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PubMed1999

Cutaneous burn increases apoptosis in the gut epithelium of mice.

BACKGROUND: Gut mucosal homeostasis depends on a balance between cell proliferation and cell death. After cutaneous burn injury, gut mucosal weight has been shown to decrease. This decrease in weight was paradoxically associated with an increase in gut proliferative factors. For mucosal weight to decrease in the presence of increased proliferation, there must be an even greater increase in cell death. We postulate that cutaneous burn injury causes an increase in gut epithelial cell death primarily by apoptosis. STUDY DESIGN: We produced a 30% full-thickness scald burn in the dorsum of anesthetized male C57BL6 mice and collected the proximal small bowel at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hours after injury. Sham burned animals served as controls. Apoptosis and proliferation were measured by immunohistochemical assays (terminal deoxyuridine nick-end labeling for apoptosis and proliferative cell nuclear antigen assay for proliferation). Apoptosis was also measured by ELISA for cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments. Mucosal height was determined on histologic sections. The two groups were compared at each time point using Wilcoxon two-sample test and t-test with Bonferroni's correction where appropriate. RESULTS: The percentage of apoptotic cells (number of cells stained by terminal deoxyuridine nick-end labeling per 100 villus cells) was significantly higher at 12, 24, and 48 hours after injury. This increase was corroborated by an increase in the ELISA at 12 hours. Proliferation as measured by immunostaining for proliferative cell nuclear antigen significantly increased at 12, 24, 48, and 60 hours. Mucosal height as a gross measure of mucosal atrophy was not different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown an increase in apoptosis coupled with an increase in proliferation after a burn injury. These results imply an increase in cell turnover in the gut epithelial cells after a burn. Impaired bowel function has been demonstrated repeatedly after burn injury, and this increase in cell turnover may be related.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Further evidence for sexual reproduction in Rhynchosporium secalis based on distribution and frequency of mating-type alleles.

Rhynchosporium secalis, the causal agent of scald on barley, is thought to be exclusively asexual because no teleomorph has been found. Partial sequences of the HMG-box and alpha-domain of Rhynchosporium secalis isolates were identified and used to develop a PCR assay for the mating-type locus. PCR amplification of only one of these two domains was possible in each strain, suggesting that R. secalis has a MAT organization that is similar to other known heterothallic fungi. A multiplex PCR with primers amplifying either a MAT1-1- or MAT1-2-specific amplicon was used to determine the distribution of mating types in several R. secalis populations. In total, 1101 isolates from Australia, Switzerland, Ethiopia, Scandinavia, California, and South Africa were included in the analysis. Mating types occurred in equal frequencies for most of these populations, suggesting frequency-dependent selection consistent with sexual reproduction. In addition, both mating types were frequently found occupying the same lesion or leaf, providing opportunities for isolates of opposite mating type to interact and reproduce sexually. We propose that R. secalis should be considered a sexual pathogen, although the sexual cycle may occur infrequently in some populations.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1976

Cytochemical observations on the extracellular carbohydrate produced by Streptococcus cremoris.

Electron microscopy showed that a varying proportion of cells of Streptococcus cremoris NCDO 924 grown in autoclaved skim-milk possessed a layer of extracellular material attached to the cell wall. Occasional filamentous extensions of this layer made contact with neighbouring casein micelles. The same surface-staining material persisted during the production of cheese-curd, but after maximum scald it was predominantly filamentous in appearance. These filaments made frequent contact with the adjacent curd matrix and with milk-fat globules. Str. cremoris NCDO 1986 produced similar surface material when in curd, but not when grown in skim-milk. In all situations, the extracellular material stained with colloidal iron hydroxide, ruthenium red and periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate, indicating that it was largely composed of an acidic carbohydrate. It is suggested that this carbohydrate facilitates the adhesion of starter bacteria to the cheese-curd matrix and that during the initial stages of syneresis this serves to prevent their expulsion from the curd with the whey.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Salmonella in pig carcasses for human consumption in Hong Kong: a study on the mode of contamination.

