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PubMed2005

Effects of a soil conditioner on some physical and biological features of soils: results from a greenhouse study.

A soil amendment substance-organic bio-stimulator, Terralyt Plus (TP), was used to observe its impact on the properties of clay loam (CL), sandy clay loam (SCL) and sandy loam (SL) soils and the growth of corn (Zea mays indentata L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp./vulgare Vill. v. lutescens) under greenhouse conditions. The diluted TP solutions (1:500, 1:1000 and 1:2000) were sprayed onto the soil surfaces. The wheat growth increased for CL and SCL with the application of TP at 1:1000. The highest dry weights were detected with 1:500 TP and corn in all the soils. Penetration resistance of CL containing corn increased with increasing TP concentration. TP was also effective in improving the aggregate stability for CL but not for the other soils. Catalase enzyme activity (CEA), soil evolution (SE) and the total aerobic bacterial population (TABP) were significantly increased (P<0.05) by spraying TP at 1:1000 onto CL.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Dry coating: an innovative enteric coating method using a cellulose derivative.

A novel enteric coating method was developed. This method involves direct feeding of coating polymer powder and simultaneous spraying of plasticizing agent, without either organic solvent or water, using a centrifugal granulator, fluidized bed, or tablet-coating machine. For film formation, a curing step was then necessary; this involved spraying a small amount (3-8% of core weight) of water or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution, followed by heating. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate was used as the enteric coating polymer, and a combination of triethyl citrate and acetylated monoglyceride was used for plasticization. The coated beads and tablets were evaluated for gastric resistance, intestinal disintegration, and stability, in comparison with beads and tablets from a conventional aqueous coating with the same enteric polymer. The new method required a higher coating amount for gastric resistance compared with the conventional coating, but the processing time was dramatically reduced. The results show that this dry coating method is applicable to the preparation of enteric-coated beads and tablets using commercially available lab-scale apparatus.

Drug Stability↗
PubMed1992

Quantitation of total mercury vapor released during dental procedures.

An in vitro method is described in which measurements were made of the total amount of mercury vapor released from three types of amalgam during routine dental procedures. It was found that the greatest amount of mercury was released during dry polishing of one amalgam (44 micrograms). Removal of amalgam from a Class I cavity under water spray and high volume evacuation also generated large amounts of mercury as expected (15-20 micrograms). However, under the more clinically relevant conditions of extending evacuation for one minute to remove residual amalgam and mercury after cutting, this value was reduced by approximately 90%. The total amount of mercury generated during placement (6-8 micrograms), wet polishing (2-4 micrograms) and trituration (1-2 micrograms) were also measured. The study showed that dental procedures associated with amalgam do potentially expose the patient and operator to mercury vapor. However, the total amount of mercury released during any procedure was far below the total exposure level calculated from the daily threshold limits established by regulatory agencies for occupational exposure.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

[Rhinitis in old age].

The chronic rhinitis is a frequent problem with age. In the nose, normal physiologic changes of aging include loss of nasal tip support, atrophy of mucus-producing mucosal glands, and decreased olfaction. The fragmentation and weakening of the cartilage of the septum also causes airflow changes contributing to nasal stuffiness. These changes contribute to geriatric rhinitis, the symptoms of which are often attributed by the older patient to "allergies" or "sinus trouble". An understanding of these anatomic changes, linked with a thorough history and physical examination, allows the physician to properly manage geriatric rhinitis. Earnest causes like tumors or mycosis must be excluded. The treatment depends on the etiology of the rhinitis and also the symptoms of the patient. Therapy includes avoidance of all sorts of allergens (dust, fumes, sprays) and appropriate attention to minimizing home environmental and occupational exposures. Pharmacotherapy most often involves liquifying--not drying--nasal secretions with oral and topical preparations. Conservative surgical treatment is occasionally indicated.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1994

Quantification of cell loss during bronchoalveolar lavage fluid processing. Effects of fixation and staining methods.

