle, and 94.7% (18/19) of beef carcasses. Beef cattle from a single Arizona herd showed a considerable increase in fecal shedding of C. jejuni from pasture to feedlot and over time on the feedlot. Forty-two isolates were tested for susceptibility to four antimicrobial agents, each representing a class of antimicrobial drug approved for use in both humans and animals. None of the isolates were found to be resistant to erythromycin or gentamicin, whereas 2.4% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 28.6% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline. The presence of virulence traits among the 42 isolates was assessed using in vitro macrophage survival and epithelial cell adherence and invasion assays. Of the isolates examined, 17 were able to survive within macrophages through 72 h at viable counts of >/=10(3)/well and 12 were capable of invading epithelial cells at viable counts of >/=10(3)/well. Data from these studies suggests that many of the isolates recovered from the non-poultry animal sources have the capacity to cause disease if transmitted to humans.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1978

Analysis of fecal bile acids and diet among the Japanese in Hawaii.

Fecal samples of 165 Japanese men in Hawaii, age 43 to 74, were analyzed for bile acid content by their conversion to the methyl ester and the trimethylsilyl ether derivative followed by separation on a gas chromatograph. The arithmetic mean of total bile acids for the 165 specimens was 10.96 mg/g dry weight feces. Each of the following bile acids was detectable in over 77% of the fecal specimens: cholic, deoxycholic, lithocholic, and cholanic acid. The intake of Western foods was not positively correlated with the fecal content of secondary or modified bile acids, even though other workers have observed that these bile acids predominated in persons from Westernized countries. Two of the Japanese foods were negatively correlated with the levels of modified bile acids, which suggested that these foods contributed to a decrease in modified bile acids in fecal specimens. Fecal bile acid measurements appeared to be associated with age, but not with weight, height, or serum cholesterol levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Adenovirus infection and specific secretory IgA responses in the intestine of infants.

We investigated adenovirus (Ad) infection of the intestine and Ad group-specific fecal IgA antibody responses in seven infants who were followed up from birth to 16 months to seven years of age. We isolated in tissue culture from fecal samples not only enteric Ad type 41 but also other Ads (types 2, 3, 5, 6, and 12). We also detected Ad antigens in the feces by ELISA at the times of infection with even non-enteric Ads, suggesting that a large amount of antigens were produced in the intestine. We found that repeated Ad infections with different serotypes were occurring and there were good fecal IgA antibody responses at each time. The infection seemed usually mild or asymptomatic: only one out of 23 occasions of the detected infections required hospitalization.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1981

Diarrhea due to Cryptosporidium infection in artificially reared lambs.

Severe diarrhea which lasted 7 to 12 days occurred in 40 of 48 artificially reared lambs within 5 to 12 days of birth, and 16 of them died. Of 16 diarrheic fecal samples examined, 10 contained Cryptosporidium oocysts and 1 contained rotavirus, but no other known enteropathogen was detected. Upon histological examination, cryptosporidia were found in the ilea of three affected lambs, and in one of them, villous atrophy and fusion, with epithelial cross-bridging between villi, were present in distal small intestine. Diarrhea was induced in two specific pathogen-free lambs by oral inoculation with fecal homogenate containing Cryptosporidium oocysts. Both the small and large intestines became infected with the organism, and associated lesions included stunting, fusion, and deformities of villi in the distal small intestine, with replacement of columnar enterocytes by immature cuboidal cells. Subclinical infections were induced in newborn specific pathogen-free mice and rats. Judged by these data, the lamb-derived Cryptosporidium sp. is similar to those recovered from calves, deer, and humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Mutagenic activity in the feces of normal people on a mixed diet].

Single fecal samples of 25 people, living on a normal mixed Western diet and matched for freedom from any gastrointestinal disorder, were freeze-dried and volatile compounds were collected at -60 degrees C. The residues were extracted with n-hexane-dichloromethane 1:1, and subsequently with acetone-ethylacetate 2:1. The three fractions were assayed for mutagenic activity using the Salmonella typhimurium mammalian microsomal system. Fecal mutagenic activity was observed with the tester strain TA 98 in 28% of the assayed people without microsomal activation, and in 4% of the people with strains TA 98 and TA 100 with microsomal activation.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Plasmid-mediated gene transfer between insect-resident bacteria, Enterobacter cloacae, and plant-epiphytic bacteria, Erwinia herbicola, in guts of silkworm larvae.

