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PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of acarofauna in Turkey: comparison of seven different geographic regions.

House-dust mites play an important role in allergic sensitization in Turkey and other countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the acarofauna in seven zones that differ in climate and altitude. Dust mites were isolated in 173 of 930 (18.6%) samples. The highest prevalence of house-dust mites was found in the most humid regions of Turkey: Mediterranean (48.4%) and Black Sea (46%). Lower levels were found in central and eastern Anatolia regions where humidity and temperature are low. Mites of the Dermatophagoides spp. were predominant (D. pteronyssinus [83%] and D. farinae [12%] making up the majority of the counts). The presence of mites was related to an increase both in mean temperature (> 15 degrees C) and in humidity (> or = 40%) as well as low altitude (< 300 m). This study suggests that the mite population of humid coastal regions of Turkey is as prevalent as in other temperate climates.

Altitude↗
PubMed1977

Characteristics of two new reticuloendotheliosis virus isolates of turkeys.

Reticuloendotheliosis (RE) virus strains MN81 and MN67 isolated from epiornithics of RE in turkeys were partially characterized. Strains MN81 and MN67 replicated in chicken embryo fibroblast,duck embryo fibroblast and turkey embryo-fibroblast cultures and produced syncytial cytopathic effects in duck embryo fibroblast and turkey embryo fibroblast cultures. The virions of MN81 and MN67 measured approximately 100 nm in diameter, resembled RE virus strain T, and could be distinguished from avian leukosis viruses morphologically. The buoyant density of strain MN81 was found to be 1.15 g/cm3 in sucrose gradients. Strains MN81 and MN67 were inactivated by heat, acid pH, ether, and chloroform treatments. These strains were serologically unrelated to avian leukosis virus but were related to RE virus strains T, CS, DIA, and SN.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Salmonella enterica serotypes and Salmonella infections: a multicenter study covering ten provinces in Turkey].

In order to find the distinctive features of Salmonellae and Salmonella infections in Turkey, 620 Salmonellae strains, isolated from various clinical samples (481 stool, 108 blood, 12 urine, 3 bone marrow, 3 cerebrospinal fluid, 9 pus, and one from each of the bile, pleural fluid, wound, catheter samples) in 13 clinical microbiology laboratories of 10 provinces in Turkey (Ankara, Antalya, Bursa, Edirne, Eskişehir, Istanbul, Izmir, Kayseri, Konya and Trabzon) between July 1, 2000 and June 30, 2002, were serotyped. Among the patients 43% were female, 57% were male, 63.2% were from outpatient clinics and 36.8% were hospitalized patients. Seventy eight percent of the patients had gastroenteritis, 10.7% had septicemia/local infection, 9.8% had typhoid/paratyphoid fever and 1.5% were carriers. Incidence of gastroenteritis was higher in 0-5 years age group (p<0.001). Of the 620 Salmonella enterica isolates, 47.7% were S. Enteritidis, 34.7% S. Typhimurium, 6% S. Paratyphi B, 2.9% S. Typhi, 0.2% S. paratyphi A, 6.1% serogroup C1, and 2.4% serogroup C2. S. Enteritidis was the most common serotype in all provinces except for Kayseri, where S. Typhimurium was found to be the most common serotype (68.2%). Overall, the most frequently isolated serotype was S. Enteritidis, also being the most common serotype in stool and blood cultures. During the surveillance period two outbreaks have occurred, the first one by S. Enteritidis strains in Edirne, and the second one by S. Typhimurium strains in Kayseri. As a result, Salmonella infections are still a common health problem in Turkey, and active surveillance of Salmonella infections has vital importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Multicausal infectious respiratory tract disease of young fattening turkeys].

The outbreak of the disease occurred in a large multiple-age farm with about 50,000 meat turkeys, where groups of 6-8000 one-day-old birds were stalled up every 14 days. All the turkey poults housed were affected mostly in the 1.-3. week of the life. The respiratory disease spread rapidly within the flocks and were characterised clinically by inclination of huddle, ruffled feathers, anorexia, stunted growth, swelling of the infraorbital sinus and nasal discharge. The clinical apparent disease lasted 3 to 4 weeks on the average in the affected flocks and were associated with a mortality from 7-20 percent. The main pathoanatomical lesions were catarrhal-fibrinopurulent rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia and air sacculitis as well as atrophy of the thymus. Fibrinous adhesive peri- and epicarditis, perihepatitis, miliary necrotic foci in the liver and diarrhea have been found less frequently. The results of cultural and serological examinations of moribund and dead turkey poults of 6 different flocks indicate that Bordetella avium and Chlamydia psittaci are the primary inciting agents of the respiratory disease. However, the following severe course of the disease were mainly caused by concurrent infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In some cases coccidiosis with lesions in ceca were additionally diagnosed. Campylobacter jejuni could be always isolated culturally from the liquid cecal content of diseased birds.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mycoplasma synoviae in a released pen-raised wild turkey.