Discrepancies have been reported in differential cell counts according to the diverse processing methods used in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid management. The differences have proved to be mainly the result of selective lymphocyte loss, while the exact mechanisms of the phenomenon remain controversial. Observing a similar variation in differentials from differently stained identical smears, we quantified the cell loss due to staining procedures from 45 consecutive satisfactory BAL procedures. To do this, we compared relative lymphocyte recovery on neat pooled lavage in a hemocytometer with that from smears and cytopreps fixed and stained in different ways. We found (1) A significant lymphocyte loss (p < 0.05) whatever the staining method. (2) Different methods of fixation and staining lead to considerable variation in differentials from slides otherwise identically managed. The loss is higher during air-drying fixation followed by staining with an aqueous medium such as Diff-Quik than on spray-fixed slides stained in an alcohol medium such as Papanicolaou stain. (3) The effect of lymphocyte loss on differentials is more important when the initial lymphocytosis is less than 35%, and decreases to nonsignificance when it exceeds 70%. The role of cytocentrifugation or other manipulations in cell loss probably has been overestimated because unknown effects of staining methods were also attributed to these manipulations. We suggest that lymphocyte loss could arise from poor adherence on slides, which is exacerbated during aqueous staining if no artifice (e.g., spray fixation), is used to hold them. Thus, the definition of the long-awaited standard procedure for an accurate differential count of BAL fluid must take into account fixation and staining methods.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed1999

Latest advances in nasal drug-delivery technology.

Nasal delivery devices are not only limited to local medical therapy. The nasal route is an alternative to invasive or oral drug administration. The penetration of bioactive molecules through the nasal mucosa has been shown to achieve good bioavailability, and nasal sprays offer patients greater convenience. This article reviews some of the latest devices for liquid and dry-powder formulations, including preservative-free systems, and the business benefits they offer.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1999

In vivo effect of a self-etching primer on dentin.

PURPOSE: To determine the ultrastructural aspects of the dentin collagen area in the cavity preparation floor produced in vivo after phosphoric acid acid-etching or after using Clearfil Liner Bond 2 self-etching primer (LB2 Primer). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four non-carious third molars scheduled for extraction from young adult patients (16-30 years old) were used. Conventional Class I cavities (+/- 2 mm deep) were prepared on the occlusal surfaces of all teeth using a cylindrical diamond bur on a high-speed handpiece with copious water spray. To avoid dehydration of the dentin, the smear layer-covered dentin was briefly air-dried for 2 seconds. Cavities were assigned at random to the following groups: Group A: Dentin etched for 15 seconds with 34% phosphoric acid, rinsed for 20 seconds and then briefly air-dried for 2 seconds with oil-free compressed air leaving the surfaces slightly moist. Group B: LB2 Primer was applied to the cavity surfaces for 30 seconds and then briefly air-dried to remove the solvent. Group C: The untreated dentin smear layer was used as a control. In all three groups, the cavities were filled incrementally with a resin-based composite (APX), light curing every increment for 40 seconds. After 30 minutes, the teeth were extracted atraumatically and the samples immediately prepared for evaluation with the transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: The use of a self-etching primer did not produce significant morphological changes in the moist dentin substrate. Adverse morphological conditions where observed when there was an excess water on the dentin surface. Phosphoric acid altered the collagen more severely than the self-etching primer.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2000

Hygiene aspects of modern poultry chilling.

An evaluation was made of six commercial poultry chilling systems in relation to factors affecting microbial-contamination of carcasses. These systems included water immersion chilling, air chilling and air chilling with evaporative cooling using water sprays. Samples of neck skin and body cavity were taken from carcasses, together with samples from the chilling environment. These were examined for total aerobic mesophilic microbes and counts of presumptive coliform bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. at specific points in the chilling process. Physical measurements included surface and deep-muscle temperatures of carcasses, water temperatures and chlorine concentrations in the immersion system and air speed and temperature during air chilling. The results obtained for water immersion chilling confirmed previous experience that the washing effect reduces microbial contamination of carcasses, although initially the numbers of pseudomonads tended to increase. The air chillers varied in design and mode of operation, but had little overall effect on microbial contamination of the skin. When a completely dry process was used, microbial numbers were reduced approximately ten-fold in the body cavity. However, the use of water sprays tended to increase contamination of the cavity, while relatively heavy spraying using non-chlorinated water, resulted in a substantial increase in the numbers of pseudomonads.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effect of short-term calcium hydroxide treatment on dentin bond strengths to composite resin.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) treatment on the bond strengths to dentin of a resin-based composite material. Two distinct dental adhesives, Prime & Bond (P&B) NT and Single Bond (SB) were used. One hundred and twenty-seven bovine incisors were mounted in acrylic, ground flat to expose middle dentin, polished to 600-grit, and randomly assigned to 10 groups: (i) 0 days, no Ca(OH)2, P&B NT; (ii) 7 days, no Ca(OH)2, P&B NT; (iii) 7 days, Ca(OH)2, P&B NT; (iv) 30 days, no Ca(OH)2, P&B NT; (v) 30 days, Ca(OH)2, P&B NT; (vi) 0 days, no Ca(OH)2, SB; (vii) 7 days, no Ca(OH)2, SB; (viii) 7 days, Ca(OH)2, SB; (ix) 30 days, no Ca(OH)2, SB; (x) 30 days, Ca(OH)2, SB. All specimens were stored in an incubator at 37 degrees C. Specimens were then retrieved and the dentin surface was rinsed with air/water spray from a triple syringe. Dentin was etched with 37% phosphoric acid (PA) for 15 s, rinsed, blot dried, and coated with adhesive according to manufacturer's instructions. The adhesive was light cured for 10 s, and Filtek Z250 was applied to the surface with a #5 gelatin capsule and light cured for 160 s. Shear bond strengths were measured for each specimen in an Instron unit at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm min(-1). The data were subjected to anova and Duncan post-hoc tests. Mean shear bond strengths for P&B NT ranged from 8.02 to 11.79 MPa. There was no significant difference between P&B NT groups treated with or without Ca(OH)2 at any time interval. Mean shear bond strengths for SB ranged from 14.70 to 19.54 MPa. No significant difference was found between SB groups treated with or without Ca(OH)2 at 7 days. At 30 days, SB with Ca(OH)2 was significantly higher than SB without Ca(OH)2. Short-term Ca(OH)2 treatment had no detrimental effect on dentin bond strengths to the ethanol or acetone-based adhesive resin systems tested.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate contamination of retail packed lunches caused by PVC gloves used in the preparation of foods.

