[Soil foci of anthrax in Kiev Province and their sanitation].
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Bacillus anthracis↗
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[Harmful effects of CX-99 preparation used as an insecticide in sanitation].
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Animals↗
[Continuous serologic study and sanitation inspection of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infection: preliminary results].
Pig mange was investigated serologically with ELISA using Chekit Sarcoptest. The test consists of a homogenized antigen of Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes. A total of 356 sows sera samples were collected from 16 mange free breeding units and 19 units with clinical manifestation of mange infestation. The specificity of the test was 99.34% and the mean sensitivity value was 62%. This test will allow in the future not only the rapid and certain diagnosis of pig mange but also the screening of the pig breeding units after eradication of the disease.
Animals↗
The efficacy of cleaning products on food industry surfaces.
The increased incidence of foodborne illness and the growing use of chemical sanitizers in the food industry led the authors to an investigation of alternative, chemical-free methods of sanitizing surfaces using fiber cloths with hot water. The sanitizing performance of kitchen fiber cloths and all-purpose fiber cloths sanitized with hot water at 167 degrees F (75 degrees C) was compared with that of generic cloths such as antibacterial cloths and cleaning cloths sanitized with hot water at 167 degrees F (75 degrees C) or chemical sanitizers--quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and hypochlorite. The QAC sanitizer resulted in the lowest overall concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The sanitizing performance of the kitchen fiber cloths was similar to that of the antibacterial cloths (S. aureus: p = .144; E. coli: p = .120) and cleaning cloths (S. aureus: p = .297; E. coli: p = .062) sanitized with QAC. Use of the fiber cloths resulted in lower concentrations of bacteria on stainless-steel kitchen surfaces, compared with the use of the generic cloths sanitized with hot water at 167 degrees F (75 degrees C). Concentrations of bacteria on the surfaces after use of the all-purpose fiber cloths were similar to concentrations of bacteria after use of the generic cloths sanitized with hypochlorite.
Disinfection↗
Water, waste, and well-being: a multicountry study.
Data collected in the late 1980s from eight countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Burundi, Ghana, Togo, and Uganda), Asia/North Africa (Sri Lanka and Morocco), and the Americas (Bolivia and Guatemala) were combined and analyzed to test whether incremental health effects regarding diarrhea and nutritional status result from incremental improvements in water and sanitation conditions. Rural (n = 11,992) and urban (n = 4,888) samples were analyzed separately. Optimal (i.e., on the premises) and intermediate (improved public water) water supplies were compared with unimproved water conditions. Optimal (flush toilets or water-seal-latrines) and intermediate (latrines) sanitation levels were compared with unimproved sanitation. Nationally representative (random) samples of ever-married women age 15-49 years, with or without children, were interviewed in all countries, and children aged 3-36 months with available weight and height data were included in the analyses. Multiple linear regression controlled for household, maternal, and child-level variables; in addition, dummy variables were included for each country. Improvements in sanitation resulted in less diarrhea and in taller and heavier children with each of the three levels of water supply. Incremental benefits in sanitation were associated with less diarrhea and with additional increases in the weights and heights of children. The effects of improved sanitation were greater among urban dwellers than among rural dwellers. Health benefits from improved water were less pronounced than those for sanitation. Benefits from improved water occurred only when sanitation was improved and only when optimal water was present. These findings suggest that public health intervention should balance epidemiologic data with the cost of services and the demand for water. There should be efforts to develop compatible technologies so that incremental improvements in service can be made.
Adolescent↗
Hepatitis A incidence rate estimates from a pilot seroprevalence survey in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
BACKGROUND: To assess the impact of water sanitation and sewage disposal, part of a major environmental control programme in Rio de Janeiro, we carried out sero-prevalence studies for Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in three micro-regions in Rio de Janeiro. Each region varied with regard to level of sanitation. We are interested in assessing the discriminating power of age-specific prevalence curves for HAV as a proxy for improvement in sanitation. These curves will serve as baseline information to future planned surveys as the sanitation programme progresses. METHODS: Incidence rate curves from prevalence data are estimated parametrically via a Weibull-like survival function, and non-parametrically via maximum likelihood and monotonic splines. Sera collected from children and adults in the three areas are used to detect antibodies against HAV through ELISA. RESULTS: We compare baseline incidence curves at the three sites estimated by the three methods. We observe a strong negative correlation between level of sanitation and incidence rates for HAV infection. Incidence estimates yielded by the parametric and non-parametric approaches tend to agree at early ages in the microregion showing the best level of sanitation and to increasingly disagree in the other two. CONCLUSION: Our results support the choice of HAV as a sentinel disease that is associated with level of sanitation. We also introduce monotonic splines as a novel non-parametric approach to estimate incidence from prevalence data. This approach outperforms current estimating procedures.