Five strains of Enterobacter cloacae isolated from several species of plants and insects were able to grow in the guts of silkworm larvae. A much larger population of Ent. cloacae strains was detected in the insect guts and feces collected 3 and 6 days than in samples collected 1 day after feeding artificial diets contaminating these bacteria. Furthermore, insect-origin strains of Ent. cloacae were mated with a donor strain, epiphytic Erwinia herbicola, harboring RSF1010 and pBPW1::Tn7 plasmids in the insect guts by introducing these bacteria through separate artificial diets administered at different times. A number of transconjugants, Ent. cloacae strains which had acquired RSF1010 plasmid, were detected from guts and fecal samples at transfer frequencies of 10(-2) to 10(-3) per recipient. Thus, gene transfer between epiphytic Er. herbicola and insect-resident Ent. cloacae strains in the insect guts was confirmed. These findings may provide significant information about the role of "in insecta mating" in the evolution of these bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Bacteremia due to Clostridium difficile].

We describe a case of bacteremia due to Clostridium difficile, which was successfully treated by intravenous vancomycin. A 69-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of third degree burn injuries. She was treated with cefazolin for two weeks followed with flomoxef for one week before the operation (debridement and grafting of skin). On the third postoperative day high fever (temperature 40 degrees C), abdominal pain and severe watery diarrhea developed. Antibiotic-associated colitis with bacteremia was diagnosed presumptively, flomoxef was stopped, and oral and intravenous therapy with vancomycin was started. A blood culture taken before the administration of vancomycin yielded C. difficile accompanied with Enterococcus faecalis and Enetrococcus casseliflavus. A stool culture taken on the next day yielded C. difficile, and a stool latex agglutination test was also positive. The patient improved slowly. Parenteral vancomycin was discontinued after two weeks. One week later, the patient developed pneumonia, and imipenem/cilastatin was added. Soon after addition of the agent, she developed recurrent diarrhea despite continual oral vancomycin therapy. The fecal samples obtained at this time were positive for C. difficile by culture and positive for toxins A & B. She was satisfactorily treated with oral vancomycin for a total of four weeks. After the following two weeks, however, recurrence of diarrhea developed again, which rapidly decreased with oral vancomycin for seven days. The patient did well thereafter and was discharged. All three C. difficile isolates from blood and fecal specimens were positive for toxins A & B, and identified the same PCR ribotyping pattern.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lactobacillus GG does not affect D-lactic acidosis in diarrheic calves, in a clinical setting.

D-lactate, produced by gastrointestinal fermentation, is a major contributor to metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG survives gastrointestinal transit in the neonatal calf and does not produce D-lactate. To determine whether this probiotic reduces gastrointestinal D-lactate production or severity of diarrhea or both, 48 calves (mean, 11 days old; range, 2-30 days) admitted to the clinic for treatment of diarrhea were randomly allocated to 2 groups. The experimental group was given Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (1 x 10(11) cfu/d) PO, dissolved in milk or oral electrolyte solution, in addition to clinic treatment protocols; the other group served as a control. Serum and fecal samples were obtained at admission and at 24 and 48 hours after initial administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. All samples were analyzed for D- and L-lactate by using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Feces were also analyzed for pathogens, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG recovery, and dry matter. D-lactic acidemia (>3 mmol/L) was present in 37/48 calves at admission. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was recovered in the feces of 13 experimental calves and 0 control calves 24 hours after administration. No difference in serum or fecal D- or L-lactate between the groups was detected at any time point. After therapy, D-lactic acidosis was absent at 48 hours in all but 1 calf. No relation between fecal pathogen (viral, bacterial, or protozoal) and degree of D-lactic acidosis was observed. The reduction in mortality and greater fecal dry matter in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-treated calves was not statistically significant.

Acidosis, Lactic↗
PubMed2006

Effect of direct culture versus selective enrichment on the isolation of thermophilic campylobacter from feces of mature cattle at harvest.

Campylobacterjejuni and Campylobacter coli are leading bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis in the United States and other industrialized nations. These organisms frequently colonize avian hosts, including commercial poultry, but are also found in the gastrointestinal tract of other warm-blooded animals, including swine, sheep, and cattle. This study investigated the effect of direct culture versus selective enrichment on the isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter from the colon of 610 cattle. Fecal samples were taken from the colon of mature cattle (older than 30 months of age) immediately after slaughter in a commercial abattoir over a period of 17 months. Campylobacter was isolated from 23.4% of the animals. Most (93%) of the culture-confirmed Campylobacter isolates were C. jejuni, with the remaining 7% being C. coli. Additionally, of the 143 samples from which pure cultures of Campylobacter could be isolated, 72 (50.3%) were positive only with selective enrichment, 18 (12.6%) were positive only with direct plating, and 53 (37.1%) were positive by both methods. The data suggest that, even though selective enrichment was more effective than direct plating, both direct plating and selective enrichment protocols might need to be employed for optimal surveillance of C. jejuni in fecal material from cattle.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2000

Specific detection of bifidobacterium strains in a pharmaceutical probiotic product and in human feces by polymerase chain reaction.