A very high proportion (75%) of the pigs slaughtered in Hong Kong were found to be infected with salmonellas. Seven serotypes including Salmonella choleraesuis were isolated but the majority (91%) were S. anatum and S. derby. These serotypes, especially S. anatum and S. derby, had been isolated frequently from clinical cases, symptomless carries and in this study from abattoir workers, suggesting that the pig was a significant source for human salmonella infection. The majority of pigs slaughtered are imported and the high level of apparent infection was thought to be due to cross-infection during transport of the pigs under stress. S. anatum and S. derby were also isolated from pigs at 60 degreesC for 5 min caused no great reduction in the degree of superficial contamination. The two predominant serotypes were isolated from the tank and from drain swabs, and also from the latter held under scalding tank conditions. Thus, in spite of the introduction of hygienic slaughter under modernized conditions employing an automatic conveyance system 55% of the carcases were superficially contaminated after dressing before despatch to customers. Control of infection before slaughtering would appear crucial and a more thorough rinsing or washing of the dressed carcasses desirable.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

A double outbreak of exfoliative toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus in a maternity unit.

This report describes a double outbreak of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) in which two distinct tetracycline-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus producing different exfoliative toxins were involved. In the first phase the daytime staff of the delivery unit and eczematous skin conditions in midwives were implicated as the probable source. In the second phase a source within a post-natal ward was suggested with local cross-infection. In the final phase both sources were epidemiologically linked to cases of SSSS. Because early discharge was the policy of the unit many cases presented in the community rather than in the hospital. Confirmation of epidemiological findings was provided by additional laboratory studies. Two distinct strains of S. aureus could be defined, differing in phage-typing patterns, the exfoliative toxin produced, plasmid profile, cadmium resistance and bacteriocin production. Strict care in hand washing with a chlorhexidine-containing detergent was an important control measure.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Potential microbiological contamination of effluents in poultry and swine abattoirs.

Health risks in the effluents of seven swine abattoirs and of seven poultry abattoirs were evaluated with regard to environment degradation and to dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms during the rainy and dry seasons. Supply-water samples from affluents and effluents of the treatment systems at different sites within the abattoir processing system were analysed. Similarly, water samples from the three recipient sites (emission point, 100 m upstream, 100 m downstream) were also analysed. Temperature, free residual chlorine (FRC), total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, enterococci, identification and serotyping of salmonellae were assessed. Scalding is the most significant stage in the slaughtering chain (P<0.05) when temperature is taken into account. Temperatures at effluents and at the sampled sites in the water bodies accorded to state and federal legislation standards. Supply waters did not meet the standards for FRC and microbial count standards according to the Ministry of Health and within limits imposed by the Industrial and Sanitary Inspection Regulations for Animal Products. Feather plucking and evisceration in poultry slaughter and the cleansing of carcasses and facilities in poultry and swine slaughtering had the highest contamination impact. The three loci at the water bodies were above the microbiological standards for classes II and III sites, in conformity with Law 8468 of the state of São Paulo, Brazil and Conama. Salmonella was found at several sites during slaughter, at both types of abattoirs, including in the effluent treatment system. This showed that these sites were the dissemination sources of the microorganism.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2003

Dynamics of Rhynchosporium secalis pathotypes in relation to barley cultivar resistance.

Rhynchosporium secalis isolates E97-2 and H97-2, represented the major pathotypes in populations on barley in Alberta, Canada, but differed widely in their virulence. Following greenhouse co-inoculation with the two pathotypes, E97-2, originally isolated from resistant cv. 'CDC Earl', predominated over H97-2, isolated from the susceptible cv. 'Harrington', from the first to the last of four infection cycles on both 'CDC Earl' and 'Harrington'. These results indicated that the host can rapidly influence pathotype composition and that pathotype E97-2 may have a competitive advantage over H97-2 on these cultivars. DNA polymorphisms were found between isolates from single or mixed inoculations on cvs 'CDC Earl' and 'Harrington' for four successive cycles. Co-inoculation with the two isolates resulted in a shift to a molecular phenotype more similar to E97-2 than H97-2. The competitive advantage of E97-2 over H97-2, combined with the selective pressure exerted by the host, would explain the increased susceptibility of cv. 'CDC Earl' and other cultivars with similar sources of scald resistance, in fields across Alberta. However, H97-2 will likely remain one of the major pathotypes in Alberta due to the relatively large acreage of cv. 'Harrington' in this province.

Alberta↗
PubMed1996

Solid phase microextraction for quantitative headspace sampling of apple volatiles.

