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PubMed1984

In vitro effect of some antibiotics on phagocytic index of human neutrophils.

The effect of the following antibiotics, in serum concentration equivalent to that of the usual therapeutic level, on the in vitro phagocytosis of killed Candida albicans by normal human neutrophils was studied: gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, aztreonam, cephradine, cefamandole, ticarcillin, spectinomycin, amoxycillin, clavulanic acid and Augmentin. Each antibiotic was tested 10 times. Results showed slight inhibition of phagocytosis by all antibiotics except amoxycillin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Recent developments in gonorrhea and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Gonorrhea remains the most commonly reported sexually transmitted infection, with a total of 2-2.5 million cases occurring annually in the United States. The annual incidence of gonococcal and nongonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is 600,000-1,000,000 cases, 10-15% of which result in infertility due to bilateral tubal occulusion. PID results from ascending infection with sexually transmitted pathogens or components of the normal vaginal flora, or both. Uncomplicated gonorrhea usually is best treated with a single dose of ampicillin or procaine penicillin G (given with probenecid) or spectinomycin, in each case followed by a 7 day course of tetracycline or doxycycline to eradicate coexisting chlamydial infection. PID, both gonococcal and non-gonococcal, ideally should be treated in the hospital with parenteral antibiotics. Regimens utilizing various combinations of doxycycline, cefoxitin, clindamycin, aminoglyocosides, or metronidazole are recommended. The sexual partners of patients with gonorrhea or with PID (non-gonococcal as well as gonococcal) should be routinely examined and treated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Introductory address: resistance to antimicrobial agents. What next for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

The development of gonococcal resistance to antimicrobial agents, attributable to either chromosomal mutation or to the acquisition of plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance, has been a significant trend of the past several decades. Decreased susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to therapeutically effective antibiotics, such as spectinomycin and some cephalosporins, has also been reported. Thus, the monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility is critical to determine whether particular treatment regimens will be effective in a given geographic area. The association between auxotype and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents has often been overlooked as a rationale for changes in susceptibility patterns. For example, the dramatic increase in the prevalence of the Pro-,Cit-,Ura- auxotype in Canada since 1973 has been associated with an increase in penicillin-resistant isolates. The association between auxotype and plasmid carriage may also indirectly play a role in resistance of N. gonorrhoeae to antibiotics. Finally, the possibility that new plasmid-determined resistances may be acquired by N. gonorrhoeae from species of Haemophilus is reviewed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from Louisiana dogs.

Disk diffusion susceptibility tests were done on 1,178 clinical strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) isolated from dogs during a 7-year period. Relative decreases of 7% to 33% were found in the percentages of CPS sensitive to 8 antimicrobics. Relative percentages of CPS sensitive to 9 other antimicrobics were increased or decreased less than 5%. Sensitivity to the beta-lactam antibiotics showed the least relative change. Regression analysis demonstrated that the greatest change in percentage sensitivity of CPS occurred to gentamicin and cephalothin and the least change occurred to penicillin and ampicillin. Recent canine clinical isolates of CPS, specifically identified as Staphylococcus intermedius (n = 109), were uniformly sensitive to novobiocin, amikacin, tobramycin, spectinomycin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Twenty-two isolates were also sensitive to 17 other antimicrobics. Eighty-seven isolates were resistant to 1 or more antimicrobics tested. Resistance was most common to sulfonamides, penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin. Differences in susceptibility results between S intermedius and unspecified CPS were not statistically significant.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical cases of infectious coryza and the properties of isolated Haemophilus strains].

Studied were a total of sixteen cases with the clinical picture of coryza. Leading role in eleven of them had Haemophilus, in one the signs of chronical cholera and pox were seen, and in three there was a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. All cases were serologically positive for CRD. By their needs of nutrient growth factors the isolated Haemophilus strains belonged to H. paragallinarum, and they proved pathogenic for 8-week-old birds and poults that were about to lay their first eggs, killing 4-7-day-old chick embryos up to the 48 h hour. Tests for resistance to therapeutic means with the use of the disk-diffusion method revealed sensitivity to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, furazolidon, imekil, cosumix, trimetoprim, and sulfadoxin. Good and very good therapeutic and prophylactic effects were produced with the use of sulfotin, cosumix, linkospectin, and trimedin coupled with aerosol disinfection with rivanol, the birds being present on the premise. It is stated that with regard to differential diagnosis coryza caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum should not be confused with fowl cholera, pox, CRD, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection which may run their course in a mixed infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

In vitro antibacterial activity of thiamphenicol.