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) was isolated from the sinus of an adult female "wild-type" turkey found feeding with backyard chickens at a private residence in Randolph County, N.C. Clinical signs included sinusitis, dyspnea, emaciation, diarrhea, and nasal discharge. The bird was seropositive for MS and M. gallisepticum (MG) on the rapid plate agglutination test and had titers of 1:160 for MS and 1:20 for MG on the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Isolations of MS and M. gallopavonis were confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test. This case represents the first and only report of MS in a free-ranging "wild-type" turkey in the eastern United States. Behavioral and other evidence suggests that the bird was a released pen-raised turkey.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Humoral immune response of turkeys to strain S6 and a variant Mycoplasma gallisepticum studied by immunoblotting.

Two putative variant Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) strains (M876 and M35), originally isolated from commercial turkeys, were compared with eight well-characterized MG strains by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). SDS-PAGE protein profiles indicated that the variant strains were correctly classified as MG based on homologous patterns in species-specific regions of the electrophoretic profiles. However, differences in protein profiles also indicated that variant strains M876 and M35 were different from each other and the other MG strains tested. Immunoblotting was used to assess the humoral immune response of turkeys to infection with the S6 reference strain or M876 variant strain of MG. Immunoblots using antisera to M876 showed that seroconversion to this isolate was slower, and to fewer MG proteins when compared with immunoblots using antisera to S6. Immunoblot analyses further indicated that pooled antisera from turkeys inoculated with either S6 or M876 reacted with each of 10 MG strains tested. However, pooled S6 antisera reacted with greater intensity and with more MG proteins than did pooled M876 antisera. The species-specific immunodominant proteins with the greatest potential for use as antigens in serologic tests appeared to be those of 64 (p64) and 56 (p56) kilodaltons molecular mass.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Malaria as a re-emerging disease in the countries of the WHO European Region: lessons of history and the present day situation in Trans-Caucasian Region and Turkey].

Despite vast investments and strenuous efforts, malaria has been never totally eradicated on the southern borders of the former USSR and Turkey. Throughout the 1970's and 1980's, malaria outbreaks and epidemics were registered in Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Tadjikistan. Although they were contained, it proved impossible to completely interrupt malaria transmission in the countries in question. The present malaria situation illustrates once again that the achievements of malaria eradication programmes in the countries of Europe could not be maintained indefinitely. Since the early 1990's, the incidence of malaria has been on the rise due to the aggravated political and socioeconomic situation, mass population movements, the deployed extensive development projects, and a near-complete discontinuation in activities for malaria prevention and control. Nowadays, we witness a massive return of malaria into the areas of Europe where it has been previously eradicated. The paper discusses the malaria situation in the countries of the Transcaucasian Region and Turkey with particular emphasis on successes and failures of the recent global eradication efforts, on the reasons for and the extent of resurgence of this disease; and on operational research findings concerning the management and prevention of malaria.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Consanguinity in Kahramanmaras city, Turkey, and its medical impact.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, several studies have indicated the rate of consanguinity ranging between 20 and 70% in the Middle East. Turkey is one of the countries with a high rate of consanguineous unions in the Middle East. In this study, the rate of consanguinity and its effects on spontaneous abortus, stillbirth, infant mortality, and birth defects were investigated in a population sample residing in Kahramanmaras city, Turkey. METHODS: For this study, 1000 randomly selected women, aboriginals of Kahramanmaras city, Turkey, were interviewed at their home and the concerning information was obtained by administration of a questionnaire between April 2002 and March 2003. RESULTS: The prevalence of consanguinity was found to be 30.6% with the mean inbreeding coefficient of 0.015373. The most common type of consanguineous mating was first cousin marriages with the frequency of 22.6%. The family pressure and love were the main reasons for marrying with a relative. The mean age at marriage of women and men were lower in consanguineous marriages than that of non-consanguineous unions. There was a negative correlation between the consanguinity and educational level of both sexes. The results revealed differences between consanguineous and non-consanguineous matings, in terms of stillbirth, infant mortality and birth defects whereas the rate of spontaneous abortus was found to be the same in 2 kinds of marriages. CONCLUSION: The incidence of consanguinity and of first cousin marriages is found to be very high in the Kahramanmaras city. A reduction of consanguinity rate is necessary for the health quality of the population.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of hepatitis B infection in the southeastern region of Turkey: comparison of risk factors for HBV infection in rural and urban areas.

