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PubMed1991

[Myocarditis caused by Toxoplasma gondii and Aspergillus fumigatus after orthotopic heart transplantation].

This report describes the case of a 56-year-old patient, who died 53 days after orthotopic heart transplantation due to myocarditis caused by infection with Aspergillus fumigatus and Toxoplasma gondii. Aspergillosis was diagnosed by transthoracic needle aspiration of a pulmonary infiltration. Endomyocardial biopsy showed toxoplasma pseudocysts. Autopsy revealed myocardial infection with both infectious agents. Despite specific therapy, myocarditis determined the fatal outcome in this case. The value of invasive techniques for specific diagnosis of infectious diseases in immunocompromised patients is discussed.

Aspergillosis↗
PubMed1991

[Toxoplasma infestation: prevalence, risk of congenital infection and development in Geneva from 1973 to 1987].

Assessment of the risk of toxoplasma infection during pregnancy in the female population of the Geneva area, and of the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis, has shown 9 cases of toxoplasmosis for 1000 pregnancies and 3.5 congenital infections for 1000 newborn infants. These results show that the prevalence of toxoplasma infection has been decreasing constantly during the 15 years of study, but that the risk of infection during pregnancy and of congenital infection has remained steady.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Landau-Kleffner syndrome--epileptic aphasia in children--possible role of toxoplasma gondii infection.

The association of unusual types of aphasia and epilepsy (Landau-Kleffner syndrome) has been described in three children. The children were 5 to 11 years of age and all have EEG abnormalities. Speech disorders appeared after epileptic seizures. No organic causes of the disease have been found in axial computed tomography. In all described cases the increased titer of IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii has been observed. The authors suggest that the Toxoplasma gondii infection should be taken into account as a possible cause of Landau-Kleffner syndrome.

Antibodies, Protozoan↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Inferences from data obtained by enzyme immunoassay of Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies].

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Toxoplasma IgG antibodies is useful for the detection of infections. The quantitative test results do not allow any conclusion on the stadium of infection. A positive test result of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Toxoplasma IgM antibodies (EIA-IgM) may indicate an active but can be observed also in chronic infections. For the separation of the phases of infections other tests should be applied and follow-up studies by EIA-IgM should be performed.

Antibodies, Protozoan↗
PubMed1989

[Surface charged liposomes as drug carriers and in vivo tests of mice infected with toxoplasma].

The surface charge is one of the most important properties of liposomes. In this paper surface potential of liposomes was measured by fluorimetry using 1.8-ANS as a probe and by microelectrophoresis. The encapsulation efficiency and leakage rate of ionic drugs were influenced by the surface charge of liposomes. Higher encapsulation efficiency and lower leakage rate were resulted if the surface charge of liposomes was opposite to the ionic charge of encapsulated drug. Mice infected with toxoplasma were used as a model. In in vivo test, liposome-drug was compared with the free drug. The average survival days of groups of liposome-drugs were much longer than that of the group of free drugs. Mouse infected with toxoplasma is a simple, convenient and accurate model for measuring the biological activation of liposome-drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sarcocystis capracanis and Toxoplasma gondii infections in range goats from Texas.

Specimens of tongues, esophagi, diaphragms, or abdominal muscles of 115 range goats from San Angelo, Tex, were examined for Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma gondii infections. Sarcocystis spp zoites were found microscopically in pepsin digests of muscles of 60.8% goats and sarcocysts of S capracanis were found in histologic sections of 27.8% goats. Sarcocysts were more common in sections of tongue (19.1%) than in those of other muscles (9.9% to 10.7%). A dog fed Sarcocystis-infected tissues shed sporocysts in feces, whereas 2 cats fed the same tissues did not shed sporocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was neither seen in histologic sections of goat tissues nor found by bioassays in mice or cats. Mice inoculated with pepsin digests of muscles did not develop T gondii infection and 2 cats fed goat tissues did not shed oocysts. Also, antibody to T gondii was not found in serum samples from goats. The low prevalence of T gondii infection in range goats may be because of the relative absence of domestic cats on Texas ranges.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Absence of a role for natural killer cells in the control of acute infection by Toxoplasma gondii oocysts.