Plasticizer contamination of foods sold in retail packed lunches and set lunches in restaurants was determined by GC/MS. The phthalate esters were as follows: diethyl, dipropyl, dibutyl, dipentyl, dihexyl, butylbenzyl, dicyclohexyl, di(2-ethylhexyl), dioctyl, diisooctyl (mixture of isomers) and diisononyl (mixture). Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate was also determined. Sixteen packed lunches and ten set lunches were analysed, and in all samples the concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the highest, at 0.80-11.8 mg/kg in packed lunches and 0.012-0.30 mg/kg in set lunches. The DEHP content of five packed lunches exceeded 1.85 mg, which is the EU tolerable daily intake (TDI) for a person of 50 kg body weight. Foodstuffs that were components of the packed lunches were taken from the factory at each step of preparation and phthalates were determined. For example, chicken contained 0.08 mg/kg DEHP when uncooked, 13.1 mg/kg after frying and 16.9 mg/kg after packing. Disposable PVC gloves used in the preparation of foods were apparently the source of high DEHP concentrations. The gloves used during cooking or packaging were sprayed with 68% (w/w) ethanol to sterilize them. PVC gloves from the factory contained 22 or 41% by weight of DEHP. To confirm the link with the contamination problem, samples of boiled rice, croquette and boiled dry radish were handled in the laboratory with PVC gloves containing 30% (w/w) DEHP. DEHP migration levels of 0.05 mg/kg in rice or 0.33 mg/kg in croquette, and 11.1 mg/kg in radish were found. The alcohol sprayed onto the gloves increased the migration of DEHP to 2.03 mg/kg in rice, 2.45 mg, kg in croquette, and 18.4 mg/kg in radish.

Diethylhexyl Phthalate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adult abundance, biting behavior and parity of Anopheles aquasalis, Curry 1932 in two malarious areas of Sucre State, Venezuela.

The principal vector of malaria in eastern Venezuela, Anopheles aquasalis, is exophagic and exophilic. Control using indoor insecticide house sprays has failed to lower the number of malaria cases. Therefore, studies were initiated in two villages of the eastern coastal state of Sucre to better understand this vector's biology and develop a more integrated control program. An. aquasalis was found to have a crepuscular biting behavior with a major peak at dusk and a minor peak at dawn. Mosquitos were collected more outdoors than indoors. Forty-seven percent of the biting took place before people went to bed (22:30 hr) and 69% of the mosquitos biting during this time period bite outdoors. Outdoor biting could be the reason why indoor spraying alone did not lower malaria cases. Seasonal abundance was greater in the rainy season compared to the dry season. Seasonal parous rates were high (78.3%-100%) and similar indoors and outdoors and between dry and wet season in Santa Fé. In Guayana, the seasonal parity was lower (34.6%-42.2%) than Santa Fé with indoor parity slightly higher than outdoors. Malaria cases were higher in Santa Fé, but adult mosquito density was much lower than in Guayana. This difference could have been due to higher parity in Santa Fé compared to Guayana. The greater distance to the nearest breeding site and presence of alternative hosts in Guayana can not be discounted as factors which contributed to the difference in malaria transmission between locations. We concluded that knowledge on seasonal occurrence, biting activity, resting behavior and breeding site location can be used to design a new control strategy for this vector.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Vectors and malaria transmission in a gem mining area in Sri Lanka.

