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PubMed1989

The Stress-Arousal Checklist as a measure of situational stress versus simple arousal.

The Stress-Arousal Checklist was developed as a self-report measure both of arousal and of the favorable or unfavorable appraisal of that arousal. Previous studies with the checklist showed differential sensitivity of the two subscales to experimental manipulations. In the present study, the convergent and discriminant validity were further explored by comparing scores with those on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State. The results supported the validity of the two-factor structure.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sense of coherence as a modifier of occupational stress exposure, stress perception, and experienced strain: a study of industrial managers.

750 male industrial managers participated in a survey specifying the role of sense of coherence in occupational stress. A strong sense of coherence buffered from strain almost independently of respondents' age, exposure to stressors, or perceived stressors; however, a strong sense of coherence was slightly related to the selection of individuals into jobs characterized by relatively low exposure to such stressors as lack of control and role ambiguity. Sense of coherence did not moderate the relationship among exposure to stressors, perceived stressors, and strain experienced.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Serum lipid concentrations in Croatian veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depressive disorder,or major depressive disorder.

The aim of this study was to assess eventual differences in serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio between veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) only or comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD), veterans with combat experiences with MDD, and healthy control group. PTSD and/ or MDD were diagnose according to structured clinical interview based on DSM-IV criteria. Additional criteria to diagnose PTSD were Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), and to diagnose MDD Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRAS). Serum lipid concentrations were determined by using the enzyme-assay method. Veterans with combat-related PTSD as well as veterans with combat-related PTSD comorbid with MDD showed significantly higher concentrations of cholesterol (F=9.858, p<0.01), triglycerides (F=10.112, p<0.01), LDL-C (F=11.145, p<0.01), and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (F=8.346, p<0.01) vs. veterans with MDD or healthy control group. Contrary healthy control group and veterans with MDD showed significantly higher concentrations of HDL-C (F=8.421, p<0.01), vs. veterans with PTSD or PTSD comorbid with MDD. In conclusion, there are no differences in serum lipid concentrations between veterans with combat-related PTSD and PTSD comorbid with MDD, but they have higher lipid concentrations than veterans with MDD or healthy control subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Stress intervention. A model of stress inoculation training.

1. The initial clinical experience in a hospital setting has been identified as a major area of threat for beginning nursing students. 2. A stress inoculation program, in which students were exposed to situation similar to future clinical experience, was used to help students develop confidence and coping skills. 3. The program was found to be an effective preparation for clinical experience, mainly in terms of the students clinical performance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress in long-term care veterans: preliminary data on psychometrics and post-traumatic stress disorder prevalence.

This article reports preliminary data on trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence, as well as test psychometrics, among 35 cognitively intact veterans residing in long-term care settings. Participants received a traumatic event screening, the Mini-Mental Status Examination, Combat Exposure Scale (CES), PTSD Checklist (PCL), and Mississippi Combat PTSD Scale (M-PTSD). Results demonstrated adequate reliability for the CES, PCL, and M-PTSD for use in these settings, with several significant intercorrelations. A high prevalence of trauma exposure was found, in particular combat. Based on the PCL and M-PTSD, although most veterans did not meet full PTSD diagnostic criteria, a moderate proportion met partial criteria. The need for assessment and treatment of trauma exposure and PTSD in Veterans Affairs long-term care settings is emphasized.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Abnormal metabolism of nitric oxide, oxidative stress and lipoperoxidative stress in patients with acute viral myocarditis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate metabolic status of nitric oxide (NO) as well as oxidative and lipoperoxidative stress, pathological chain reactions of a series of free radicals, and oxidative and lipoperoxidative damages in patients with acute viral myocarditis (AVM). METHODS: Using a random paired control design, plasma levels of NO, lipoperoxides (LPO), vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) and beta-carotene (beta-CAR), erythrocytic level of LPO as well as activities of erythrocytic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were investigated by spectrophotometric assays in 60 AVM patients and 60 healthy adult volunteers (HAV). RESULTS: Compared with the HAV group, plasma NO, and LPO in plasma and in erythrocyte of the AVM group significantly increased (P = 0.0001), while VC, VE, beta-CAR, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px of the AVM group significantly decreased (P = 0.0001). Compared with the AVM group before treatment, plasma NO, and LPO in plasma and in erythrocyte of the AVM group post treatment significantly decreased (P < 0.05), whereas plasma VC, VE and beta-CAR as well as erythrocytic SOD, CAT and GSH-Px of the AVM group post treatment significantly increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings in this study suggested that in the AVM patients the metabolism of NO was disturbed, and the pathological chain reactions of a series of free radicals were severely aggravated, thus produced the oxidative damage and lipoperoxidative damages. Therefore, we recommend that antioxidants at suitable dosage, such as VC, VE, beta-CAR and others, should be given to AVM patients daily to alleviate potential oxidative and lipoperoxidative damages in their bodies.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

