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PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of dopamine on flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) in prenatally mercury intoxicated rats.

The female adult white Wistar rats were given tap water (control) or 50 ppm of methylmercury chloride (MMC) ad libitum throughout their pregnancies. Newborn rats drank mother's milk during the first 21 days after delivery and then only tap water. The study was carried out on three-month old offsprings of white Wistar rats. The flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) were recorded before and after injecting of 10 microl 0.9% saline, 50 or 100 nmols of dopamine (DA) into the lateral brain ventricle by method used before in our laboratory. The amplitude of the first deep negative (N(1)) peak significantly increased to 109-114% after both doses of DA in the control group and to 138-139% in mercury-treated animals. The amplitude of the next positive (P(1)) wave decreased to 94% and 86% in the control group after 50 and 100 nmols of DA, respectively. In Hg-treated group after 50 nmols of DA, the value dropped down to 91%, but increased to 109% after 100 nmols of DA. The increasing of DeltaN(1)P(1) was observed in the control group to 112% after 50 nmols and to 109% after 100 nmols of DA and in Hg-exposed rats, respectively, to 127% and to 129%. The described changes were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The N(1) and P(1) latencies were prolonged in the control group after both doses of DA. In Hg-treated group, the prolongation of N(1) latency was recorded, while the P(1) latency was not changed. We concluded that prenatal Hg intoxication disturbed the effect of DA on FVEP.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Acrylamide disrupts elemental composition and water content of rat tibial nerve. I. Myelinated axons.

The mechanism by which acrylamide (ACR) produces distal axonopathy in humans and laboratory animals is unknown. The possibility that this neuropathy involves deregulation of elements and water in rat peripheral nerve has been investigated. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis was used to measure percentages of water and concentrations (mmol element/kg dry or wet wt) of Na, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, and Mg in axoplasm and mitochondrial areas of tibial nerve axons. Results show that when rats were intoxicated with ACR by either the oral (2.8 mM in drinking water, up to 60 days) or the intraperitoneal (ip, 50 mg/kg/day x 5 or 10 days) route, a progressive loss of internodal axoplasmic K, Cl, and Na regulation was observed in subpopulations of myelinated fibers. Elemental deregulation was manifest as a shift in mean elemental content, widening of the corresponding concentration range, and a statistically significant increase in data variance. In internodal axonal regions, elemental composition of mitochondrial areas was not altered by ip ACR intoxication, whereas oral exposure was associated with delayed changes in Na, K, Cl, Ca, and Mg. In swollen axons, axoplasm and mitochondrial areas exhibited complete loss of element and water compartmentalization. This global decompartmentalization of swollen axons was quantitatively similar regardless of the route or length of ACR exposure. The results of this study suggest that a progressive loss of elemental regulation in axoplasm of myelinated tibial nerve fibers might be mechanistically related to ACR neurotoxicity.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1989

[The hygiene of drinking water after purification in practices and households].

According to the drinking water regulations which were modified in 1986 drinking water in FRG fulfills high standards. But there are still special needs for an additional processing of drinking water including --disinfection and removal of pyrogenous substances, --water softening, --removal of heavy metals and solvents, --removal of substances of bad taste. Methods actually used for processing of drinking water like disinfection, filtration, UV-treatment, exchange of ions, are described and the hygienic problems in connection with these methods are pointed out. Results of our own studies on water filtration systems and on contaminated water pipe lines in dental units are demonstrated. Our data obtained suggest that additional processing of drinking water should fulfill the following demands: --the need of processing should be confirmed strictly, --the methods used should be controlled according to their propagated effectiveness by independent specialists, --there should be a reasonable relation between operation costs and efficacy of processing system, --there should be no loss of quality of drinking water during processing with the risk of induction of infection or intoxication in man.

Disinfection↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of aluminum trichloride on dissociated Ca2+ in Hippocampus neuron cell as well as learning and memory].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of aluminum chloride on dissociated Ca(2+) in hippocampus neuron cells in mice and the relationship to the learning and memory. METHODS: Male ICR mice in the three intoxicated groups were administered with the double distilled water containing AlCl(3) (10, 50, 300 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)) while those in the control group were administered with the double distilled water for 100 days. The methods of behavior toxicology such as Morris swim maze were used for studying the effect of aluminum chloride on the changes of learning and memory in mice. With calcium sensitive fluorescence indicator Fura-2 as the fluorescent probe, the influence of the subchronic exposure to Al on the dissociated Ca(2+) in hippocampus neuron cells was observed. RESULTS: The dissociated Ca(2+) in hippocampus neuron cells in the middle dosage group and the high dosage group [(412.25 +/- 53.20), (467.37 +/- 32.85) times] was lower than those in the control group [(293.91 +/- 32.21) times] respectively (P < 0.01), and correlated positively with the dose and dissociated Ca(2+) (r = 0.861, P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the latent period was lengthened (P < 0.05) in the middle dosage and the high dosage group. CONCLUSION: The subchronic exposure to AlCl(3) in mice affects the dissociated Ca(2+) in hippocampus neuron cells. The increase of dissociated Ca(2+) in hippocampus neuron cells may be correlated with the disfunction of cognition in the aluminium intoxicated mice.