This in vitro study of thiamphenicol activity against 247 strains of Gram-positive and 195 strains of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria showed no significant changes from past activity. Of the 442 strains involved, thiamphenicol proved: - Effective (MIC = less than or equal to 0.5-4 micrograms/ml) against 131 strains, mostly streptococci, pneumococci and enterococci. - Moderately effective (MIC = 8-64 micrograms/ml) against 252 strains, mostly staphylococci, Salmonella, Citrobacter, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter, E. coli and Proteus. - Ineffective (MIC = 64 micrograms/ml) against 59 strains, mostly Proteus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Against 23 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, thiamphenicol generally proved as effective as penicillin G and cefuroxime and more effective than spectinomycin.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1980

[In vitro activity of rosoxacin (Win 35 213) against Neisseria gonorrhoeae (author's transl)].

1-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-pyridyl)-3-quinoline carbonic acid (rosoxacin, Win 35 213) is a new broad-spectrum pyridyl quinoline derivative. Its activity in vitro against 247 beta-lactamase-negative and 9 beta-lactamase-positive strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was compared with those of penicillin, ampicillin, cefaclor, spectinomycin and tetracycline, using the microtiter-dilution technique. Rosoxacin proved to be approximately equal in activity to penicillin against penicillin-sensitive isolates of N. gonorrhoeae. Against beta-lactamase-producing isolates rosoxacin was the most active compound tested: all strains were inhibited by 0.06 mg/l.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Present sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Paris area. Results of a comparative therapeutic trial].

From September 1978 to September 1979, the Authors determined the M. I. C. of 16 antibiotics against 420 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains collected in Paris area, with standard gel dilution technic. These strains remain susceptible to the greatest proportion of antibiotics tested, except streptomycin. It has been noted, however, that sensibility of a certain percentage of strains, has decreased for penicillins, cyclins, macrolides. Some strains producing beta-lactamase has been identified. Authors compared results given by the gel dilution method to those given by the diffusion or so-called "disc" method. This shows no correlation between radius of inhibition and M. I. G., with no reliable criteria to estimate the area of inhibition. Also, four protocols for therapy were followed: spectinomycin, ampicillin-probenocid, thiamphenicol, minocyclin. The patients were surveyed by physical examination and bacteriological tests. No statistically significant differences could be noted between these four protocols. However, considering the size of the samples, it is not possible to conclude. The authors reassess the necessity to survey the drug-sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains, in each geographical area, following an internationally agreed method. They also conclude to the necessity to compare in vitro sensitivity tests with therapeutic schemes suggested by usual sensitivity to main antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by disk-agar diffusion.

Using two different culture media we have determined, by the agar dilution method, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of five antibiotics against eighty strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and compared the results with those obtained with the disk-agar diffusion technique. With one medium, under defined conditions of inoculum, we found a close statistical correlation for penicillin G, cefotaxime, tetracycline and thiamphenicol with linear regression coefficients (r) ranging from --0.9457 to -0.7400 but not for spectinomycin (r = -0.2503). The technique described also allows easy detection of beta-lactamase-producing strains of gonococci.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Survey of "Neisseria gonorrhoeae" sensitivity to antibiotics by dilution and diffusion methods using a new medium (author's transl)].

Usual media are not convenient for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). An agar medium without haemoglobin and seric proteins (ABNG) is proposed. Using the dilution method with less fastidious bacteria, including Neisseria sp., MIC were identical on Mueller-Hinton agar and ABNG. By using diffusion techniques, the correlation was good between MIC and zone diameters; the density of inoculum for gonococci was 2 x 10(6) CFU/ml. Dilution and diffusion techniques were used for penicillin, ampicillin, thiamphenicol, tetracycline and spectinomycin. It appears that the diffusion technique with ABNG medium would simplify the antibiotic sensitivity survey for N. gonorrhoeae, dilution technique remaining the reference method.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada.

The incidence of infection with penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) reported to the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control in Ottawa has steadily increased since the first Canadian isolation of such a strain in 1976. As of September 1980 a total of 66 PPNG isolates had been referred for biological and genetic characterization as well as for central documentation of the epidemiologic aspects of each case. Over 90% of the infections were firmly traced to patients or contacts who had acquired the infection abroad; this indicates that Canada does not, as yet, have an epidemic focus of PPNG infection. This report includes a synopsis of the biological characteristics of these isolates and an analysis of the results of primary antibiotic treatment that illustrates the importance of considering spectinomycin as the antibiotic of choice for PPNG infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pharyngeal gonorrhea.

Cultures of genital sites and pharynx were obtained from 903 prostitutes and 102 active-duty men at Clark AFB, Republic of the Philippines, during the first quarter of 1981. Slightly more than 2.2% positive pharyngeal cultures in the women and 6% in the men were noted. Both penicillin-sensitive and penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) were recovered. Treatment and follow-up of the pharyngeal infections were available only for the men seen at the Clark Public Health Clinic. These men responded to penicillin G procaine for penicillin-sensitive N gonorrhoeae and to spectinomycin hydrochloride for PPNG. A retrospective review of cases of male gonococcal urethritis seen in 1980 in the Clark Public Health Clinic revealed 46 cases of probable oral-to-genital transfer of N gonorrhoeae among more than 2,600 cases of gonococcal urethritis. Of these 46, fifteen were PPNG. The importance of the pharynx as a source of infection is thus substantiated.