[The effect of stress on the enzyme systems of the enterocyte microvilli in rat pups and the possible mechanism of the transmission of stress effects from dam to progeny].

In suckling rats whose mothers had had an immobilisation stress or been injected HC and T4 at the last day of their pregnancy, the sucrase induction decreased in the small intestine, if the HC was injected on the 10th day of life. The hormone injection to 1-day suckling rats did not affect the induction. These effects seem to be exerted not by the direct permeation of hormone from mother to litter but to be mediated rather by a special factor "stressin". The latter is transferred from mother to litter and decreases the sensitivity of intestinal enzymes to exogenous HC, thus exerting an antistressor effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Stress and coping with stress by mothers of children with mild cerebral dysfunctions].

Adapting the paradigm developed by Richard Lazarus, parenting stress and coping were studied among mothers of children (n = 42) with Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) and mothers with non-disabled children (n = 42), aged 6 to 9. The children of control mothers were matched by age, sex, social status, and maternal marital status with the MBD children. The mothers of MBD children were found to experience more parenting difficulties, more negatively toned cognitive appraisals of their stakes in parenting and less positive adaptational outcomes than their controls. The mothers of MBD children appraised their mastery lower than their controls. However, family well-being, or self-esteem did not differ between the mothers of MBD children and their controls.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Stress and differential alterations in immune system functions: conclusions from social stress studies in animals.

Psychosocial factors are implicated in the development, in the course of, and in the recovery from disease. The immune system may be a mediator of the disease. Studies with animal models using social interactions in rodents suggest that short- and long-term social stress does not invariably suppress immune system functions. The magnitude and direction of changes in diverse compartments of the immune system are highly correlated to the social position of the animal. Furthermore, genetic, developmental, and adult experience may predetermine the animal's coping strategy both in terms of behaviour and neuroendocrinology, and hence in immunology as well. It is argued that disease processes should be considered as a function of baseline immunological state.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of stress of "struggle" and the stress of "capitulation" on the resistance of the myocardium to excessive level of calcium].

The resistance of isolated, perfused by Langendorf the heart was compared in the experiments on Wistar rats with elevated by 7.3 times the concentration of the calcium in perfused solution. It was shown that one-hour stress of the "struggle" raised but six-hour one decreased the resistance of the heart to arrhythmogenic and contraction action of the surplus Ca2+.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevention of impairment of myocardium metabolism and function in immobilization stress using previous adaptation to short stress exposures].

A long-term immobilization stress was shown to cause a distinct enzymemia in rats. Simultaneously, activation of lipid peroxidation and a decrease in glycogen content were observed in myocardium; a distinctly increased penetration of aspartate transferase, lactate- and malate dehydrogenases and RNAase into coronary circulation was found in isolated heart of the animals. These impairments of metabolism were accompanied by a depression of the heart contractile function. The impairments in metabolism and in heart functions might be prevented by preadaptation of the animals to multiple short-term immobilization effects, which did not cause any impairments per se.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of stress, infarction and adaptation to brief exposure to stress on opioid peptide levels in the brain].