Aluminum Chloride↗
PubMed1997

The rules of drug taking: wine and poppy derivatives in the ancient world. IV. The rules of temperance.

Drinking in moderation was considered fully appropriate for Greek citizens and, accordingly, wine played a central role in the symposium, where adult men met to enjoy poems, music, conversation, and sex. To reach the goal of remaining "euphoric" without getting intoxicated, wine was drunk diluted. Usually, three parts of water were added to one part of wine. Since drinking diluted wine produces a slow rise of alcoholemia, the pharmacological rationale of this habit seems to stand on two factors: 1) feeling relaxed and euphoric are mainly perceived during the rise of alcoholemia: 2) alcohol intake can be titrated as long as intoxication is not reached.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1989

Some selected peripheral blood and haemopoietic system indices in Wistar rats with chronic vanadium intoxication.

1. Wistar rats of both sexes received vanadium in drinking water in the amount of 23-29 mg/kg body weight in the form of ammonium metavanadate (AMV) for a period of 2, 4 and 8 weeks. 2. Animals treated in this way ate less food and drank less AMV solution as compared with the amount of water consumed by the controls; they suffered from diarrhoea, and owing to this the increment in body weight was reduced. 3. Vanadium decreased erythropoiesis and maturation of red blood cells, which was expressed by a reduced erythrocyte count and haemoglobin level and increased reticulocyte and polychromatophilic erythrocyte count in the peripheral blood. 4. The composition percentage of the bone marrow cells and the peripheral blood leukocyte count did not undergo noticeable changes under the influence of vanadium.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Schwann cell injury is attenuated by aldose reductase inhibition in galactose intoxication.

Four months of galactose intoxication induces a dose-dependent osmotic imbalance of the nerve microenvironment characterized by polyol, water, and electrolyte accumulation. Recently, dose-dependent cellular lesions have been described in the sciatic nerves of galactose-intoxicated rats. The present study was designed to demonstrate that the cell injury and endoneurial osmotic imbalance in galactose intoxication are dependent on the subsequent metabolism of galactose by the polyol pathway. Three groups of age-matched, female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control diet or diets containing complete micronutrient supplements with 40% galactose or 40% galactose and 0.04% Ponalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI). After 4 to 5 months, sciatic nerves were analyzed for polyol, water and endoneurial electrolyte content and processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Ponalrestat prevented myo-inositol depletion and accumulations of dulcitol, water and endoneurial fluid electrolytes. Axonal size-frequency histograms revealed that Ponalrestat attenuated the shift toward smaller fibers and the decrease in mean axonal diameter seen in untreated galactose-fed rats. Electron microscopic examination showed widespread reactive and degenerative changes in Schwann cells of galactose-intoxicated rats that culminated in cytoplasmic disintegration. Quantitative electron microscopy revealed that ARI treatment significantly reduced the incidence of abnormal Schwann cells. These observations indicate that the osmotic imbalance and cell injury seen in galactose intoxication are dependent on the metabolism of galactose by the polyol pathway.

Aldehyde Reductase↗
PubMed1999

Toxicity in a water column following the stratification of a cyanobacterial population development in a calm lake.

Cyanobacteria, including the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, and Oscillatoria, are known to release or have the potential to release phycotoxins into the water. Indeed, there are documented cases of both animal and human intoxication. Data obtained from field observations and laboratory experiments demonstrate a correlation between the development of the cyanobacterial population and the level of phycotoxin present in the water, though it should be noted that not all cyanobacterial blooms are toxic. The development of cyanobacterial populations is described by a dynamical model which accounts for factors that include algal growth, degradation, and light-driven buoyancy under the assumption of an isothermal, calm, and nutrient-abundant lake. A semiempirical mathematical model for water-column toxicity is developed and is used in conjunction with an improved result for the density of the cyanobacteria population obtained from the dynamical model. Light transfer through the water column, light absorption, the implication of the differentiated attenuation of light by the water, and its diurnal effect on the cyanobacteria population is considered. The result of which is a plausible description of the seasonal development of cyanobacteria populations and of the toxicity within the water body.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Anti-oxidant activities of Acanthopanax senticosus stems and their lignan components.

The antioxidant activities of Acanthopanax senticosus stems were evaluated in CCl4-intoxicated rats. The n-butanol fraction from the water extract of the stems, when pretreated orally at 200 mg/kg/day for 7 consecutive days in rats, was demonstrated to exhibit significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activities such as hepatic cytosolic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase by 30.31, 19.82 and 155%, respectively. The n-butanol fraction whereas showed a significant inhibition of serum GPT activity (65.79% inhibition) elevated with hepatic damage induced by CCl4-intoxication. Eleutheroside B, a lignan component, isolated from the n-butanol fraction was found to cause a moderate free radical scavenging effect on DPPH, its scavenging potency as indicated in IC50 value, being 58.5 microM. These results suggested that the stems of A. senticosus possess not only antioxidant but also hepatoprotective activities.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Subchronic oral toxicity of microcystin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to Microcystis under laboratory conditions.

