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PubMed1989

Neutropenia and intraventricular hemorrhage among very low birth weight (less than 1500 grams) premature infants.

To assess the previously reported association of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) with neutropenia, we prospectively followed during a 38-month study period infants with birth weight less than or equal to 1500 gm who survived greater than 72 hours and underwent serial cranial sonography and neutrophil counts for the first 14 days of life. Neutrophil counts were interpreted according to a widely employed reference range. Infants with conditions other than IVH reported to be associated with neutropenia (sepsis, maternal hypertension, 5-minute Apgar score less than or equal to 5) were excluded. Final study groups included 38 infants with IVH and 114 without IVH. No significant differences were found for birth weight, gestational age, respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, prolonged rupture of membranes, patent ductus arteriosus, route of delivery, pneumothorax, or sex. The occurrence of neutropenia before 14 days of age was not significantly different between the groups (50% with IVH, 56% without IVH), nor were differences found at individual postnatal ages. Comparison of immature neutrophil count and immature/total neutrophil ratio also revealed no differences. The high incidence of neutropenia in our non-IVH group raises questions about application of these widely accepted reference ranges to very low birth weight infants.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Accurate volumetric measurements of anatomical cavities.

OBJECTIVES: The volumetric assessment of anatomical cavities is of high relevance for various applications in medicine. Based on 3D scanning (i.e., CT) of these cavities, the volume can be determined by counting the volume elements of a segmentation of that cavity. Unfortunately, elements on the boundary of the segmentation require special treatment to obtain accurate volumetric measurements. In this paper, we propose a novel technique that in particular increases the accuracy of the volume estimation for the boundary elements of segmented anatomical objects. METHODS: Based on a 3D segmentation of an anatomical cavity, we recursively subdivide boundary volume elements into a set of simple situations, where the volume can be estimated easily. RESULTS: We performed volumetric measurements on seven datasets of phantom models made of plexiglass (see Fig. 1) scanned by a biplane angiography unit and assessed the quality of our method by comparing the measured volume by our novel method and by the fluid required to fill the phantom cavities. CONCLUSIONS: Our method calculates a significantly more accurate volume of the segmented cavities than previous methods. Nevertheless, it is only slightly more computationally expensive.

Abdominal Cavity↗
PubMed1999

NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Oleic Acid Diethanolamine Condensate (CAS No. 93-83-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Dermal Studies).

