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PubMed1985

An investigation into the role of the crop in control of feeding in Japanese quail and domestic fowls.

With normal diets, removal of the crop in Japanese quail and domestic fowls caused reductions in mean meal lengths and sizes, and compensatory increases in meal frequencies, only in those (30-40%) birds that had previously eaten larger, less frequent meals. Sham operation had no such effect. Cropectomy had less effect on feeding activity parameters when quail were fed on a diluted (40% cellulose) diet, and had no effect on diurnal patterns of feeding with either undiluted or diluted food (all birds tending to eat more at the end of the day). This may have been because cropectomized birds could store food in the oesophagus in amounts similar to those previously stored in the crop. Cropectomy had no apparent long-term effect on food intake with undiluted diets, but may have suppressed it slightly with diluted food. In intact quail and fowls, with ad lib access to food when killed, crops were often found to be empty with undiluted food, but were rarely so with diluted food. Gizzards also tended to hold more with diluted food, but were never completely empty with any diet. The post-crop oesophagus and proventriculus were empty in nearly all birds. In quail fasted for two hours, then allowed to feed for 20 min and killed at intervals over a further two hours, maximum amounts of undiluted and diluted food in crops and gizzards were generally greater than in ad lib-fed quail. Crops and gizzards emptied faster with diluted than with undiluted food, but no gizzard was completely empty two hours after feeding. The results of these experiments indicate that, with normal diets, meal termination (satiety) during most of the day is associated with partial crop filling in (30-40%) birds that habitually eat larger, less frequent meals, and with varying degrees of gizzard filling in birds with smaller meals. Satiety involves more crop filling in more birds with diluted food, and this may also apply to other factors that cause increased feeding activity. Meal initiation (hunger) may be associated with partial gizzard emptying in all birds. At some stage towards the end of the day there is usually a conditioned change to cumulative filling of the crop with enough food to be processed overnight.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A further subgroup analysis of the effects of the DASH diet and three dietary sodium levels on blood pressure: results of the DASH-Sodium Trial.

This study presents an extensive analysis of the effects on blood pressure (BP) of changes in sodium intake over a wide array of subgroups, including joint subgroups defined by age and hypertension status, race or ethnicity and hypertension status, and gender and race or ethnicity. Participants were given 3 levels of sodium (50, 100, and 150 mmol/2,100 kcal) for 30 days while consuming the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet (rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy) or a more typical American diet. Within each diet and subgroup, there was a general pattern such that the lower the sodium level, the greater the mean reduction in BP. Sodium reduction from 100 to 50 mmol/2,100 kcal generally had twice the effect on BP as reduction from 150 to 100 mmol/2,100 kcal. Age had a strong and graded influence on the effect of sodium within the typical and DASH diets, respectively: -4.8 and -1.0 mm Hg systolic for 23 to 41 years, -5.9 and -1.8 mm Hg for 42 to 47 years, -7.5 and -4.3 mm Hg for 48 to 54 years, and -8.1 and -6.0 mm Hg for 55 to 76 years. The influence of age on the effect of sodium reduction was particularly strong in nonhypertensive patients: -3.7 mm Hg systolic for <45 years and -7.0 mm Hg for >45 years with the typical diet and -0.7 and -2.8 mm Hg with the DASH diet. Reduced sodium intake and the DASH diet should be advocated for the prevention and treatment of high BP, particularly because the benefits to BP strengthen as subjects enter middle age, when the rate of cardiovascular disease increases sharply.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Diet and serum cholesterol. An Australian family study.

Dietary intake patterns were studied in families in Busselton, Western Australia, known to have mothers and children with high, median, or low serum cholesterol values. There were no significant differences in the percentage contributions to total daily calories by protein, fat, or carbohydrate in mothers, children, or their families from these three groups. The results support the view that diet, per se, does not account for differences in observed serum cholesterol levels within a culturally homogeneous community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Dietary sodium requirement determined for juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus) reared in fresh water and seawater.

Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted to determine the dietary Na requirement for juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus) reared in fresh water and seawater. In each experiment, NaCl was added to the basal diet at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7 g Na/kg diet (fresh water) and at 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.2, 1.5, 2, or 3 g Na/kg diet (seawater). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish, individual fish initially weighing 0.69 (se 0.01) g, in a closed, recirculating rearing system. In fresh water, the tilapia fed the diet supplemented with 2 g Na/kg diet had significantly (P<0.05) greater weight gain than the fish fed the diets supplemented with >/=3 and </=0.5 g Na/kg diet. Feed efficiency (FE) in fish generally followed the weight-gain pattern. Gill Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity was highest in the fish fed the diets supplemented with 1-3 g Na/kg diet, followed by the fish fed the diet with 7 g Na/kg diet and lowest in the fish fed the unsupplemented control diet. In seawater, the weight gain, FE and gill Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity in fish were not affected by the dietary treatment. Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain, by broken-line regression of gill Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity and by linear regression of whole-body Na retention of the fish reared in fresh water, indicated that the adequate dietary Na concentration for tilapia is about 1.5 g/kg diet. The present study also suggests that no dietary Na is required for tilapia reared in seawater.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of a soy protein isolate and sources of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids in an anti-atherosclerotic diet on the lipid spectrum of blood serum and immunological indicators in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension].

Blood serum lipid spectra and immunologic spectra were studied in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension maintained on antiatherosclerotic diet containing either soy bean protein isolates or ichthyenic oil. The ichthyenic oil-containing diet decreased distinctly the level of cholesterol, triglycerides and the atherogenicity coefficient simultaneously with an increase of cholesterol content in high density lipoproteins in blood of 37 patients with these diseases. The diet with soy bean protein isolates exhibited less pronounced effects on lipid metabolism patterns in blood serum as compared with the ichthyenic oil-containing diet; however, the former diet contributed to normalization of the immunologic reactions in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relative effect of dietary fats and carbohydrates on lipid metabolism in the albino rat.

This study is concerned with the effect of two carbohydrates, cane-sugar and corn starch, at four different levels in the presence of two dietary fats, on the serum and the tissue lipids (cholesterol, phospholipid and fatty acid patterns). Keeping the dietary fats (coconut safflower seed oil) at 20% level, diets containing (a) startch (54%) + cane sugar (0%), (b) starch (44%) + cane sugar 10%), (c) starch (10%) + cane sugar (44%) and (d) only cane sugar (54%) were administered to rats for 8 weeks. The lipid levels were determined at the end of the feeding period. The beneficial effect of the unsaturated fat in lowering the serum cholesterol level is nullified by an excess of cane sugar in the diet. In liver, there is an increase of 40-50% of cholesterol, as the cane sugar level in the diet is raised, irrespective of the type of dietary fat. The fatty acid pattern of the serum and tissue lipids is influenced by dietary fats as well as carbohydrates.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between eating patterns and metabolic control in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

The most important element in the therapeutic plan of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is dietary modification. Dietary instructions target patient behaviors in two areas: following an exchange-based diet and adhering to the same basic eating pattern every day. However, there is little empirical data that addresses the relationship between dietary instruction and metabolic control. Fifty patients with NIDDM were enrolled in an 8-week study to ascertain if either dietary approach was more predictive of improved metabolic control. The effect on metabolic control was determined by changes in HbA1c over a 2- to 3-month period. Patients added or deleted almost half of all prescribed exchanges, and added or deleted an average of one prescribed meal or snack per day. Deviations in prescribed eating patterns, particularly breakfast-skipping and snack additions and deletions, were related to poorer metabolic control. Maintaining consistent eating patterns should be further evaluated as an important component of dietary instruction for patients with NIDDM.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗
PubMed1999

Effect of diet-ingested pirfenidone on pulmonary function, cardiovasculature and blood gas measurements in rats.

Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic drug that we have shown attenuates the increase in collagen buildup in hamsters exposed to bleomycin, in turn reducing pulmonary function and blood gas decrements seen in this model of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The systemic effects of pirfenidone ingestion, however, are unknown. We examined the effect of diet-ingested pirfenidone on pulmonary function, systemic and pulmonary cardiovasculature and blood gas measurements, breathing pattern and lung hydroxyproline content in rats fed either a control diet or a diet containing 0.5% pirfenidone. Residual volume was higher and expiratory reserve volume lower in the pirfenidone group, with no change in functional residual capacity. Tidal volume was also lower in the pirfenidone group, with no change in the overall level of ventilation. There was a trend toward a reduced hydroxyproline content and an increased lung compliance in the pirfenidone group. There were no differences in systemic or pulmonary pressures, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, pH or blood gases between the two groups. These data indicate that pirfenidone has few systemic side-effects but may have a mild effect on the basal level of lung collagen content with resulting clinical changes in some pulmonary function measurements and changes in breathing pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Development of nestedness: host biology as a community process in parasite infracommunities of yellow perch (Perca flavescens (Mitchill)) from Garner Lake, Alberta.

Infracommunity data from 60 perch collected from Garner Lake, Alberta, in 1992 were examined to determine whether ontogenetic shifts in host diet or habitat could produce a nested subset pattern of infracommunity structure. The host by parasite matrix showed significant nesting. Host idiosyncratic temperatures, which are indicative of differing "biogeographic histories," were determined primarily by the presence of Ergasilus caeruleus in depauperate communities, or its absence in richer communities, and covaried positively with host age and the associated variables of host length, mass, and infracommunity richness. Idiosyncratic host temperatures did not differ significantly between male and female perch when the effect of age was controlled for by analysis of covariance. Although an ontogenetic diet shift can be ruled out as producing the observed nested pattern, it is possible that the observed nested subset pattern is the result of an ontogenetic habitat shift.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Incisor microwear of Sumatran anthropoid primates.

Several studies have suggested that incisor microwear reflects diet and feeding adaptations of anthropoids. However, such studies have been largely qualitative, and interpretations have relied on anecdotal references to diet and tooth use reported in the socioecology literature. The current study relates incisor microwear in four anthropoid primates to specific ingestive behaviors and food types. Central incisor casts of wild-shot museum specimens of Hylobates lar, Macaca fascicularis, Pongo pygmaeus, and Presbytis thomasi were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and analyzed using a semiautomated image analysis procedure. Microwear patterns were used to generate predictions regarding diet and anterior tooth use. These predictions were evaluated using data collected during a 1 year study of feeding behavior of these same taxa in the wild (Ungar, 1992, 1994a,b). Results suggest that (1) enamel prism relief is associated with the effectiveness of etching reagents in foods, (2) dental calculus buildup results from a lack of incisor use and perhaps the ingestion of sugar-rich foods, (3) striation density varies with degree of anterior tooth use in the ingestion of abrasive food items, (4) striation breadth is proposed to relate to the ratio of exogenous grit to phytoliths consumed; and (5) preferred striation orientation indicates the direction that food items are pulled across the incisors during ingestion. It is concluded that incisor microwear studies can contribute to the understanding of diets and feeding behaviors of extinct primates.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1986

Increasing the thermosensitivity of a mammary tumor (CA755) through dietary modification.

Disruption of the integrity of tumor cellular membranes has been proposed as an initiating event in hyperthermic cell death. Thermosensitivity measured by the shift in the harmonic mean of tumor regrowth delay of CA755 mammary adenocarcinomas grown in the hind legs of male BDF1, mice increased 22% when the hosts were fed a diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Although the diet elicited the anticipated increase in tumor membrane phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids, the proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids decreased and the proportion of membrane-rigidifying saturated fatty acids increased. Concomitantly, the concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipid phosphorus increased and the ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine decreased, presumably to counter the effect of the change in the fatty acid pattern. In host liver membranes, the diet-mediated increase in proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was not accompanied by an increase in the proportion of rigidifying saturated fatty acids. Instead, the homeoviscous adaptation consisted of decreases in monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol concentration and an increase in the phosphatidylethanolamine-phosphatidylcholine ratio. Addition of a natural inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis to the polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched-diet reversed the diet-mediated increase in the phosphatidylethanolamine-phosphatidylcholine ratio of host liver membranes. Tumor membrane lipids from hosts fed the combined dietary factors were characterized by the formentioned rigidifying increase in saturated fatty acids and compensatory decrease in the phosphatidylethanolamine-phosphatidylcholine ratio. The inhibitor reversed the compensatory increases in cholesterol and phospholipid phosphorus concentrations. As a consequence the thermosensitivity of tumors bearing this perturbed membrane was increased.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Intralipid increases lung polyunsaturated fatty acids and protects newborn rats from oxygen toxicity.

