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PubMed2004

Infection control issues related to pediatric dentistry.

Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CGuidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings--2003 addresses general infection control issues, dental practitioners face many unique situations when treating pediatric patients. Children and adolescents have varying levels of physical, intellectual, emotional, and social development. Dental practitioners are regularly challenged to meet the psychological needs of their young patients while maintaining appropriate infection control practices. This article deals with several of the common clinical issues faced by dental practitioners who treat pediatric dental patients.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed2004

[Mastopexy with minimal scar].

The image of the breast as a symbol of femininity plays an essential role in the way a woman looks at herself and contributes to her personal and social development. Fashion nowadays uncovers rather than covers a woman's body, and long scars resulting from mammaplasty are less accepted now than they were in the past, more so because the scar quality is unforeseeable. The main concern of mastopexy is to limit the scars, creating a nice breast shape. Ideally scarring is confined to the periareolar circle.

Cicatrix↗
PubMed2005

Marital disruption: determinants and consequences on the lives of women in a rural area of Bangladesh.

This study, carried out during the second half of 1995, investigated the predisposing factors leading to marital disruption and its consequences on the lives of women in Matlab, a rural area of Bangladesh. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Data were generated from detailed case studies and quantitative surveys of a small number of maritally-disrupted women. Additional data were used from the ongoing demographic surveillance system of ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research. The findings revealed that divorced and abandoned women and their children were extremely vulnerable, both socially and economically. Various factors that influence marital disruption were identified, the most important ones being: aspects determining the process of marriage, various family problems due to non-fulfillment of demand for dowry, mutual distrust, extramarital relationships, quality of sexual life, education of women, and other behavioural characteristics of individuals. Level of education of the wife showed an inverse relationship with the risk of divorce. Women who did not have livebirths from their first pregnancy had a higher risk of divorce. The effect of pregnancy outcome was dependent on the level of education of women. Illiterate women with unsuccessful pregnancy outcomes were at the highest risk of being divorced, with the lowest risk for women with some education and a livebirth. The findings clearly indicate the need for broad-based social development programmes for women, especially to enhance their education to reduce their vulnerability to marital instability and its consequences.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Research methods in dentistry 10. Assessment of orthodontic treatment need].

Approximately one third of the Dutch population has an objective need for orthodontic treatment. Yet, patients mostly seek treatment because of aesthetic reasons. Recent social developments and the increased attention for aesthetics ask for ways to objectively measure treatment need. This is not only important because of the risks of orthodontic treatment, but also because of financial reasons. In this article indices to verify treatment need, i.e. the Index for Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), de Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) en de Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON), are discussed. All three indices seem to lead to a reduction of treatment need, especially in borderline cases. They can serve as 'neutral' instruments to discuss treatment need with patients and as instruments to allocate financial resources for orthodontic care.

Dental Health Surveys↗
PubMed2005

[Research progress on environmental carrying capacity].

To study the theories and quantification methods of environmental carrying capacity is of significance in reality for directing human beings economic behaviors and harmonizing the relationships between social development and environment. In this paper, the definition of environmental carrying capacity was introduced from the aspects of "capacity", "threshold" and "capability", with the main characteristics of objective and subjective, regional and temporal, and dynamic and adjustable, and its research progress was reviewed. On the basis of these, the quantification methods of environmental carrying capacity, including exponential assessment, carrying rate assessment, system dynamics, and multi-objective optimization, were analyzed, and the research perspectives of environmental carrying capacity were discussed.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2005

[Is there a Norwegian medical identity?].

Norwegian medicine is interwoven with the country's history, social structure, and its organization of health services. Health services in Norway are based on an ideology of equality and solidarity in which decentralization and strong primary care are crucial elements. The aim is treatment at the lowest effective level of care, irrespective of patients' financial or social status. Health services have high political priority and people expect a great deal of them. The medical profession in Norway has a double loyalty: to the individual patient and to society at large. The gate keeper-role, which has been most prominent among general practitioners, reflects economic responsibility as well as some hesitation in the use of extensive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Norwegian medicine has never been particularly eager on interventions. This could be explained both by strong governmental control and a traditional Norwegian moderation. The medical profession is less homogenous than before, but still has a strong community of communication. The concept of health among Norwegians is pragmatic and holistic. The relationship between health and nature is strong and in line with people's conception of nature in general. Social developments such as individualization, internationalization and economic ways of thinking together with increasing specialization and market adjustment in the health services make for rapid changes in Norwegian medicine. It is more and more difficult to define national features, but those existing are well worth defending.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

[Assessment of nutritional education and iron supplement impact on prevention of pregnancy anemia].