Although hepatitis B has been well studied, there are still aspects of its epidemiology that remain to be clarified. There are many regions with high seroprevalence, particularly in the developing regions of the world, and these regions are known to have different epidemiologic patterns. Nonetheless, there are currently no data on the differences in hepatitis B seroprevalence between urban and rural areas of Turkey. In the present study, therefore, we used 30-cluster sampling to determine and compare the prevalence of hepatitis B in the urban and rural areas of the least developed region of Turkey, the southeastern region. From 2,888 adults living in the region, blood samples were obtained from house visits, and screened for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBcIgG. Factors associated with hepatitis B seroprevalence, particularly living in rural areas, were analyzed with multivariate methods. The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 8.2% in the rural and 6.2% in the urban areas. There was a statistically significant difference between urban and rural regions in terms of HBsAg positivity (crude OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55 - 0.98). Exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) increased with age both in urban and rural areas. Lower education level was also an important risk factor for hepatitis B seropositivity in urban areas (adjusted OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.26 - 2.19) but not in rural ones (adjusted OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.36 - 1.69). Familial jaundice history was a statistically significant risk factor for HBsAg positivity in rural areas (adjusted OR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.30 - 3.56) but not in urban ones (adjusted OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 0.96 - 2.27). This study shows that the prevalence of HBV infection in the southeastern region of Turkey is intermediate among the levels reported for the European region of the World Health Organization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The challenge of clinical interviewing and physical examination performance for general practitioners in Turkey.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study's objective was to better understand the current conditions and style of practice of generalist physicians in Turkey on clinical interviewing and physical examination skills prior to the widespread availability of family medicine postgraduate training. METHODS: This study was performed in 30 primary health centers, randomly chosen from the 110 primary health centers in Izmir, Turkey. We administered a questionnaire to 106 physicians in those centers, asking about their performance during medical encounters. We then observed 166 first-visit encounters of 37 of those physicians. Finally, we compared physicians' reported behavior (as described in the questionnaires) with their actual performance (when observed). RESULTS: In the physician questionnaire, 86.8% of participants agreed that 20 minutes or more was sufficient time for first visits, but in practice, 81.9% of the interviews lasted less than 5 minutes. The major reason cited by physicians for short interview times was overcrowding (72.6%). In 94.6% of the encounters, physicians obtained the history of present illness but the rest of the history, such as past history and family history, was gathered in less than 40% of the interviews. Except for the examination of oral cavity and pharynx, lungs, and heart, almost all the rest of the physical examination was performed in less than 10% of the cases. No written records were kept in 63.0 % of the encounters. CONCLUSIONS: The problems and difficulties present in delivering primary care in Turkey include the physicians' behavior in addition to working conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

An evaluation of the variation in the rates of occupational accidents in Turkey with trend analysis methodology. Are occupational accidents really diminishing?

OBJECTIVE: To show whether the rate of occupational accidents is decreasing in Turkey. METHODS: Data on incidence and deaths due to occupational accidents in Turkey during the period 1970-2000 were obtained and evaluated at the Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. The data were collected in January 2003. The occupational accident rates were analyzed by morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates. The change in each variable over years was tested by trend analysis methodology. A regression analysis was performed on data on 3-point moving averages. RESULTS: The morbidity decreases significantly over the last 30 years (p<0.01) with a slope of -0.003. The correlation of the morbidity tendency due to years was 0.995 (p<0.01) and the total variance descriptive rate was 0.991. In respect to mortality, the variation due to years was declining (0.00001, p<0.01). The correlation of the model was 0.950 (p<0.01) and brings out the total variance to 0.903. The trend analysis model can be explained meaningfully in respect of constant and slope (p<0.01). In respect of fatality the variance over the years was 0.00029 (p<0.01). The correlation of the model was 0.934 (p<0.01) and brings out the total variance of 0.872. CONCLUSION: The main reason of the decrease of occupational accidents was probably due to unreported accidents, which do not cause injury. Reasons for underreporting of minor accidents should be investigated and this point should be taken into consideration when planning an occupational accident prevention programs.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular detection and characterization of Ehrlichia canis from dogs in Turkey.

Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis antibodies among dogs in Turkey were previously reported, however, the ehrlichial organism has never been characterized in this region. The current study examined dogs from Ankara with febrile illness for E. canis infection with E. canis-specific PCR. Three of the 12 blood specimens from dogs showing clinical signs compatible with canine ehrlichiosis were found to be positive by PCR using E. canis-specific primers. E. canis detected in one of the blood specimens was designated as Kutahya strain. The representative E. canis strain was characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and Western blot analysis of the plasma sample from the dog infected with E. canis. The 16S rRNA sequence (1,388 bp) of the E. canis Kutahya was identical to that of Ehrlichia ovina from a sheep in Turkey and Venezuelan Dog Ehrlichia (VDE) and was closely related (99.9%) to that of type strain of E. canis, Oklahoma. The plasma of the dog infected with E. canis Kutahya was analyzed by Western blotting using the purified E. canis Oklahoma strain as antigen. The reactive antibody profiles of the dog infected with E. canis Kutahya was found to be similar to those of dogs infected with E. canis Oklahoma and VDE, suggesting the antigenic similarities among these strains. The findings in this study would help for a better understanding of epidemiology of canine ehrlichiosis. This is the first report of molecular detection and characterization of an ehrlichial agent in Turkey.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and genotypic distribution of hepatitis GB-C/HG and TT viruses in blood donors, mentally retarded children and four groups of patients in eastern Anatolia, Turkey.

We investigated the prevalence and genotypic distribution of GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) and TT virus (TTV) in blood donors, mentally retarded children and four groups of patients living in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The prevalence and genetic analysis of TTV were determined by using the primers of the UTR and ORF1 regions of TTV, respectively. Reverse transcription nested (RT-n)-PCR was used to amplify 5' UTR of GBV-C/HGV. Genotyping of HGV was carried out by PCR-based genotyping assay while RFLP was conducted to determine the genotypes of TTV. TTV DNA was detected in 118 of 410 sera tested, giving an overall prevalence of 28.7%; GBV-C/HGV-RNA was detected in only 17 cases, giving an overall prevalence of 4.1%. No significant differences were observed in the number of positive or negative tests for GBV-C/HGV and TTV according to duration of illness or mean duration of institutionalization in any of the groups studied. Although all samples from the study population belonged to genotypes 1 and 4, the most common TTV genotype is G2. In conclusion, our results indicate a low endemicity of GBV-C/HGV and TTV infection in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The presence of G2 strains reveals the limited genetic diversity of the GBV-C/HGV circulating in Turkey. We suggest that TTV infection of genotypes 1 and 4 is prevalent in the same region.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Colonization of Escherichia coli in young turkeys and chickens.

In order to investigate the possibility of pathogenic Escherichia coli penetrating the bloodstream via the intestinal mucosa in normal and stressed turkeys and chickens, birds were inoculated orally with the bacteria or exposed environmentally to it. Immediately after hatch, intestines contained a substantial number of coliform bacteria that increased with time. In orally infected turkeys, the pathogenic bacteria (nalidixic-acid-resistant O78) replaced 10%-50% of the native coliform flora but could not be isolated from the trachea or blood. Environmentally exposed groups exhibited pathogenic bacteria in intestines but not in blood. Stressing of exposed turkeys resulted in isolation of the pathogenic bacteria from blood and even spleen. In orally infected broiler chickens, stress resulted in bacteremia and mortality. Chickens that were exposed to pathogenic bacteria at a young age and showed no mortality or morbidity demonstrated no detrimental effects due to challenge with the same pathogenic bacteria later in life. Stress seems to cause penetration of the pathogenic bacteria into the bloodstream, which in turn can cause severe disease and mortality.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transmission of Pasteurella multocida on California turkey premises in 1988-89.

Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) of whole-cell DNA was used to determine possible sources of Pasteurella multocida for each outbreak of fowl cholera occurring in turkey flocks in eight commercial poultry companies in California from October 1988 to September 1989. Over this period, 179 isolates of P. multocida were obtained from dead turkeys in 80 meat and breeder flocks on 43 premises. P. multocida was isolated from wildlife on five premises. Isolates were characterized by subspecies, serotype, presence of plasmid DNA, and REA type. In 52 (65%) flocks, all isolates of P. multocida had the same REA pattern as the M9 live vaccine strain following digestion of DNA with the restriction enzyme SmaI. Field strains of P. multocida were obtained from 27 (34%) flocks, and one flock (1%) yielded both M9 and a field strain of the organism. REA of field strains of P. multocida revealed 17 different SmaI REA types. Based on matching SmaI REA types, potential sources of P. multocida were identified for 15 of the 28 flocks infected with field strains of the organism, and transmission between turkey premises was a possibility in only seven flocks.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Measles seroepidemiology in 3 cities in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate immunity against measles and its relation with some variables among healthy subjects in 3 cities in Turkey. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study on measles antibody titers in the serum samples of 712 people from Antalya, 696 from Diyarbakir and 667 from Samsun, Turkey using particle agglutination test between February 2000 and October 2001. The study groups, informed and asked for their consent by midwives, consisted of randomly selected subjects of all ages older than 6 months. We implemented the study in 3 steps: physical examination, interview and blood collection. RESULTS: We considered titers of > or = 1:16 as positive and we observed lower seropositivity in Diyarbakir (90.8%) than Antalya (95.9%), and Samsun (94.9%) (p=0.040). We also observed that seropositivity was lower among preschool group than older groups (p=0.006). The number of doses of measles vaccine (p=0.001) and measles infection history (p=0.003) were found as a factor increasing the seropositivity ratio. There was no statistically significant between age groups (p=0.219), gender (p=0.148), residence (p=0.537), and number per household (p=0.983) among the provinces. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, measles infection still has a high incidence in Turkey and the second dose of measles vaccine is extremely important in the prevention of measles transmission among school children and the community. Furthermore, we must improve our regional differences in routine vaccination services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated phospholipase C activation independent of cAMP formation in turkey erythrocyte membranes.

The effect of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol on guanine nucleotide-dependent phospholipase C (PLC) activity was examined in turkey erythrocyte membranes prepared from [3H]inositol-labeled turkey erythrocytes. In the presence of guanosine 5'-(gamma-thiotriphosphate) (GTP[S]) isoproterenol caused a dose-dependent stimulation of [3H]inositol phosphate ([3H]InsP) formation. The activation of PLC by GTP[S] occurred after an initial lag period of 1-2 min and was followed by a sustained rate of [3H]InsP formation which remained linear for 4-5 min. Isoproterenol decreased the lag period for GTP[S]-induced [3H]InsP formation and increased PLC activity at all time points following this lag. Consequently, isoproterenol shifted the dose-response curve for GTP[S] to the left (10-fold) and increased the maximal response. The EC50 value for isoproterenol-induced activation of PLC was 104 +/- 17 nM. Isoproterenol also potentiated GTP-dependent PLC activity but was ineffective in stimulating the enzyme in the presence of AIF4-. The PLC activation by isoproterenol was completely inhibited by propanolol and atenolol but was unaffected by prazosin or yohimbine. Although GTP[S] and isoproterenol could increase cAMP formation in this membrane preparation, the isoproterenol-induced stimulation of PLC occurred in the absence of ATP and was independent of cAMP formation. Furthermore, addition of cAMP, 8-bromo-cAMP, forskolin, or either the regulatory or catalytic subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase failed to stimulate [3H]InsP formation and had no effect on the responses elicited by GTP[S] and isoproterenol. Isoproterenol also stimulated [3H]InsP2 and [3H]InsP3 production in intact erythrocytes. Cholera toxin had no effect on [3H]InsP formation in the intact cells under conditions where it stimulated cAMP accumulation. In addition, the activation of PLC by GTP[S] and isoproterenol was unaffected in membranes prepared from cholera toxin-treated erythrocytes. These data demonstrate that stimulation of turkey erythrocyte beta-adrenergic receptors by isoproterenol results in a direct activation of guanine nucleotide-dependent PLC.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2000

New larval mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Erythraeidae, Microtrombidiidae, Trombidiidae) from Turkey, Peru and Poland.

The following species are described as new: Erythraeus (E.) sifi n. sp., E. (Z.) didonae n. sp., Bursaustium gaspari n. sp. from Turkey, Charletonia alvedae n. sp., Balaustium medardii n. sp., Yucothrombium ilzae n. sp. from Peru and Allothrombium wolmari n. sp. from Poland. Three new genera are created: Rudaemannia n. gen., Bursaustium n. gen. and Yucothrombium n. gen. Erythraeus kresnensis, Charletonia cardinalis, Podothrombium proti, Allothrombium fuliginosum and A. triticium are new to the fauna of Turkey; Hauptmannia wratislaviensis is new to the fauna of Scotland. New localities in Poland are given for H. stanislavae and H. silesiacus and in Turkey for Rudaemannia rudeansis. Charletonia tamarae is synonymous to C. bucephalia; Hauptmannia victicola is synonymons to R. rudaensis.

Animals↗