Anopheline vectors of malaria were studied in the Kaluganga gem mining area in the dry zone of central Sri Lanka. Adult mosquitoes were collected using cattle-baited huts and nets, pyrethrum spray sheets, window exit traps and light traps and partial and full-night human landing collections over a period of 17 mo. The collections produced a total of 13,591 anophelines belonging to 14 species. Using ELISA for circumsporozoite proteins of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum, Anopheles culicifacies, An. subpictus and An. varuna were incriminated as malaria vectors. For these species, estimated entomological inoculation rates were 5.9, 5.7, and 6.7 infective bites per person per year, respectively. An. culicifacies and An. subpictus show endophagic behavior, while An. varuna were exophagic. Mosquito larval surveys indicated that the gem pits, when filled with water, contributed 60% of the larvae of the three vector species. Parasitological data were collected by two mobile malaria clinics and by hospitals. The incidence rates of fever per 1,000 person-years with P. vivax and P. falciparum were 122.8 and 26.1 respectively, with a significantly higher rate in males over 15 years of age than in females of that age. Changes in the environment due to gem mining may have caused the emergence of An. subpictus and An. varuna as significant malaria vectors. The conventional view of An. culicifacies being the main vector of malaria in Sri Lanka needs to be reconsidered when planning the vector control programs in this study area. Due to migration of malaria patients, there is a likelihood the disease could be spread to other parts of the island. Therefore, action should be taken to eliminate these pits as breeding sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Temporal and spatial distribution of anopheline mosquitos in an Ethiopian village: implications for malaria control strategies.

The spatial and temporal distribution of Anopheles gambiae mosquitos in houses in the village of Sille in Ethiopia was monitored in 1990-91. Monthly mosquito densities in over 300 houses were obtained, and the data for each month were plotted on maps, which indicated clustering of mosquitos within the village. Spatial analysis using "kriging" techniques demonstrated clustering towards the edges of the village, the pattern of which changed with time. For example, the low density of mosquitos in one area in September increased as the nearby irrigation canals dried up during the following months. Since most entomological activity occurred at the periphery of the village, focal spraying of these areas could be a cost-effective procedure. If such clustering occurs in other villages, selective control of breeding sites and indoor spraying could provide a more efficient use of limited resources than traditional total coverage.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Desmopressin in nocturnal enuresis.

The effect of intranasal desmopressin on primary nocturnal enuresis was investigated in a study divided into 2 parts in which the first part was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of 52 Finnish school children 5 to 13 years old. A variety of approaches had previously been attempted in most children, including water deprivation, night awakenings, enuresis alarm and imipramine, without success. The patients were randomized to 4 periods of 3 weeks each: 2 periods on placebo and 2 periods on 20 micrograms. desmopressin spray. The entire 12-week treatment period was preceded and followed by control periods (without treatment). The number of dry nights, measured as calculated averages per week, increased significantly (p less than 0.01) from 0.6 dry nights during pre-treatment to 4.3 and 4.6 dry nights per week during the 2 desmopressin treatment periods, respectively. The placebo responses were 2.1 and 2.4 dry nights per week, respectively. The second part of the study was an open dose-finding and drug safety study of a further 3 months in duration. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of 20, 30 and 40 micrograms. doses. All 47 patients who relapsed during the post-treatment period in part 1 were included. During this period 53% of the patients responded fully, 19% were intermediate responders and 28% did not respond. As reported in other studies most patients suffered relapse after treatment. During continued treatment for 3 months at doses between 20 and 40 micrograms. desmopressin was well tolerated, had no effect on body weight or blood pressure and did not cause any adverse reactions.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2000

Assay of zofenopril and its active metabolite zofenoprilat by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.

Zofenopril is a pro-drug designed to undergo metabolic hydrolysis yielding the active free sulfhydryl compound zofenoprilat, which is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, endowed also with a marked cardioprotective activity. A simple, highly sensitive specific LC-MS-MS method was developed for the determination of zofenopril and zofenoprilat in human plasma. In order to prevent oxidative degradation of zofenoprilat and its internal standard, their free sulfhydryl groups were protected by treatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), which produced the succinimide derivatives. The compounds and their corresponding fluorine derivatives, used as internal standards, were extracted from plasma with toluene. The reconstituted dried extracts were chromatographed and then monitored by a triple-stage-quadrupole instrument operating in the negative ion spray ionization mode. The method was validated over the concentration range of 1-300 ng/ml for zofenopril and 2-600 ng/ml for zofenoprilat. Inter- and intra-assay precision and accuracy of both zofenopril and zofenoprilat were better than 10%. The limit of quantitation was 1 ng/ml with zofenopril and 2 ng/ml with zofenoprilat. Extraction recovery proved to be on average 84.8% with zofenopril and 70.1% with zofenoprilat. Similar recoveries were shown by the above two internal standards. The method was applied to measure plasma concentrations of zofenopril and zofenoprilat in 18 healthy volunteers treated orally with zofenopril calcium salt at the dose of 60 mg.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1991

Lipid content and water permeability of skin and oral mucosa.