The subchronic oral toxicity of microcystin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was investigated in this study. The fish (mean body weight of 322+/-36 g, n=10) were orally exposed to Microcystis by feeding with bloom scum at a dose of 50 microg microcystins/kg body weight under laboratory conditions for 28 days. Growth assay results showed that microcystin could completely inhibit the growth of carp, but failed to change the fish hepatosomatic index. Ultrastructural examination by electron microscope revealed severe damage in hepatocytes derived from the treated fish. Serum biochemical assays with commercial kits indicated that alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were significantly increased as compared to control levels, but gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities remained unchanged. Protein phosphatase inhibition assay revealed that the microcystin concentrations were 261.0+/-108.3 ng microcystin-LR equivalent/g fresh weight in hepatopancreas and 38.3+/-12.3 ng microcystin-LR equivalent/g fresh weight in muscle. The latter is above the limit recommended by the World Health Organization for human consumption. Therefore, we recommend that a warning system be instituted for announcing the occurrence of microcystin-producing water bloom and the possible risk of human intoxication.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed2002

Masses of phosphorylated neurofilaments are associated with abnormal golgi apparatus of anterior horn neurons of beta, beta'-iminodipropionitrile-intoxicated rats.

The Golgi apparatus (GA) of anterior horn neurons of rats chronically intoxicated with beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in drinking water was examined with an organelle-specific antibody. The neuropile of the anterior horns contained the typical axonal spheroids associated with IDPN toxicity while the perikarya of approximately one-third of the neurons contained phosphorylated neurofilaments, which are not found in the perikarya of control rat neurons. By serial or double immunostaining with the SMI-31 and anti-MG 160 antibodies, there were no morphological changes of the GA in the majority of neurons including neurons with a mild to moderate degree of neurofilamentous accumulation. However, a few neurons with a massive accumulation of phosphorylated neurofilaments contained abnormal profiles of the GA which consisted of focal clustering, reduction in size and fragmentation. The results suggest that masses of phosphorylated neurofilaments are associated with structural abnormalities of the GA.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Effectiveness of sodium arsamilate and its effect on the immunity of hens experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina].

The toxicity of sodium arsanilate for chickens was determined following a six-day oral application. Doses higher than 0.15/kg body weight led to symptoms of intoxication and death, especially when the intake of water was restricted. No spirochetemia, clinical signs of spirochetosis, and death cases were noted in birds infected subcutaneously with a lethal dose of Borrelia anserina simultaneously treated (orally) in the course of three days with sodium arsanilate either in solution or in tablets rated 0.05 -0.15/kg or in the drinking water at 0.4--0.5/1 for four days beginning one day prior to infection. Symptoms of the disease were observed in the birds of the control group only. On the second day after the infection the effectiveness of sodium arsanilate proved as high as 95 per cent, and on the third day--75 percent It was found that the agent had a relatively short-term prophylactic action. The chickens acquired immunity at the simultaneous application of sodium arsanilate and a culture of Borrelia anserina. Sodium arsanilate was shown not to affect the building of postvaccinal immunity in birds in the case of Borrelia anserina infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the combined treatment of acute kidney failure].

The paper presents the review of the treatment performed in 183 patients with acute renal failure caused by trauma, myorenal syndrome, surgical, obstetric and urological lesions. All the patients underwent hemodialysis. The majority of the patients manifested hypoxia due to pulmonary edema and abnormal central and visceral hemodynamics, anemia resultant from blood loss and suppression of hemopoiesis, impairment of tissue oxidation-reduction enzymes by uremic toxins. Hemodialysis aggravated hypoxia. A direct relationship existed between arterial hypoxemia and the degree of metabolic acidosis, electrolyte alterations and residual diuresis in oligoanuric stage of acute renal failure. The treatment of 48 relevant patients involved 5-10 sessions of hyperbaric oxygenation (1.5-2.2 atm for 60-90 min). The session usually followed hemodialysis. The response was achieved in arterial hypoxemia, central hemodynamics, peripheral blood, water-electrolyte balance, acid-base equilibrium, uremic intoxication. The frequency of hemodynamic reactions during hemodialysis and pyoseptic complications induced by uremia reduced as well as the need in urgent hemodialysis. The introduction of hyperbaric oxygenation diminished the lethality by 29%.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1984

[Macrofocal metabolic myocardial damage].

Eighteen observations of large-focal damage of the myocardium are analysed which macroscopically simulated myocardial infarction. Histologically the foci were represented by confluent areas of fatty and albuminous degeneration alternating with necrosis of individual cardiomyocytes. This condition is a complication of diseases having signs of intoxication, anemia, disorders of lipid metabolism and water-electrolyte balance combined with ischemic heart disease. The degree of heart function disturbance correlated with both the severity of concurrent diseases and the depth and size of cardiomyocyte damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Chelators in biomedical research: a review.

Chelators have been used in many aspects of biomedical research, from water softening to antidotes for heavy metal ion intoxication. At present, novel therapeutic regimens have been developed against psychiatric disorders, viral, and protozoal infections. Many clinical trials and biomedical research continues in the use of chelating agents in solving various medical problems.

Chelating Agents↗