For PCR specific detection of the strains Bifidobacterium longum Y 10, B. infantis Y 1 and B. breve Y 8 used in a new probiotic product (VSL-3), strains-specific rDNA primers have been developed. Spacer regions between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes (ITS) of the three strains were amplified by PCR with conserved primers and the nucleotide sequence of these ITSs were determined. On the basis of their comparison with the rDNA sequences retrieved from GenBank, we designed new primers which specifically recognize the species B. breve and the two strains B. infantis Y 1 and B. breve Y 8. Specificity of these primers was confirmed through the analysis of 60 bifidobacteria strains belonging to the more representative human species. The feasibility of this PCR method was investigated in commercial VSL-3 product and fecal samples collected from 4 patients affected by inflammatory bowel deseases and two healthy subjects before and after the VSL-3 administration. By PCR analysis of different VSL-3 commercial batches we were successful in differentiating and quantifying the strains B. longum Y 10, B. infantis Y 1 and B. breve Y 8. B. infantis Y 1 and B. breve Y 8 could be detected at high concentration in fecal specimens of both patients and subjects treated with the probiotic preparation, showing a different colonization behaviour. Seven days after the VSL-3 treatment suspension, no patients and subjects harbored B. infantis Y 1 and B. breve Y 8, indicating a transient presence of these exogenous strains.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1996

Field evaluation of doramectin for treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections and louse infestations of cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of doramectin given by injection at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight for treatment of gastrointestinal nematodiasis or louse infestations of cattle. ANIMALS: 1,031 mixed-breed cattle were treated in the nematode study and 418 were treated in the louse study. PROCEDURE: Naturally parasitized cattle were given 200 micrograms of doramectin/kg or an equivalent volume of saline solution, SC. In nematode experiments, fecal samples were collected from each animal 1 week before treatment, at time of treatment, and at weekly intervals there after for 3 weeks. In louse experiments, louse counts were carried out for each animal on the day of treatment and 14 and 28 days later. All cattle were weighted at the time of treatment and at the end of the experiment. RESULTS: By 21 days after doramectin treatment, fecal egg counts had decreased to zero in 9 of 10 experiments and to 1 egg/g in the remaining experiment. Differences between treatment groups were significant (P < 0.0001) in all instances. Pretreatment coproculture identified Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, and Nematrodirus as the represented genera. Doramectin was 100% effective in eliminating infestation with Linogna thus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, and Solenopotes capillatus. Infestation with the chewing louse Damalinia bovis was reduced overall by 86%. For all species, post treatment louse counts were significantly (P < 0.02) less for doramectin-treated cattle than for controls. Adverse reactions to doramectin were not apparent in either study. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Injectable doramectin at a dosage of 200 micrograms/kg is safe and effective for treatment of gastrointestinal nematodiasis and louse infestations of cattle under field conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Patterns of fecal gonadal hormone metabolites in the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus).

Ex situ populations of maned wolves are not viable due to low reproductive efficiency. The objective of this study was to increase knowledge regarding the reproductive physiology of maned wolves to improve captive management. Fecal samples were collected 3-5 d/wk from 12 females of various reproductive age classes (young, prime breeding and aged) and reproductive histories (conceived and raised pups, conceived but lost pups, pseudo-pregnant and unpaired). Ovarian steroids were extracted from feces and assessed by enzyme immunoassay. Concentrations of estrogen metabolites gradually increased, beginning 2-5 d before breeding, and declined to baseline on the day of lordosis and copulation. Fecal progestin metabolite concentrations increased steadily during the periovulatory period, when sexual receptivity was observed, and remained elevated during pregnancy and pseudo-pregnancy. During the luteal phase, young and prime breeding-age females excreted larger amounts of progestins than those of older age classes. Furthermore, progestin concentrations were higher during the luteal phase of pregnant versus pseudo-pregnant bitches. Profiles of fecal progestin metabolites for three singleton females were unchanged throughout the breeding season, suggesting ovulation is induced in this species. However, this finding could be confounded by age, as these females were either young or aged.

Age Factors↗