Female↗
PubMed1982

[Beta-lactamase producing gonococci in the Zurich region. Epidemiology and sensitivity to various antibiotics].

In a period of 15 months 601 patients (440 males, 161 females) with uncomplicated genital gonorrhea were examined bacteriologically and clinically. Diagnosis was by microscopy and culture. The sensitivity of the gonococci strains to antibiotics was tested by agar disc and the agar plate dilution culture media. 10 cases of penicillinase producing gonococci strains were found among the 601 isolates. The presence of beta-lactamase activity in all strains was confirmed by the chromogenic cephalosporin test. PPNG strains proved to be highly resistant to penicillin. These strains (PPNG) have been imported from South East Asia and West Africa. Among the isolates, only 2 cases of the South East Asian strains displayed the common tetracycline resistance. All PPNG strains were sensitive to spectinomycin and cefuroxine.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Antimicrobial susceptibility of gonococci isolated in the Central African Republic.

Using agar dilution techniques, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 11 antimicrobials for 70 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae obtained in Bangui, Central African Republic. These gonococci were found to be fairly susceptible to commonly used antibiotics: only 3 isolates (4%) had a penicillin MIC >/= 1.0 mug/ml and 6 (9%) had a tetracycline MIC >/= 2.0 mug/ml. With regard to other antibiotics, 54 isolates (77%) had an erythromycin MIC >/= 0.25 mug/ml, all had a spectinomycin MIC </= 16 mug/ml, and 32 (46%) had a sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim MIC >/= 9.5/0.5 mug/ml. None of these isolates produced penicillinase.This study has helped to provide a rational basis for establishing national gonorrhoea treatment recommendations in the Central African Republic.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

[Differential diagnosis and therapy of male urethritis].

The infectious male urethritis is characterized by the urethral discharge, which is clear or purulent due to the number of leucocytes. Infection occurs mostly in sexual intercourse. Neisseria gonorrhoeae today causes only about 20-30% of the infections. Gramnegative bacteria are demonstrable by microscopic examination of the urethral discharge, otherwise by cultivation. Ureaplasma and chlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular growing bacterium, are the most frequent agents in infectious urethritis. They are often found together, the cultivation requires special laboratory conditions. They are common saprophytis bacteria within the urethra (u. urealyticum in up to 50%), their number of colony forming units of urethritis, like yeasts, viruses, trichomonas are rare. The treatment of gonorrhoic urethritis is done by penicillin or spectinomycin. Infections by u. urealyticum and c. trachomatis are treated with tetracyclin. Although spontaneous healing is not uncommon, therapy should be performed with respect to the high risk of following prostatitis and epididymitis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

[Sexually transmitted diseases in a crew of a destroyer on a voyage to Far East (author's transl)].

21 cases of gonorrhea, some with very long incubation periods, were treated either with 3 x 4 Mega Clemizol-Penicillin G (13 cases) or with 2 x 2 gr. Spectinomycin (8 cases). Thereby a complete cure was achieved in 14 cases (66, 6%), whereas in 2 cases after treatment with Penicillin no complete cure could be accomplished. A non-gonorrhean urethritis (NGU) occurred in the case of 5 patients (24%). Treatment by Doxycyclin was successful but in one case 10 days of treatment proved to be too short so it was necessary to extend the period to 14 days for reasons of safety. The same applies to treatment of nongonorrhean urethritis. In the therapy of granuloma venereum Cotrimoxazol proved to be even more effective than tetracycline. However, it has to be taken into consideration that the disease had been yet in a process of healing.

Gonorrhea↗
PubMed1980

[Mapping of mutations in genes of Flexner shigellae controlling the synthesis of certain ribosomal proteins and study of the effect of these mutations on bacterial virulence].

The study, carried out to localize the mutations which determine resistance to spectinomycin and neamin, has revealed that in Sh. Flexneri the genes of the str -- s area and located in the order similar to the order of their location in E. coli K12: spc A -- nea A -- str A -- nea B. Mutation in spc A gene was shown to have no influence on the capacity of the shigellae for causing keratoconjunctivitis, whereas nea A mutation resulted in the complete loss of virulence; in str A and nea B mutations the complete or partial loss of pathogenic properties was also observed.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1982

Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs with diarrhea.

Antimicrobial sensitivities were determined for 1,037 Escherichia coli isolates cultured from the intestines of pigs with diarrhea. In vitro resistance by at least 1 isolate of E coli was demonstrated to each antimicrobial tested. Isolates from suckling pigs were more often resistant to chloramphenicol than were those from weaned pigs. Significantly more E coli from weaned pigs were resistant to kanamycin and neomycin than were those from suckling pigs. Escherichia coli that were the primary cause of diarrhea (colibacillosis isolates) were significantly more resistant to kanamycin, neomycin, and spectinomycin than were noncolibacillosis isolates. The opposite was true for ampicillin.

Animals↗