Adolescent↗
Environmental interventions in developing countries: interactions and their implications.
This study assesses the effect of drinking water quality on diarrheal disease in good and poor sanitary conditions using a random sample of 2,355 Filipino infants over the first year of life. The study provides powerful confirmation of the importance of environmental factors on diarrhea: The effects of water quality, household sanitation, and community sanitation are strong, consistent, and statistically significant. The positive impact of improved water quality is greatest for families living under good sanitary conditions, with the effect statistically significant when sanitation is measured at the community level but not significant when sanitation is measured at the household level. Improving drinking water quality would have no effect in neighborhoods with very poor environmental sanitation; however, in areas with better community sanitation, reducing the concentration of fecal coliforms by two orders of magnitude would lead to a 40 percent reduction in diarrhea. Providing private excreta disposal would be expected to reduce diarrhea by 42 percent, while eliminating excreta around the house would lead to a 30 percent reduction in diarrhea. The findings suggest that improvements in both water supply and sanitation are necessary if infant health in developing countries is to be improved. They also imply that it is not epidemiologic but behavioral, institutional, and economic factors that should correctly determine the priority of interventions.
Developing Countries↗
Evaluation of the effect of different methods of control of soil-transmitted helminths in Khuzestan, southwest Iran.
Three methods of control of soil-transmitted helminths, namely, sanitation, mass-treatment, and sanitation plus mass-treatment, were tried in 15 villages in Khuzestan, southwest Iran. Stool samples from the inhabitants of each village were examined both quantitatively and qualitatively just before starting each control method and again about 4 years later, except for the inhabitants of one village whose stools were re-examined 7 months after moving to a new settlement. Sanitation measures consisted of one latrine for each family and the provision of a sanitary water supply in each village. The drugs piperazine and bephenium hydroxynapthoate were administered alternately every 3 months. The reduction in rates of infection with Ascaris, hookworm, and Trichostrongylus spp., respectively, for the above mentioned methods were as follows: sanitation alone, 28%, 4% and 30%; mass-treatment alone, 84%, 73%, and 31%; sanitation plus mass-treatment, 79%, 69%, and 30% and in the newly constructed village, 76%, 21%, and 38%. In a control group corresponding reductions were 19%, 11%, and 31%. The percentage of egg reduction in persons still infected with these three parasites was, respectively, as follows: mass-treatment plus sanitation, 88%, 88%, and 53%; mass-treatment alone, 90%, 87%, and 37%; sanitation alone, 60%, 26%, and 0.6%; in the newly constructed village, 87%, 78%, and 39%; and in the control group, 29% increased 12%, and 24.5%. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Animals↗
Situation analysis and epidemiology of infectious disease transmission: a South-East Asian regional perspective.
This paper analyses the situation in countries comprising the WHO South-East Asia Region with respect to water supply and sanitation services, hygiene and the epidemiology of related infectious diseases. Recently, published data from the WHO/UNICEF Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 report was reviewed to depict the situation with respect to consumers' access to improved water supply and sanitation services. It was shown that access to improved drinking water supplies is among the lowest in the world, and that sanitation coverage in this region is below all others. The paper also reviews selected surveys of hygiene behaviours in several countries of the region. Associations are suggested between access to services, hygienic practices and specific infectious diseases. The need is acknowledged to improve the evidence base on linkages between infectious diseases and water, sanitation and hygiene, and specific recommendations are made in this regard. There is a need now and for the foreseeable future to promote low-cost household-level interventions, including behaviour change strategies, that mitigate the health consequences of the current situation with respect to water supply, sanitation and hygiene. The role of health authorities in meeting this challenge, and as advocates for accelerating development of the water and sanitation sector, is highlighted.
Asia, Southeastern↗
Use of hazard analysis critical control point and alternative treatments in the production of apple cider.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the practices of Maryland cider producers and determine whether implementing hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) would reduce the microbial contamination of cider. Cider producers (n = 11) were surveyed to determine existing manufacturing practices and sanitation. A training program was then conducted to inform operators of safety issues, including contamination with Escherichia coli O157:H7, and teach HACCP concepts and principles, sanitation procedures, and good manufacturing practice (GMP). Although all operators used a control strategy from one of the model HACCP plans provided, only one developed a written HACCP plan. None developed specific GMP, sanitation standard operating procedures, or sanitation monitoring records. Six operators changed or added production controls, including the exclusion of windfall apples, sanitizing apples chemically and by hot dip, and cider treatment with UV light or pasteurization. Facility inspections indicated improved sanitation and hazard control but identified ongoing problems. Microbiological evaluation of bottled cider before and after training, in-line apples, pomace, cider, and inoculated apples was conducted. E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, or Staphylococcus aureus were not found in samples of in-line apple, pomace, and cider, or bottled cider. Generic E. coli was not isolated on in-coming apples but was found in 4 of 32 (13%) in-line samples and 3 of 17 (18%) bottled fresh cider samples, suggesting that E. coli was introduced during in-plant processing. To produce pathogen-free cider, operators must strictly conform to GMP and sanitation procedures in addition to HACCP controls. Controls aimed at preventing or eliminating pathogens on source apples are critical but alone may not be sufficient for product safety.