The active phase of primary and challenge oral infections of Toxoplasma gondii was investigated with respect to natural killer (NK) activity against YAC-1 tumour cell targets in vitro and serum interferon (IFN) titres. Primary (non-lethal) oral infection of BALB/c mice with Me49 oocysts resulted in a rapid increase of serum IFN titres, followed by augmented NK activity. NK levels became depressed, rising again by 15 days after infection to normal levels, again preceded by elevated IFN titres. In challenge infections NK was not augmented and IFN titres rose only if a high dose of oocysts was given. IFN activity was pH2-labile in all cases and considered to be due to IFN-gamma. Cold target inhibition studies indicated that T. gondii did not bind to NK cells. A bioassay for the effects of NK cells on T. gondii tachyzoites was developed and there was no evidence of killing in vitro by cells with NK function; T. gondii survived better when cultured with NK cells than when cultured alone. Studies using C57BL/6bg/bg,bg/+ and +/+ mice showed that there was no difference in mean time to death after administration of a lethal ME49 oocyst infection by mouth. Cytotoxicity against YAC-1 in both spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cell populations was highly augmented in bg/+ and +/+, but not in bg/bg mice. Genetic deficiency of NK activity had no effect on survival of mice after infection. Therefore NK has at best a minimal role to play in protection during the acute phase of Toxoplasma infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

The prevalence of toxoplasma infection in southern Iran.

To determine the prevalence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in the Fars Province of Iran, sera from 300 patients hospitalised at the Pahlavi University Medical Centre in Shiraz were tested. There were 157 males and 143 females, with a mean age of 39 years (range 10--80 years). The indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique was used and titres of 1:16 and above were considered positive. Eighty eight patients of whom 50 were male and 38 female (mean age 41 years, range 14--80 years) had positive sera. Of these 88 patients, 35 (40%), 25 (28%), 17 (19%), 5 (6%) and 6 (7%) had antibody titres of 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128 and 1:256 respectively. One hundred and twenty three of the 212 patients with negative sera (58%) had contact with cats. A similar proportion of patients with positive sera [51 of 88 (58%)] also had contact with cats. It is concluded that a substantial proportion of our patients (29%) show serological evidence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii. A significant correlation between exposure to cats and the consumption of improperly cooked meat on the one hand and seropositivity on the other, could not be demonstrated. There was no significant increase in the incidence of seropositivity with increasing age (P = 0.35).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[IgM ISAGA test in the diagnosis of acute acquired Toxoplasma infections].

An immunoglobulin M immunosorbent agglutination assay (IgM ISAGA) was tested in 1804 outpatients' samples. The test was negative in all 1091 sera from individual negative in the total indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA tot) test and in the passive hemagglutination (HA) test and in 15 sera with inconclusive results in these two tests. The 698 sera positive in the IFA tot and HA tests were also tested with direct IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA). The 74 sera positive in the IgM ISAGA and/or IgM ELISA were also tested in the IgM immunofluorescent (IgM IFA) test. These sera belong to 42 individuals, 26 of whom were followed for previous positive results in the IgM ELISA test. 51 samples (68.9%) were found positive in both IgM ISAGA and IgM ELISA tests. Only 13 (25.5%) of these 51 samples were found positive in the IgM IFA. 9 samples (12.2%) were positive only in the IgM ISAGA test. Conversely another 9 samples (12.2%) were positive only in the IgM ELISA test, performed on serum as well as on chromatographic IgM fraction. Finally five samples (6.7%) yielded false positive results in the IgM ELISA test, and three of them were found false positive also in the IgM IFA test. All these five samples in fact were found negative on IgM chromatographic fraction in both tests. In conclusion, IgM ISAGA appears to be more specific than direct IgM ELISA or IgM IFA test for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii IgM. Sensitivity of IgM ISAGA test seems to be as good as in the direct IgM ELISA and better than in the IgM IFA test for the diagnosis of acute acquired toxoplasma infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

Immunity to Toxoplasma and Listeria induced by homologous and heterologous organisms.

Cross protection of animals against various organisms have been shown for many years. This type of resistance to phylogenetically unrelated organisms might be attributed to certain immunological phenomena such as non-specific macrophage activation. In this report the cross-protective effect of some organisms against Toxoplasma gondii RH strain and Listeria monocytogenes is described. Groups of mice were immunized with BCG, Toxoplasma lysate antigen, viable cysts of T. gondii Tehran strain and heat killed L. monocytogenes. Seventeen days after initial immunization, the animals were tested for delayed hypersensitivity by a skin test. The hypersensitive animals in each group were challenged with either lethal doses of T. gondii RH strain or 5 x 10(5) viable L. monocytogenes. Among the animals challenged with T. gondii, it was observed that complete protection was achieved only in those mice immunized with viable cysts of T. gondii Tehran strain. Although all other immunized mice eventually died after infection, they did show some degree of resistance as their deaths were delayed considerably as compared to non-immunized animals. In animals which were infected with 5 x 10(5) L. monocytogenes, complete resistance was observed only in BCG immunized mice. The other antigens including L. monocytogenes induced partial resistance as evidenced by their survival times and the multiplication of the bacteria in various internal organs.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Aging and the immune response. I. Antibody formation and chronic infection in Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice.