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was evaluated for use in the quantification of aroma volatile production by Granny Smith apples during cool storage. Particular attention was paid to quantifying alpha-farnesene (3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,3(E),6(E),10-tetraene) due to its involvement in superficial scald, a disorder of cool stored apples. Comparison between SPME and solid phase extraction (SPE) showed that the SPME fiber had greater adsorption of high molecular weight (MW) volatiles such as alpha-farnesene. When sampling by SPME, these higher MW volatiles did not equilibrate between apples, headspace, and fiber within sampling times as long as 90 min, while lower MW volatiles equilibrated within 5 min. This behavior was also shown by a simple model system consisting of five selected volatiles dissolved in an involatile, lipophilic liquid (squalane). The less volatile high MW aroma compounds evaporated slowly from the surface of the apples and were depleted from the headspace because of very rapid adsorption by the SPME fiber. The amount of alpha-farnesene adsorbed by the fiber increased with air movement through the system. In a static headspace system, the amount of alpha-farnesene adsorbed by the fiber decreased nonlinearly with increasing distance from the apples, due to adsorption onto the glass walls. While SPME is ideal for rapid, qualitative determination of apple headspace volatiles, the slower equilibration of higher MW volatiles limits its use for quantification in more complex systems.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1997

The structure of the superantigen exfoliative toxin A suggests a novel regulation as a serine protease.

Exfoliative toxin A (ETA) causes staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome which is characterized by a specific intraepidermal separation of layers of the skin. The mechanism by which ETA causes skin separation is unknown although protease or superantigen activity has been implicated. The X-ray crystal structure of ETA has been solved in two crystal forms to 2.1 and 2.3 A resolution and R-factors of 17% and 19%, respectively. The structures indicate that ETA belongs to the chymotrypsin-like family of serine proteases and cleaves substrates after acidic residues. The conformation of a loop adjacent to the catalytic site is suggested to be key in regulating the proteolytic activity of ETA through controlling whether the main chain carbonyl group of Pro192 occupies the oxyanion hole. A unique amino-terminal domain containing a 15-residue amphipathic alpha helix may also be involved in protease activation through binding a specific receptor. Substitution of the active site serine residue with cysteine abolishes the ability of ETA to produce the characteristic separation of epidermal layers but not its ability to induce T cell proliferation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

The crystal structure of exfoliative toxin B: a superantigen with enzymatic activity.

The exfoliative toxins (ETs) cause staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, a disease characterized by specific separation of layers of the skin. Evidence suggests that the toxins act as serine proteases, though the specific substrate and mode of action are not known for certain. The crystal structure of exfoliative toxin A (ETA) was reported earlier and shown to be similar to that of the chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. Here, we report the 2.4 A resolution crystal structure of the other exfoliative toxin, ETB, which is 40% identical to ETA. The overall structures of ETA and ETB are similar including the positions of key residues within the active site. The structure of ETB supports the previous findings that the ETs are serine proteases that cleave substrates after glutamic acid residues. In this study we also discuss a number of structural differences including a large 14 residue loop insertion which may be a key feature involved in the differing biological properties of the ETs, particularly the pyrogenic and lethal activities of ETB not shared by ETA.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Influence of 1-methylcyclopropene on ripening, storage life, and volatile production by d'Anjou cv. pear fruit.

d'Anjou cv. pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.) exposed at harvest to 0, 0.42, 4.2, or 42 micromol m(-)(3) 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 12 h at 20 degrees C were stored at 1 degrees C for up to 8 months. After storage, half of the fruit was continuously exposed to ethylene (0.45 or 4-18 mmol m(-)(3)) for 7 days at 20 degrees C. All fruit treated with 1-MCP had lower respiration and ethylene production compared to untreated controls. Fruit quality changes were delayed following 1-MCP treatment, as was development of superficial scald and peel yellowing. The duration of 1-MCP-induced responses was dependent on 1-MCP treatment concentration. When 1-MCP-treated fruit began to ripen, softening and production of volatile compounds proceeded similar to that of untreated fruit. Post-storage ethylene exposure did not consistently stimulate ripening of fruit previously treated with 1-MCP. Efficacy of ethylene treatment depended on 1-MCP concentration and storage duration.

Cyclopropanes↗
PubMed2005

1-Methylcyclopropene interactions with diphenylamine on diphenylamine degradation, alpha-farnesene and conjugated trienol concentrations, and polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities in apple fruit.