Oleic acid diethanolamine condensate is widely used as an emollient, thickener, and foam stabilizer present in cosmetic formulations of bath additives, shampoos, conditioners, lipsticks, and hair dyes. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice received dermal applications of diethanolamine in 95% ethanol for 13 weeks or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were performed in Salmonella typhimurium and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. 13-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were admin istered 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg oleic acid diethanolamine condensate/kg body weight in ethanol dermally for 13 weeks. All male and female rats survived until the end of the study. The final mean body weights and body weight gains of 200 and 400 mg/kg males and the mean body weight gain of 400 mg/kg females were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls. The only chemical-related clinical finding was irritation of the skin at the site of application in most males administered 100 mg/kg or greater and in all females administered 50 mg/kg or greater. Segmented neutrophil counts were increased relative to the vehicle controls in the 400 mg/kg male group on days 5 and 19, in the 200 mg/kg female group on day 19 and at week 13, and in the 400 mg/kg female group on days 5 and 19 and at week 13. Alkaline phosphatase concentrations were significantly increased in the 200 mg/kg male group on day 19, the 200 mg/kg female group at week 13, and in the 400 mg/kg groups of males and females at week 13. Kidney weights of 200 and 400 mg/kg females were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. Lesions of the skin at the site of application included epidermal hyperplasia, parakeratosis, chronic active dermal inflammation, suppurative epidermal inflammation, and sebaceous gland hypertrophy in dosed rats. The severities of these lesions generally increased with increasing dose. 13-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female mice were admin istered 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg oleic acid diethanolamine condensate/kg body weight in ethanol dermally for 13 weeks. All male and female mice except one 800 mg/kg male survived until the end of the study. Final mean body weights and body weight gains of 800 mg/kg males and females and 400 mg/kg females were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls. Clinical findings in dosed mice included irritation of the skin at the site of application. Irritation occurred in all surviving dosed males and in most females administered 100 mg/kg or greater and progressed to ulcer in one 800 mg/kg male. The heart weights of 400 and 800 mg/kg males and females and 200 mg/kg females and the kidney weights of 50, 100, and 400 mg/kg males were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. Relative to the vehicle controls, the liver weights were increased in all dosed groups. Lesions of the skin at the site of application in dosed mice included epidermal hyperplasia, parakeratosis, suppurative epidermal inflammation, chronic active dermal inflammation, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, and ulcer. The severities of these lesions generally increased with increasing dose. 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 50 male and 50 female rats were administered 0, 50, or 100 mg oleic acid diethanolamine condensate/kg body weight in ethanol dermally for 2 years. Survival, Body Weights, and Clinical Findings: Survival of dosed male and female rats was similar to that of the vehicle control groups. Mean body weights of 100 mg/kg males were slightly less than those of the vehicle controls throughout most of the study. Mean body weights of 100 mg/kg females were less than those of the vehicle controls beginning at week 24. The only significant treatment-related clinical finding was mild to moderate irritation of the skin at the site of application in dosed males and females. Pathology Findings: The predominant effects of oleic acid diethanolamine condensate administration were minimal to moderate nonneoplastic lesions of the skin at the site of application in dosed rats. These lesioe lesions included epidermal hyperplasia, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, chronic active dermal inflammation, and ulcer. 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 55 male and 55 female mice were administered 0, 15, or 30 mg oleic acid diethanolamine condensate/kg body weight in ethanol dermally for 2 years. Five animals from each group were evaluated at 3 months for gross lesions and skin histopathology. Survival, Body Weights, and Clinical Findings: Survival of dosed male and female mice was similar to that of the vehicle control groups. Mean body weights of dosed males and of 15 mg/kg females were similar to those of the vehicle controls throughout the study. Mean body weights of 30 mg/kg females were less than those of the vehicle controls from week 76 until the end of the study. The only significant treatment-related clinical finding was irritation of the skin at the site of application in 30 mg/kg males. Pathology Findings: The incidences of epidermal hyperplasia, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, and chronic active inflammation of the dermis in all dosed groups were significantly increased relative to the vehicle controls at 3 months and at 2 years. The increased incidences of hyperkeratosis in dosed males at 3 months and in dosed males and females at 2 years, of parakeratosis in 30 mg/kg males at 3 months and 2 years, and of ulcer in 30 mg/kg males and exudate in 30 mg/kg males and females at 2 years were also attributed to chem ical administration. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: Oleic acid diethanolamine condensate was not mutagenic in S. typhimurium strain TA97, TA98, TA100, or TA1535, with or without S9 metabolic activation enzymes. In addition, it did not induce mutations in mouse L5178Y lymphoma cells treated with or without S9. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year dermal studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of oleic acid diethanolamine condensate in male or female F344/N rats administered 50 or 100 mg/kg or in male or female B6C3F1 mice administered 15 or 30 mg/kg. Dermal administration of oleic acid diethanolamine condensate to male and female rats was associated with epidermal hyperplasia, sebaceous gland hyper plasia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, chronic active inflammation of the dermis, and ulceration of the skin at the site of application. Dermal administration of oleic acid diethanolamine condensate to mice was associated with epidermal hyperplasia, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, chronic active inflammation of the dermis, and exudate of the skin at the site of application in males and females and parakeratosis and ulcer of the skin at the site of application in males. Synonyms: Diethanolamine oleate; diethanolammonium oleate; (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid, compound with 2,2.-imnobis(ethanol) (1:1); oleamide diethanolamine

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Platelet-adjusted IFN dosage in the treatment of advanced hairy cell leukemia.

It has been demonstrated that hairy cell leukemia (HCL) can be efficiently treated by various preparations of alpha interferons (IFN). Nevertheless, there are several open questions, such as the route, mode and dosage of IFN application. These variables of IFN treatment may be critical since a myelosuppressive effect of IFN, which is commonly seen in the initial phase of treatment, can result in further deterioration of the already impaired platelet production in advanced HCL. The present study shows that serious side effects can be avoided and the flu-like syndromes described by others almost completely reduced by s.c. application of IFN via a portable pump during a daily 8 h period. IFN is initially given five times a week and the daily dose is adjusted according to the actual platelet count. The efficiency controls show that the increase of platelets in the peripheral blood, which is most critical in advanced HCL, may be seen earlier by this than by other protocols, which usually recommend higher daily doses of IFN and only three instead of five weekly applications.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Generic number systems and haplotype analysis.

Three simple and elegant algorithms involving binary and mixed-radix numbers are presented as C subroutines and applied to gene-counting procedure. The first, a multikey radix-sorting subroutine, is used to tally individuals with similar genetic marker information. The second, a subroutine for N-ary number addition, is used to enumerate all possible phases of a heterozygote. The third, a mixed-radix number subroutine, is used to generate all haplotypes and indexing single array of haplotype frequencies. Examples exposing these algorithms are also given. The sorting algorithm entails broad application while the N-ary and mixed-radix number algorithms are very efficient for generic looping. Implementation of gene-counting using these algorithms avoids use of multilocus genotype identifier and improves its portability to other analysis.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

["Dermomedium" test for evaluation of microorganism count from utilizable surfaces and skin].

The study was aimed at determination of usefulness of a set "dip-Slide" for quantitative evaluation of bacterial contamination of skin and utilizable surfaces in comparison with traditional methods of taking smears. Investigation were carried on by application of test strains of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, Enterobacter sp. and S. aureus. It was established that application of the set "Dermomedium" brings results comparable to traditional methods, but is cheaper and easier in practice.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1998

Reduced release of tissue factor by application of a centrifugal pump during cardiopulmonary bypass.