INTRODUCTION: Iron and folic acid deficiencies are the major causes of health problems among pregnant women and children, with a significant negative impact on economic and social development. OBJECTIVE: From April 2002 to April 2003 at the Gilberto Mejía Mejía Hospital (Rionegro, Antioquia), the prenatal program was assessed for its impact on a cohort of pregnant women concerning knowledge of the following nutritional parameters: iron and folic acid functions, their source foods and bioavailability, supplement intake and tolerance, and globular indexes. METHODS: A sample of 42 pregnant women was subjected to a nutritional education program along with the administration of a supplement consisting of 60 mg elemental iron, 400 microg folic acid, and 70 mg vitamin C. This formulation was prepared specifically for the study by Laboratorio Profesional Farmacéutico, LAPROFF. The effect of the educational program was measured by knowledge changes about how patient behaviours affect nutrient bioavailability via source foods intake, as well as recognition of the tolerance limits of supplements and potential effect of non-adherance. The physiological status of each patient was measured by three hematologic variables--hemoglobin, hematocrit, and ferritin. RESULTS: A positive understanding of how to improve nutritional practices was observed. With the supplements, 94.4% of women did not show anaemia at the end of pregnancy. These results agree with those in other, similar populations and indicate that implementation of prenatal control programs by educational and supplement administration is worthwhile.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Measures for counteracting of biological terrorism in the Russian Federation].

The article deals with topicality of the problem of ensuring biological safety in Russia. The necessity of a unified state policy aimed at the realization of the concept of biological safety is grounded. In particular, the expediency of the state support of research programs is emphasized. The organizational and practical measures, carried out by the Ministry of Health and Social Development in this field, are analyzed. The list of prospective measures for the organization of effective state regulation in the field of ensuring the biological safety of the country is given.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Pollution-ecological problems of old industrial and mining areas and future research prospects].

Environmental pollution and its solicitation in ecological problems of old industrial and mining areas have become a worldwide technological puzzle restricting sustainable economic and social development. But, the definition and category of old industrial and mining areas is still disputed as an important concept. In this paper, the concept of old industrial and mining area was discussed in theory, and, proceeded with analyzing the complexity of current situation and environmental pollution problems of old industrial and mining areas in China, more keystone attention was paid to the secondary pollution problems from old industrial and mining areas as an important frontier of science. On the basis of expounding the complexity and characters of environmental pollution in old industrial and mining areas, it was suggested that as two key scientific problems in environmental sciences and ecology, the formation mechanisms and control technology of secondary pollution in old industrial and mining areas and the responses of new-type diseases to environmental pollution based on molecular ecotoxicology should be systematically studied on the national scale, and be an important component of environmental protection strategy in China in the future.

China↗
PubMed2005

Developmental delay--identification and management.

BACKGROUND: Developmental delay occurs in up to 5% of children under 5 years of age. This includes delays in speech and language development, motor development, social-emotional development, and cognitive development. General practitioners are in an ideal position to play a central role in the early detection of developmental and behavioural problems in young children. OBJECTIVE: This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various methods health professionals use to assess children's development. It recommends ongoing developmental surveillance (rather than point-in-time assessment) and a multidisciplinary approach. DISCUSSION: In a busy general practice, obtaining parent reports of development is a good "first line screen", and an efficient and effective way of selecting out children who require a more detailed assessment and/or referral. Early intervention is essential for optimising developmental progress in the delayed child.

Child Development↗
PubMed2005

Medical education and training: responding to community needs.

At its inception in 1987, the Aga Khan University introduced the idea of community-based medical education in Pakistan, at a time when this model was being introduced and adapted internationally. Human resource development has been a major objective in the Department of Community Health Sciences (CHS). CHS has contributed to developing a medical curriculum that addresses the health needs of the community at large. This paper narrates the department's experience in working directly with under-served communities, leading to the development of specialized courses and degree programs. CHS emphasizes operational research and development of managerial skills among front-line public health professionals, in both the public and private sectors. Training is provided by people from diverse backgrounds, such as public health, community development, social sciences, law, epidemiology, economy, biostatistics, demography, theater, and film. The lessons we have learned show that the mode of training depends on the overall objectives of the program, the clients and the setting. However, in the spirit of the participatory approach, the recipients of the training must be involved during all stages so as to ensure the sustainability of the training program. Training must focus on the communities at the grass roots level or community based organizations, where the communities identify their own capacity and needs. Wide dissemination of training materials, courses and manuals is also useful to replicate successful experience.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2005

Transforming Better Babies into Fitter Families: archival resources and the history of American eugenics movement, 1908-1930.

In the early 1920s, determinist conceptions of biology helped to transform Better Babies contest into Fitter Families competitions with a strong commitment to controlled human breeding. While the earlier competitions were concerned for physical and mental standards, the latter contests collected data on a broad range of presumed hereditary characters. The complex behaviors thought to be determined by one's heredity included being generous, jealous, and cruel. In today's context, the popular media often interpret advances in molecular genetics in a similarly reductive and determinist fashion. This paper argues that such a narrow interpretation of contemporary biology unnecessarily constrains the public in developing social policies concerning complex social behavior ranging from crime to intelligence.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Seroepidemiology of cysticercosis in Mexico].

