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Results for “Vision Screening”

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PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of examination fees and availability of routine vision care by optometrists and ophthalmologists.

A national telephone survey of eye care practitioners shows that the average fee for routine eye examinations was less among optometrists than ophthalmologists. The average wait for the earliest appointment was 5 days for optometrists and 20 days for ophthalmologists. Weekend and evening appointments were also more obtainable among optometrists. The study did not determine what tests were included in the routine examination of each practitioner. Optometrists are licensed to use diagnostic drugs in all 50 States and prescribe therapeutic drugs for the treatment of ocular diseases in 25 States. Legislation that would update State laws permitting doctors of optometry to prescribe and use pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of eye diseases has been introduced in many of the remaining States. Supporters of bills permitting therapeutic pharmaceutical optometry contend that these changes would ensure the availability of quality eye care at significant savings, since optometric fees are generally lower than ophthalmological fees. In addition, it has been argued that optometrists are equitably distributed geographically and are more likely to have weekend and evening office hours, thus enabling increased patient access to eye care. When considering cost-effectiveness and accessibility, this study may provide information to those States considering changes in the scope of optometric licensure.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed1991

Referrals for suspected glaucoma: an International Glaucoma Association survey.

In a survey covering 275,600 eye examinations by optometrists, 0.55% resulted in a referral to a medical practitioner for suspected glaucoma. Some 85-90% of the referred patients subsequently attended for examination by a consultant ophthalmologist. Of these, rather more than a third were confirmed as having glaucoma, almost a third were discharged as not having the disease, and the diagnosis was borderline for the remainder. The survey's results imply that optometrists detect about 20,000 cases of glaucoma in England and Wales each year.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional health status of relocated nursing home residents.

This article presents the functional health status results of 49 nursing home residents who were involuntarily relocated from one institution to another. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there would be pre- to postmove changes in health status. Nursing personnel on both the day and evening shifts completed separate assessments of the residents' functional health status using the Long-Term Health Care Minimum Data Set instrument. These assessments were completed 2 to 3 months before and 3 to 4 months after the move. The interrater reliability was high; overall day-evening agreement was 82 percent. After the move, only receptive communication was rated higher; dressing, transferring, using the toilet, continence, and mobility were rated lower. Six functional activities showed no significant changes. Relocation does not appear to have a uniformly negative impact on functional status.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The management of presbyopia with contact lenses: a review.

Although presbyopes represent a large and growing fraction of the population, only 2% of them have tried bifocal contact lens correction. Bifocal contact lenses have in the past been notorious for the chair time they required and for low success rates. But now the picture is beginning to change. The growing number of new and innovative lens designs is expanding the fitter's options and greatly increasing the chances of success. Success, however, depends on the fitter being able to select an appropriate lens for each patient. This paper reviews contact lens options available for presbyopic patients and discusses the patients for whom specific lens designs are most advantageous.

Contact Lenses↗
PubMed1989

[The eye function of various contingents of the adult population based on data from the first stage of universal outpatient care].

At the first stage of ophthalmologic dispensarization of population 1287 rural (535 men) and 1328 urban (648 men) inhabitants have been examined. A comparative analysis of pathology of the eye, the state of visual acuity in different age contingents of rural and urban population, aged from 17 to 79 years, has shown pathology of the eye among rural population in 56.88 and among urban--in 35.17% of cases. Normal visual acuity (with correction) was observed more frequently (921.09 per 1000 eyes) in persons living in a town than in inhabitants of villages (779.33 per 1000 eyes). This index is remarkably lower in persons above 49 years of age because of development of such diseases as senile cataract, pathology of the retina and the optic nerve, etc. Practical blindness among rural population was observed much rarer (6.78 per 1000 eyes) than among rural population (8.95 per 1000 eyes). The incidence of the same pathology in similar age groups of different contingents of adult population was different. This should be considered when organizing dispensary observation over rural and urban population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Psychophysical changes in glaucoma.

Chronic glaucoma has been thought to spare the central vision until quite late in the disease process. This assumption is based on the use of the relatively insensitive Snellen chart to measure central vision and the relatively sensitive kinetic and static perimetry to measure the peripheral vision. In recent years, new measures of visual function have been utilized to assess patients with glaucomatous damage. Sensitive methods of measuring central visual function such as color vision, contrast sensitivity (both spatial and temporal), and macular light sensitivity have demonstrated defects early in the glaucomatous process - sometimes even before perimetry is affected. Since these visual functions are largely mediated by macular fibers, central vision may be affected earlier and more frequently in glaucoma than previously believed. Studies of both the nerve fiber layer of the retina and of quantitative light sense perimetry suggest that glaucomatous damage may occur diffusely across the population of nerve fibers, focally in the arcuate portion of the nerve fiber layer, or in both places. Color vision, contrast sensitivity and macular light sense appear to correlate with the diffuse type of nerve fiber layer damage. The exact utility of the psychophysical tests that assess central visual function for the clinical management of glaucoma has not yet been demonstrated. More work is needed to determine which tests are most useful, what parameters are most efficient, and what the diagnostic and prognostic significance of abnormal values may be. However, the studies of color vision, contrast sensitivity and macular light sensitivity have led to a better understanding of how glaucoma affects visual function.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1989

Correlation of visual function with optic nerve and nerve fiber layer structure in glaucoma.

Careful clinical correlation of the appearance of the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer with measurements of the visual field is an important aspect of the evaluation of patients with glaucoma. The anatomy of the nerve fiber layer and its retinotopic projections to the optic nerve head form the basis of the spatial relationships between structure and function in glaucoma. Clinical experience with the temporal correlations of structure and function indicates that visible alterations of the optic nerve and surrounding nerve fiber layer may occur before scotomas in the visual field can be detected. Quantitative clinical studies of the optic nerve and visual field support this concept, and provide additional clues regarding the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic nerve damage.

Glaucoma↗
PubMed1989

Automated perimetry in the management of glaucoma.

As optometry's role and responsibilities increase, so does our need to understand and utilize new technological advances to aid in our understanding and management of ocular conditions. Automated perimetry represents one such technological improvement that enhances our ability to detect and analyze the visual field changes associated with glaucoma. An understanding of the automated perimeter's abilities and limitations is needed to effectively incorporate it into the management of glaucoma.

Automation↗
PubMed1988

[Chronic alcohol-tobacco poisoning: towards an early detection of optic neuropathy].

Forty-two patients (33 men, 9 women) with normal visual acuity admitted to an alcoholism rehabilitation programme were evaluated for colour vision using the automatized Fransworth-Munsell test (ChromopsR) and for central visual field using Friedmann's analyser. An early colour blindness without axis, i.e. a lack of colour discrimination, was often found. At the same time, in the more intoxications perimetric defects appeared in the 30 degrees area first centrally, then followed by arcuate superior scotomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

On age-related norms of the visual field.

We prospectively studied the influence of age on visual fields obtained from 108 normal subjects (147 eyes) by using the Humphrey Field Analyzer (Program 30-2). Differential light sensitivity remained constant irrespective of age until the age of 35 to 44 years in the vast majority of test locations and then decreased linearly with age. The rate of linear decline differed at different test locations and failed to correlate with the eccentricity from the fixation, although its variance increased with the eccentricity. The mean sensitivity and the volume of the visual field were also constant until the age of 37.4 and 37.6 years, respectively.

Adolescent↗