The application of a centrifugal pump might lead to a reduced release of tissue factor (TF) due to less blood cell damage. This could result in a decrease in activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation and embolus formation. In the present study, 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly assigned to a centrifugal or a roller pump. Plasma concentrations of TF, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragments F1 + 2 were investigated before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Embolus detection was performed at the arterial line of CPB and transcranially by Doppler ultrasound. The centrifugal pump group revealed a lower TF release (area under the curve during CPB) when compared with the roller pump group [5661 (696-10359) vs 12681 (6383-17538) microg x min/l; median (lower - upper quartiles); P = 0.009]. In contrast, TAT and F1 + 2 formation did not differ between the groups, and neither did the total embolus count of both Doppler systems. Embolus counts did not correlate with TAT or F1 + 2 formation. In conclusion, the reduction in TF release by the application of a centrifugal pump seems to have little consequence on total thrombin formation. Since the applied Doppler systems seem to detect mainly microbubbles, conclusions regarding differences between the two pumps in the formation of thrombofibrinous clots cannot be drawn.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass↗
PubMed1999

Spin counting with fast MAS

A novel magic angle spinning (MAS) multiple-quantum spin counting experiment based on the C7 recoupling sequence of Lee et al. is described. In contrast to previous approaches the new experiment is applicable at fast MAS rates and can be used to follow the multiple-quantum excitation dynamics with fine time resolution. The new method is illustrated by experiments on adamantane at spinning speeds comparable to the nonspinning dipolar linewidth. The sizes of the clusters of dipolar-coupled spins measured using the new experiment are compared to those obtained using the original nonspinning spin counting technique of Baum et al. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Evaluation of systems for quantitation of autoradiograms.

Automated systems for the evaluation of autoradiograms were compared wit the traditional method of manual counting. The automated systems included television image analysis systems, reflectance/densitometric systems, and semiautomatic digitizing pad systems. Highly automated analysis systems were considered applicable for quantitation of autoradiograms when the subcellular location of the radioactivity is not an important consideration, when background is low, and when operator interaction with the system can be kept at a minimum. In many cases the relationship between silver grains and cell compartments is important for interpretation of the results. Under these conditions, the most rapid, reproducible and reliable method would combine measurement of cellular dimensions with a digitizing pad and manual counting of silver grains by the observer. Such a systems should be connected to a computer for formatting and statistical evaluation of the data. Initial testing of a quantitative autoradiographic technique indicated that the autoradiographic slide is a reliable estimator of the radioactivity present in the tissue of experimental animals injected with tritium labeled compounds. Accuracy in counting was lost when silver became coincident. Thus, a system for the quantitation of silver grains in relation to cellular morphology requires careful selection of exposure time, computer assisted measurement of cellular dimensions, operator evaluation of silver grains and computerized statistical analysis of the data.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Distribution patterns of MCA-coated corn grit formulation after aerial application to maize fields.

Field studies in corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted during the summer of 2000 to evaluate distribution patterns of corn grits treated with MCA (4-methoxy cinnamaldehyde). Aerial application was used in a 8 ha corn field situated in south-east Hungary. Corn granules ('grits') of 10-12 mesh size were applied on July 18th, August 1st and August 28th at rates of 18.3, 21.9 and 20.2 kg grits/ha and were covered with 80, 119 and 120 g MCA/ha. Experiments were evaluated by collecting grits in 30-cm plastic saucers and by counting grits accumulated on leaves and in leaf axils on corn plants. Analysis revealed a statistical difference between MCA treated and untreated grit application rates only at the first application date. Variation in grit number per unit area and frequency of corn granule number per plant showed some transient technical application problems. However, altogether, grit distribution patterns indicate that aerial application is a viable tool for disseminating MCA in corn fields. With it, orientation disruption of the introduced maize pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) recently introduced into SE Europe will come within reach.

Acrolein↗
PubMed1979

A microprocessor controlled mass spectrometer for the fully automated purification and isotopic analysis of breath carbon dioxide.

Breath tests that measure the oxidative utilization of 13C labeled substrates have been shown to be clinically useful, but have failed to gain wide acceptance because of the slow and costly isotopic analysis of the breath samples. Therefore we have developed a fully automated, microprocessor controlled CO2 purification and isotopic analysis system. The breath CO2 is cryogenically purified by passage through cold traps of -94 degrees C and -196 degrees to condense water and CO2, respectively. The CO2 is intorduced into a dual inlet, peak-stepping mass spectrometer and analyzed for isotopic content by comparison with a known standard. Thirty samples can be analyzed without operator intervention. Analysis time average 14 minutes per sample, and the analysis has a precision of 0.3% which corresponds to 3 parts excess 13C per 10(6) parts CO2. The speed of analysis is comparable with scintillation counting and permits next day reporting of clinical breath test results. The precision is sufficient for clinical applications as it is less than 0.7% isotopic variation in basal breath CO2.

Breath Tests↗