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is a new technology that is applied commercially to inhibit ethylene action in apple fruit, but its interactions with existing technologies such as diphenylamine (DPA) for control of superficial scald development in fruit during and after storage is unknown. To investigate possible interactions between 1-MCP and DPA, Delicious apples were untreated or treated with 2 g L(-1) DPA, and then with or without 1 microL L(-1) 1-MCP. Ethylene production and respiration rates of fruit were measured immediately following treatment, and fruit was stored at 0.5 degrees C for 12 weeks. Internal ethylene concentrations (IEC), alpha-farnesene and conjugated trienol (CTol) concentrations, activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and DPA levels in the skin of the fruit were measured at intervals during storage. 1-MCP reduced the rate of DPA loss from peel tissue so that by 12 weeks of storage concentrations of the chemical were 25% higher than in untreated fruit. 1-MCP, with and without DPA, markedly inhibited ethylene production and respiration rates, maintained low IEC and alpha-farnesene and CTol concentrations, while DPA had little effect on these factors except inhibition of CTol accumulation. Treatment effects on peroxidase and PPO activities were inconsistent.

Catechol Oxidase↗
PubMed2005

Influence of 1-methylcyclopropene and storage atmosphere on changes in volatile compounds and fruit quality of conference pears.

Conference pears (Pyrus communis L.) were treated with 25 and 50 nL L(-1) 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at -0.5 degrees C for 24 h, then stored for up to 22 weeks in air (NA) and controlled atmosphere (CA). After 7 and 14 weeks of storage, fruits were retreated with 1-MCP. After 7, 14, and 22 weeks of storage, fruits were kept for up to 7 days at 20 degrees C in air for poststorage ripening. The effects of 1-MCP treatment declined with duration of storage in both storage atmospheres, indicating that retreatments had little additional effects on subsequent ripening. Ethylene production was lower and firmness was higher in 50 nL L(-1) fruits, while the 25 nL L(-1) dose was not very different from the control. Development of superficial scald was not prevented by 1-MCP treatments, but the severity of the symptoms was influenced. The 1-MCP effects were perceivable on texture (juiciness) and flavor. Control fruit and 25 nL L(-1) fruit reached their best sensory quality after 14 weeks of storage, while 50 nL L(-1) fruit reached the same sensory quality later, keeping a fresh flavor when the quality of control fruit declined and became watery or grainy. The fresh flavor in 50 nL L(-1) fruit was probably due to the presence below the odor detection threshold concentrations of the volatile compounds responsible for the "ripe pear" aroma, mainly of butanol and ethyl butanoate. CA prolonged or enhanced the effects of 1-MCP; 1-MCP cannot substitute for CA but can reinforce the CA effects.

Cyclopropanes↗
PubMed1999

Relationship between ethylene response manipulation and volatile production in Jonagold variety apples.

The ripening of Jonagored Jonagold apple fruit (Malus x domestica Borkh.) during development was manipulated with preharvest applications of ReTain or a combination of ReTain plus Ethrel. The fruits, harvested preclimacteric at approximately the same stages of maturity, were stored in refrigerated air (RA) for 45 days or in controlled atmosphere (CA) for 180 days at 0 degrees C. Volatile evolution, ethylene production, and respiration of stored fruit were studied during poststorage holding at 22 degrees C. ReTain reduced volatile production by 19%, but application of Ethrel to ReTain-treated fruit increased production to control levels. The inhibition of volatile production by ReTain appears to be independent of respiration but may be related to the ethylene-producing capacity of the fruit. Although ReTain reduced flavor-related volatile esters, it did not affect levels of the compound responsible for the typical spicy flavor in Jonagored Jonagold fruit, 4-methoxy-2-propenylbenzene. The CA-stored fruit had a much reduced production of volatile compounds compared to RA-stored fruit, with more discernible effects in ReTain-treated fruit. Ethrel application to ReTain-treated fruit improved the volatile production intermediate between the ReTain alone and control in CA-stored fruit. The data collectively suggest that ReTain may have some promise for better scheduling of harvest of apples with no appreciable loss in RA-stored fruit quality. Reduction in production of alpha-farnesene by ReTain may also reduce the potential for scald development in CA-stored fruit.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2000

Burn and starvation increase programmed cell death in small bowel epithelial cells.