It has been claimed that total lipid content may be the critical factor determining the water permeability of skin. The present study examined this relationship in various oral epithelia and epidermis. Epithelia was heat separated from specimens of porcine skin, gingiva, buccal mucosa, palate, and floor of mouth. Lipids were solvent extracted and separated by thin layer chromatography with appropriate standards. The plates were sprayed with sulfuric acid and charred, and the concentration of lipids was determined by densitometry as mg lipid/gm tissue dry weight. Permeability constants were determined for each tissue by using tritiated water in perfusion chambers. When these values were compared over all regions, total lipid did not appear to be related to the permeability of these tissues. However, in the keratinized regions (epidermis, gingiva, and palate) a lower water permeability was related to a greater content of total lipid, nonpolar lipid, ceramide, and glucosylceramide. In non-keratinized tissues, a lower permeability corresponded to increased amounts of an unidentified glycosylceramide. The role of lipid in the permeability barrier of these tissues was further demonstrated by extracting specimens of skin and oral mucosa with chloroform/methanol and then determining Kp values; in both tissue regions, there was a significant increase in water permeability. Thus, although lipid is a component of the water permeability barrier in both skin and oral mucosa, different lipid components subserve this function in keratinized and non-keratinized tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of chlormequat and alar on some biochemical constituents in tomato plants and fruits.

The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of various levels of chlormequat (CCC) and alar on the biochemical changes in tomato plants and fruits at different stages of growth. This experiment included spraying with chlormequat and alar separately in two equal doses (250, 500 and 1000 ppm CCC or alar 25 and 40 days after transplanting). The different levels of chlormequat decreased the accumulation of dry matter in tomato plants, but alar increased it. Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids content of tomato plants increased by the application of CCC or alar. The highest increase of concentration of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids in tomato plants were found by spraying with 500 ppm alar or CCC. The application of CCC and alar declined the percentage of carbohydrates and the highest decrease resulted by adding of 1000 ppm alar or CCC. Alar caused an increase in the percentage of total nitrogen at the different stages of growth. The concentration of P, K, Ca and Mg increased by the foliar spray of all treatments. Alar application at all used levels significantly increased the yield and also the weight of fruits. Highest plant productivity was obtained by using alar and CCC at 250 ppm, followed by 500 ppm. However, the highest concentration (1000 ppm) depressed the plant productivity. The concentration of juice, total soluble solids and vitamin C in tomato fruits increased at most of the levels added. But the percentage of total sugars and total acidity seemed to exert another trend. The highest concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits was obtained by foliar application of 500 ppm CCC or alar.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of air/water rinse versus water only and of five rinse times on resin-to-etched-enamel shear bond strength.

This study compared the shear bond strength of composite resin bonded to etched, flattened enamel that had been rinsed for 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 or 20 seconds with either a water stream or an air/water spray. One hundred seventy-six molars were separated into mandibular and maxillary groups, then divided equally into 11 groups of 16 teeth each. The facial enamel surfaces were ground flat and etched for 20 seconds with 37% phosphoric acid gel. In one group, the etching gel was dried but not rinsed. In five groups the gel was rinsed with a direct stream of water at 22 psi. In the remaining five groups the gel was rinsed with an air/water spray (air at 53 psi, water at 22 psi). One tooth from each group was removed for scanning electron microscopy evaluation, leaving 15 specimens in each group for shear bond testing. Teflon tape with a 3 mm in diameter window was placed over each etched area, a light-curing liquid resin was applied and polymerized for 10 seconds, and a cylinder of light-curing composite resin was polymerized over the window. Specimens were thermocycled from 5 to 50 degrees C for 500 cycles (30-second dwell time). After 30 days' hydration at room temperature, the teeth were mounted and the composite resin cylinders were loaded in shear to failure with an Instron machine at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min. Mean load to failure was calculated for each group. Specimens that were not rinsed had significantly (P < 0.001) less bond strength (mean 0.53 MPa) than any of the rinsed specimens (mean 18.7 MPa).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acid Etching, Dental↗