The seroprevalence of cysticercosis indicate that there is a high risk of contact with Taenia solium in Mexico, including both genders and all regions, socioeconomic group, and ages. There are some statistically significant differences in risk of contact, affecting principally the center and southeast of the country, rural areas, handicapped persons, children, old people and women. However, these differences are small. This study emphasizes the fact that the risks of infection by Taenia solium are important in all groups, and therefore, the programs for the control of this disease should be focused at the entire population and emphasize strategies for social development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Gender in linear and nonlinear history.

In response to Helen Gediman's notion of premodern, modern, and postmodern eras in the study of gender, an argument is made for a non-linear approach to this history and for situating it in the context of other historical developments-social, personal, intellectual, and institutional. Differences among modern and postmodern positions in the matter of the role of the body and of social construction are discussed. The impact of transgender and intersex communities and voices on psychoanalytic thinking is examined, as are the elements of intergenerational transmission of trauma on gender experience both conscious and unconscious.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Parental smoking and education as determinants of overweight in Israeli children.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for many chronic diseases. Pediatric overweight is an especially severe problem because its childhood onset increases the overall length of exposure to the detrimental effects of overweight, accelerates the onset of chronic disease, and affects children's physical, psychological, and social development. Several parental traits have been shown to be associated with an increased risk for childhood overweight. In our study, we quantified the mutual effects of parental education and smoking on the risk of filial overweight in a large population-based sample of Israeli schoolchildren, adjusting for the effects of age, sex, and immigration status. METHODS: Data were collected in 1997 and 2000 from 8623 Israeli schoolchildren aged 8 to 13 years in two cross-sectional samples. Overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) of greater than the 85th percentile for age and sex, and severe overweight was defined as BMI greater than the 95th percentile for age and sex. RESULTS: Mean BMI was positively associated with number of parental smokers for a child. Parental smoking was an independent risk factor for both overweight and severe overweight, with a dose-response relationship between the number of parental smokers and the risk of filial overweight. Children whose parents did not attend college were at increased risk for overweight (odds ratio [OR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.42) and severe overweight (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.09-2.05) compared with children whose parents both attended college. Children with one college-educated parent were at increased risk for severe overweight (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.004-1.71) compared with children whose parents both attended college. CONCLUSION: Parental education and smoking are independent risk factors for filial overweight. Children of less-educated, smoking parents should be targeted for overweight prevention and intervention efforts. These findings should also be included as key messages in adult smoking prevention and cessation campaigns. Parents who smoke should be warned that not only is their own health at stake, but their children are also at increased risk for overweight and its associated diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Malaria: deploying a candidate vaccine (RTS,S/AS02A) for an old scourge of humankind.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the protist Plasmodium spp. and it currently kills more than one million people annually. The burden of malaria is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. The parasite's resistance to commonly used anti-malarial drugs has worsened the situation in the poorest countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 100 countries suffer from endemic malaria episodes. In addition to numerous control measures and treatments, several vaccines are at different research stages and trials. We have assayed RTS,S/AS02A, a pre-erythrocytic candidate vaccine that has shown promising protection levels in phase IIb trials in Mozambique. The vaccine is directed against the sporozoite form of the parasite, which is injected by the mosquito Anopheles spp. The vaccine induces a strong antibody response and stimulates Th1 cells-a subset of helper T cells that participates in cell-mediated immunity. Recent interest by international funding agencies has provided new inputs into initiatives and programs to fight malaria, which, under normal welfare and adequate social development conditions, is a curable disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Mozart's music in the prenatal period].

Diverse studies demonstrate that the future baby reacts to the sounds and the light in uterus four months before being born, that is to say, he is able to recognize stimulus which was exposed habitually, like the beats of the mothers heart and the voice of the same one when talk him before being born, likewise the music he used to heard during pregnancy. The babies who through their mother listened to music of Mozart in uterus and return it to listen in the delivery room of when they are born feel greater tranquility and less aggressiveness. Mozart was a genius and the most beautiful from it is the so important impact in the cognitive development, social and affective of those who are exposed to the wonderful sounds and rythm of music from the maternal belly. The previous thing is based on experiments scientifically controlled that revalue the communication between the mother and the future baby as well as the importance of this link.

Female↗
PubMed1989

[Struggling against poverty or its effects ? Early intervention programs.].

This article looks at poverty from the point of view that it does not necessarily correspond to the widespread image of chronic despair and resignation, acquired and transmitted from one generation to the next. The author argues such an image is produced by the fact that social and mental health services deal mainly with families at grips with multiple, long-standing problems. However, for most of these poor families, their condition is temporary. In fact, insufficient revenue is what distinguishes them from families that are not poor. While preventive programs show that early intervention is a proven approach towards considerably improving the psycho-social development of underpriveledged children and parents, little can be said about the effect of these programs on lowering, even less on eliminating, poverty itself. For the most part, these programs emerged from a clinical approach that encouraged poverty-stricken individuals to acquire new abilities and skills. The author concludes by promoting the need for more collaboration between those people offering the programs and those people who work towards changing the conditions at the root of poverty.

English Abstract↗