Studies were performed to determine the effect of aging on the antibody response and cyst formations after infection with a relatively avirulent strain of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. When compared with young mice (4 months), aged mice showed a significant decrease in the magnitude of humoral immune response to infection. This decrease was observed at the peak of the acute infection and also during chronic infection. Evaluation of the presence of Toxoplasma cysts, a measure of the latent infection, revealed that the numbers of tissue cysts present 11 weeks after infection increased with the age of the mice at time of infection. The larger numbers of cysts in older mice which had received the same inoculum size of T. gondii as young mice, together with our previous observations of increased susceptibility of these older mice to T. gondii, suggest that an age-related decrease in the early immune response to this infection allows an increased multiplication of the organism in vivo, leading to increased cyst numbers or death.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

A histological and immunohistochemical study of the changes induced in the brains of white mice by infection with Toxoplasma gondii.

The topography and the severity of the brain lesions induced in male and female white mice 1-6 weeks following inoculation with Toxoplasma gondii were studied by conventional histological and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical techniques. The medulla oblongata and fourth ventricle were the most severely damaged areas of the brain, while the cerebellum was only minimally involved in this only in the later stages of the disease. Toxoplasma cysts were revealed by the PAP method as early as 2 weeks after infection. The number of cysts and the severity of the lesions increased gradually each week following inoculation. The lymphoplasmacytic element in the lesions was less intense in male than in female mice. The significance of these findings in respect to the possible immunological pathogenesis of CNS toxoplasmic changes is discussed. A correlation of the experimental findings with the known neurologic manifestations of the disease is also attempted. The advantage of the PAP method in the study of toxoplasmic infection is stressed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Possible interactions between Toxoplasma gondii infection and the presence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma].

The presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was studied in the sera of 63 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. After the age of 30 years, antibodies to the parasite increase progressively in the whole population, but the incidence and titer are significantly higher in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. After the chemotherapy treatment, the titer of the antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii augment-ed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Interferon induction in Toxoplasma gondii infected mice.

Regular interferon (IFN-R) activity was detected in the serum of mice within 24 h after intraperitoneal inoculation with Toxoplasma gondii or Toxoplasma lysate antigen (TLA). Mice which survived from subchronic infection (14-28 days post infection) when injected with TLA showed the appearance of gamma interferon (IFN-r) activity in their sera within 6 h after injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Possible interactions between Toxoplasma gondii infection and the presence of carcinomas of female genitalia and the breast].

The authors made a serologic study for the existence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in women with genital tract and breast cancer. Antibodies to the parasite were found in 93.7 per 100 of the cases; 20.46 per 100 of the patients showed titers of 1:400 or higher, probably due to active toxoplasmosis. Considering the group of cancer patients with lymph node metastases, antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were found in 97.33 per 100 of them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The lymphoid system of Toxoplasma infected mice.

Acute toxoplasmosis was induced in CFLP mice by intraperitoneal infection with the virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The relative lymphoid organ weights and absolute lymphocyte counts were determined in mice killed in regular intervals after the infection. Characteristic changes of the lymphoid system were found in the course of acute toxoplasma infection; spleen hypertrophy began at 6 h after infection and its rate increased continuously till death. The thymus showed first hypertrophy, then it gradually decreased with grave atrophy at the time of death. The absolute lymphocyte count had decreased by the 6th h to reach a significantly low value by the time of death.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Inhibitory effects of monensin on shedding of Toxoplasma oocysts by cats.

Toxoplasma oocyst shedding by cats was suppressed by 0.02% monensin incorporated in dry cat food. Ten of 12 cats that had not shed oocysts were immune when reinfected with mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma. The medicated food, which was well accepted and tolerated by kittens, could be useful to minimize risks of infection for pregnant women and small children from pet cats defecating in soil close to homes. However, in the presence of stray cats a false sense of security may be engendered.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[The effectiveness of a general test for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy].

Primary toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy (6.7 per thousand pregnancies) is considered to be a potential danger to foetal development (congenital infections in 5.3 per thousand). This conclusion had been drawn from a prospective study into 1,697 pregnant women. It is a primary infection which can be detected only by means of specific diagnostic methods. - Pyrimethamine-sulphonamide treatment ,ist be considered as the optional for pregnant women, even by all accounts of side-effects. The risk of foetal infection has been reduced from 64 to 14 per cent by use of such treatment on cases of primary infection. - The results so far obtained from examination of congenitally infected children, aged between nine and ten years, are likely to justify the recommendation of general toxoplasma gondii testing and specific therapy for all cases of primary infection during pregnancy.

Adolescent↗