Intralipid, derived from soybean oil and containing a high percentage of n-6 family polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and also linolenic acid, an n-3 family PUFA, is commonly the first fat source provided to very low birth weight premature infants. Following up on our previous reports that newborn rats born to dams fed high-PUFA diets demonstrate superior tolerance to hyperoxia, we examined whether the high-PUFA fat source Intralipid might also protect against oxygen toxicity. Adult female rats were fed either regular Rat Chow or fat-free diet containing 20%-Intralipid as the fat source for 3 wk before and then throughout pregnancy and lactation. One- and 5-d-old offspring of Intralipid diet-fed dams demonstrated significant increases in lung lipid n-6 family PUFA plus elevated linolenic acid compared with regular diet-fed offspring. These characteristic fatty acid patterns, apparent in total lung lipids, were even more pronounced in the triglyceride fraction compared with the phospholipid fraction. Associated with these fatty acid changes were significantly improved hyperoxic survival rates (89 out of 95 = 94% survival after 7 d of greater than 95% O2 exposure) in Intralipid offspring (versus 89 out of 106 = 84%, p less than 0.05 in regular diet offspring) and evidence of superior clinical/pathologic status. No differences in pulmonary antioxidant enzyme or surfactant system development, response of antioxidant enzymes to hyperoxic exposure, or lung prostaglandin E2, 6-keto PGF1-alpha or leukotrienes C4-F4 were present. These findings continue to support the hypothesis that increasing lung PUFA content may provide increased O2 free radical scavenging capacity, thus protecting against hyperoxic lung damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Novel soybean oils with different fatty acid profiles alter cardiovascular disease risk factors in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects.

BACKGROUND: A variety of soybean oils were developed with improved oxidative stability and functional characteristics for use as alternatives to partially hydrogenated fat. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the effect of selectively bred and genetically modified soybean oils with altered fatty acid profiles, relative to common soybean and partially hydrogenated soybean oils, on cardiovascular disease risk factors. DESIGN: Thirty subjects (16 women and 14 men) aged >50 y with LDL-cholesterol concentrations >130 mg/dL at screening consumed 5 experimental diets in random order for 35 d each. Diets contained the same foods and provided 30% of energy as fat, of which two-thirds was either soybean oil (SO), low-saturated fatty acid soybean oil (LoSFA-SO), high-oleic acid soybean oil (HiOleic-SO), low-alpha-linolenic acid soybean oil (LoALA-SO), or partially hydrogenated soybean oil (Hydrog-SO). RESULTS: Plasma phospholipid patterns reflected the predominant fat in the diet. LDL-cholesterol concentrations were 3.66 +/- 0.67(b), 3.53 +/- 0.77(b), 3.70 +/- 0.66(b), 3.71 +/- 0.64(a,b), and 3.92 +/- 0.70(a) mol/L; HDL-cholesterol concentrations were 1.32 +/- 0.32(a,b), 1.32 +/- 0.35(b), 1.36 +/- 0.33(a), 1.32 +/- 0.33(b), and 1.32 +/- 0.32(a,b) mol/L for the SO, LoSFA-SO, HiOleic-SO, LoALA-SO, and Hydrog-SO diets, respectively (values with different superscript letters are significantly different, P < 0.05). No significant effects were observed on VLDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, lipoprotein(a), and C-reactive protein concentrations or on ratios of LDL cholesterol to apolipoprotein B (apo B) and HDL cholesterol to apo A-I. Total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol was lower after subjects consumed the unhydrogenated soybean oils than after they consumed the Hydrog-SO diet. CONCLUSIONS: All varieties of soybean oils resulted in more favorable lipoprotein profiles than did the partially hydrogenated form. These soybean oils may provide a viable option for reformulation of products to reduce the content of trans fatty acids.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed1991

Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels and body weight in Tarahumara Indians after consumption of an affluent diet.