Content of beta-endorphine, Met- and Leu-encephalines was studied in various brain regions and in adrenal glands after long-term immobilization stress, after myocardial infarction and during prolonged gradual adaptation to short-term stressory affects. Acute stressory conditions, myocardial infarction or, especially distinct adaptation to short-term stressory affects were shown to cause an accumulation of opioid peptides in brain structures and in adrenal glands. This increase in opioid peptides accumulated as a tissue reserve appears to elevate the body resistance to subsequent injuring affects.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1994

[State of stress-limiting and stress-responsive systems of the body in pancreatic necrosis during systemic-toxic phase].

Results of dynamic investigation of beta-endorphins and hormonal state were analysed in 34 patients with pancreonecrosis aged from 23 to 54 years. The dependency of this indexes on the severity of clinical course and presence of complications was determined. The correction ways of injurious action of stress-reaction in pancreonecrosis were proposed.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1975

Concentration of vitamin A, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin in serum in response to stress: A contribution to the prevention of stress ulcers by means of vitamin A.

Starting from clinical observations indicating a reduction in the stress ulcer rate by parenteral administration of high doses of vitamin A after burns, traumatic damage and surgical operations, the pattern of vitamin A, retinol-binding protein (RBP) and prealbumin (PA) concentrations in serum was studied in a number of patients with multiple traumas (group 1; n equals 32), cranial-cerebral lesions and postoperative conditions (group 2; n equals 27) and patients having undergone gynecologic operation (group 3; n equals 15); the results obtained were compared with the concentrations determined preoperatively and the normal values as reported in the literature. It was seen that the concentrations in the 3 groups were significantly reduced for all 3 parameters. This fall in concentration was observed not only when food was withheld but also with optimal supplies of essential nutrients. Intestinal hemmorrhages occurred in altogether 6 patients of groups 1 and 2 who exhibited serum vitamin A concentrations in the extremely low range and in the lower normal range.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Life stress events and individual reactions to stress in relation to illness].

Data was collected from 90 persons in relation to the level of their emotional reactions to life's difficulties as well as to the number of somatic symptoms. It was concluded that falling ill with certain infectious diseases and some psychosomatic states are related to the increased level of emotional processes and the number of psychosomatic symptoms to stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cornea stress test--evaluation of corneal endothelial function in vivo by contact lens induced stress.

Reliable and valid assessment of corneal endothelial function is a critical input for diagnosing, prognosticating and monitoring progression of disorders affecting corneal endothelium. In 123 eyes, corneal endothelial function was assessed employing data from the corneal hydration recovery dynamics. Serial pachometric readings were recorded on Haag-Striet pachometer with Mishima-Hedbys modification before and after two hours of thick soft contact lens wear. Percentage Recovery Per Hour (PRPH) was derived from raw data as an index of endothelial function. Assessed PRPH in pseudophakic corneal oedema and Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy eyes (35.9 +/- 9.8%) was significantly lower than normal controls (61.9 +/- 10.5%). On employing receiver operation characteristics curve analysis the tested results demonstrated high sensitivity (87%) and specificity (92%) for detection of low endothelial function at PRPH cut off of 47.5%. Using this PRPH cut off, 80% of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and 93.3% of pseudophakic corneal oedema eyes could be demonstrated to have low endothelial function. A total of 66.7% of diabetic eyes also demonstrated PRPH of lower than 47.5%. Clear corneal grafts demonstrated PRPH values of 24.6% to 73.0%. Of 6 corneal grafts that demonstrated initial PRPH of lower than 47.5%, 4 failed within 4 to 6 months. Our data demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of this corneal stress test. PRPH index was useful in quantifying endothelial function in clinical disorders including diabetes mellitus. The index PRPH was demonstrated to be useful in monitoring and prognosticating outcome of corneal grafts.

Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic↗