Maintenance of gut mucosal homeostasis depends on a balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Gut mucosal integrity is impaired after severe burn and during starvation. We determined the effect of burn, starvation, and the combination of both on small bowel epithelial apoptosis and proliferation. Fifty adult male Fischer 344 rats (260-300 g) received a 60% full-thickness scald burn and were randomly divided into fed and starved groups. Small intestine was taken at 12, 24, and 48 hr after injury. All animals in the 12-hr group were starved while recovering from anesthesia. Apoptosis was quantified by immunohistochemical staining (TUNEL) and mucosal proliferation was determined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. The apoptotic index was higher in burned rats compared to controls at 12 hr after burn; both these groups were starved (P < 0.05). At 24 and 48 hr after burn, apoptosis was highest in the starved groups, with no additional effects of burn (P < 0.05). Mucosal epithelial cell proliferation was not different between groups at any time point. In conclusion, burn and starvation both increase apoptosis in the small bowel mucosa; however, these effects are not additive. Apoptosis could be attenuated by enteral feeding, which delineates the importance of early enteral feeding initiation after injury to maintain mucosal integrity.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Corneal graft after drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's disease).

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a clinical syndrome characterized by extensive epidermal loss similar to that found in scalding. Drug sensitization is generally considered to be the mechanism leading to this condition. Severe ocular manifestations are present in nearly all patients. We report a case of TEN with severe ocular involvement, on whom two penetrating keratoplasties were performed in the same eye. Although the prognosis of keratoplasty is reported to be poor when cicatricial changes are present, after the second graft, our patient's symptoms of pain decreased and her visual acuity from light perception improved to 20/40. The graft remains transparent under immunosuppressive therapy twenty-three months after surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Injury mortality and morbidity among children in the United Arab Emirates.

UNLABELLED: The objective of this study was to identify the major causes of accident mortality and morbidity among children (0-14 years) in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates (UAE). A retrospective descriptive study was set in the Al-Ain Hospital and Preventive Medicine Department, Ministry of Health, Al-Ain. Subjects were all patients aged 0-14 years who were seen at Al-Ain Hospital for injury during the 12-month period January to December 1995, and all recorded deaths aged 0-14 years in Preventive Medicine Department from 1980 to 1995. RESULTS: Mortality: 301 children (69.4% males, 30.6% females) died after accidents from 1980 to 1995. UAE citizens and other Arabs represented the majority of deaths. Most mortality (28.6%) occurred in the 1-4 year age group. Head and neck injury was the major type of injury causing death (57.5%). The most common cause of accidental death was road traffic accidents (boys 67.1%, girls 60.4%), followed by drowning and burns (8%). Morbidity: Pediatric trauma cases seen during 1995 totaled 17,498, representing one third of all patients attending the Hospital Emergency Room. About 70% of encountered injuries occurred among boys; 44.6% of cases were UAE citizens. The most common trauma type was contusion (40.2% boys; 40.6% girls), the most common type of trauma in boys and girls (30.4% and 36%, respectively). In the age group <5 years, the most common causes of trauma were fall (41.1%), blunt trauma (38.7%) and burns or scalds (64%), while in 5-9 year olds, the most common cause was road traffic accidents (40%). Finally, in 10-14 year olds, the most frequent causes were traffic accidents (32.8%) sharp objects injuries (38.3%), and fights and sporting (28.9%). CONCLUSION: More boys than girls presented with injury and the majority were nationals. Road traffic accidents mainly occurred in children over 10 years.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1999

Effect of gamma irradiation on storability of apples (Malus domestica L.).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on storability of the two main apple varieties, Golden Delicious and Starking, in Syria. The experiments were performed in 1995 and 1996. Fruits were irradiated with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 KGy. Irradiated and unirradiated fruits were stored at 1 to 2 degrees C and under a relative humidity of 80 to 90%. Weight loss and spoilage due to physiological disorders and fungal diseases were evaluated throughout the different storage periods. Firmness, coloration and pH values were estimated immediately after irradiation. The results showed that, in both varieties, gamma irradiation increased the weight loss after 45 days of storage in apples gathered in 1995 but not in the 1996 season. After 180 days of storage, gamma irradiation had different effects on weight loss depending on the growing year and variety, and increased fungal spoilage. Application of gamma irradiation prevented the growth of Aspergillus niger and the formation of skin scald in 'Golden Delicious' fruits. Immediately after treatment, gamma irradiation increased the softening of fruits, changed their color from green to yellow and decreased the pH value of the juice.

Aspergillus niger↗