BACKGROUND: Major new public health problems occur in developing countries as they become more affluent and change their traditional dietary patterns. To study this phenomenon in microcosm, we substituted an "affluent" diet for the traditional diet of a group of Tarahumara Indians, a Mexican people known to consume a low-fat, high-fiber diet and to have a very low incidence of risk factors for coronary heart disease. METHODS: Thirteen Tarahumara Indians (five women and eight men [including one adolescent]) consumed their traditional diet (2700 kcal per day) for one week, and were then fed a diet typical of affluent societies, which contained excessive calories (4100 kcal per day), total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, for five weeks. RESULTS: After five weeks of consuming the affluent diet, the subjects' mean (+/- SE) plasma cholesterol level increased by 31 percent, from 121 +/- 5 to 159 +/- 6 mg per deciliter (3.13 +/- 0.13 to 4.11 +/- 0.16 mmol per liter, P less than 0.001). The increase in the plasma cholesterol level was primarily in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction, which rose 39 percent, from 72 +/- 3 to 100 +/- 4 mg per deciliter (1.86 +/- 0.08 to 2.59 +/- 0.10 mmol per liter, P less than 0.001). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, usually low in this population, increased by 31 percent, from 32 +/- 2 to 42 +/- 3 mg per deciliter (0.83 +/- 0.05 to 1.09 +/- 0.08 mmol per liter). Consequently, the ratio of LDL to HDL levels changed little (2.25 with the base-line diet and 2.38 with the affluent diet). Plasma triglyceride levels increased by 18 percent, from 91 +/- 8 to 108 +/- 11 mg per deciliter (1.03 +/- 0.09 to 1.22 +/- 0.12 mmol per liter, P less than 0.05), with a significant increase in the very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride fraction. All the subjects gained weight, with a mean increase of 3.8 kg (7 percent). CONCLUSIONS: When Tarahumara Indians from a population with virtually no coronary risk factors consumed for a short time a hypercaloric diet typical of a more affluent society, they had dramatic increases in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels and body weight. If sustained, such changes might increase their risk of coronary heart disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Rat-dietary fructose and the intestinal distribution and growth of Moniliformis (Acanthocephala).

The numbers, distribution in the small intestine, sexual development and growth (dry weight) of 5-week-old Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala) were investigated experimentally in adult, female CFHB rats fed on theoretically isoenergetic diets containing known amounts of fructose in combination with either maize-oil fatty acids or maize oil and two concentrations of casein. There was no obvious development of M. dubius when there was no fructose in the host's diet. In contrast, estimated consumption by the host of as little as about 2 g of fructose during the 5-week infection period was accompanied by marked sexual dimorphism and weight gain in most of the M. dubius present. The dry weights of M. dubius of both sexes were positively correlated with fructose concentrations ranging from 0 to 2.5% (w/w) in the diets containing fatty acids. Significant, but not substantial, increases in M. dubius dry weight were observed as the dietary fructose concentration was raised to 12% (w/w). Similar trends were observed when the fructose was offered to the infected rats with maize oil, but in general, fructose added to the fatty-acid based diets supported most M. dubius growth. Differences in the distribution pattern of the worms in rats fed on the fatty-acid or maize-oil based diets were observed and their possible significance is discussed.

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed1994

Alcohol consumption and its effect on the dietary patterns of Hualapai Indian women.

Studies of Native American diet have ignored the nutritional and dietary effects of alcohol consumption. Studies of Native American alcohol consumption have largely ignored the socioeconomic characteristics and drinking behaviors of women. Seven-day 24-hour dietary recalls collected from 28 Hualapai Indian women revealed that 12 participants (43%) drank alcoholic beverages. Drinkers frequently skipped meals, yet maintained an energy intake higher than non-drinkers by consuming high calorie alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and by eating large restaurant meals. Despite energy intake differences, drinkers and non-drinkers did not differ in body weight or percent body fat. Drinkers were not at risk for protein malnutrition as reported for other female drinkers, but Hualapais' tendency to fast while drinking may increase their risk of liver disease. In contrast to reports of Native American males, female drinkers in this sample were often high school graduates with full-time jobs.

Adolescent↗