Beverages↗
[Enzootic pneumonia (EP): the partial curing of EP-reinfected swine herds as an alternative to total cure].
Using a partial sanitation method "Enzootic Pneumonia" (EP) could be eradicated in 17 EP-reinfected pig breeding herds. Partial sanitation includes separation measures in form of a piglet and gilt free interval on one side and as an additional protection against reinfection the temporary feeding of a medicated diet on the other side. Frequent herd controls for several years as well as mixed fattening experiments with carcass examination combined with milk and blood serology served as criteria for the sanitation success. From these results it is concluded that the infection pathway of EP is mainly maintained by young animals in the herd. Contrary to total sanitation, which will amount to at least sFr. 720 per sow, partial sanitation will only cost between sFr. 40-170 per sow, depending on herd size. Therefore, partial sanitation may be regarded as a full alternative to total sanitation after an outbreak of EP.
Animals↗
[Respiratory function in street cleaners and garbage collectors].
The prevalence of chronic impairment of the respiratory system and ventilatory capacity was studied in 81 sanitation workers. In addition, the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was studied in 65 non-exposed control workers. Among the sanitation workers the prevalence of most of the chronic respiratory symptoms was statistically higher than among the controls. The sanitation workers--smokers had a significantly higher prevalence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm and chest tightness than the non-smoking sanitation workers (P < 0.05). The sanitation smokers exposed for more than 10 years had significantly higher prevalences of nasal catarrh (P < 0.01) and sinusitis (P < 0.05) than those with a shorter exposure. FVC and FEV1 were significantly reduced in sanitation workers exposed for more than 10 years in relation to predicted normal values. These differences were not significant for FEF50 and FEF25. Our results suggest that sanitation workers may develop chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function changes, in the first place those of FVC and FEV1.
Adult↗
[Acarex test and acarosan effect in house dust mite allergy in 2 year follow-up].
Clinical investigations of the effect of the acaricide product Acarosan shows in a large collective of patients beneficial results, whereby the patients are examined up to three months after sanitation. The remaining patients of this study are followed up one and two years after sanitation in open clinical trials. Without exception Acarex test values decrease highly significant after three months, indicating the effective elimination of the house dust mites by Acarosan treatment and consequently the reduction of the allergen containing excreta. The values increase after one year, but after a repetition of the Acarosan treatment they decrease again to the level reached after the first sanitation. The best results are achieved by sanitation of carpets, less favourable results are obtained by treating matresses and upholstered furniture. After sanitation all patients with monovalent house dust mite sensitization report an improvement of their symptoms (eyes, nose, bronchi) up to two years. Drug consumption is variable and decreases over all for up to two years. Peak flow meter values improve in the first year and even further more in the second year. The clinical improvement does not depend on sex, living area or former immunotherapy. During the two year observation period immunologic parameters do not change. 25.6% of the patients show a negative provocation test after the first year and 57% after the second year. Side effects due to the sanitation or signs of sensitization against Acarosan are not observed.
Adult↗
[Improvement of curative measures for peritonites of obstetric and gynecological etiology].
The authors describe results of treatment of 117 patients with obstetric and gynecological peritonites. The first group consisted of 43 patients treated by conventional methods. The second group included 74 patients treated by unguent sanitation of the abdominal cavity and prolonged intraarterial catheter (PIAC) against the background of unguent sanitation. The unguent sanitation of the abdominal cavity with water-soluble antibacterial ointments has decreased the number of intra-abdominal and extra-abdominal complications. However in especially severe cases and at high virulence of the abdominal cavity microflora the application of the unguent sanitation alone was not sufficiently effective. So, in 19 patients PIAC was used by the developed scheme. The complex treatment with the unguent sanitation of the abdominal cavity and PIAC allowed to perform the adequate sanitation of the abdominal cavity with lower microbe dissemination of the abdominal cavity up to the critical level on the third day after operation and resulted in less number of intra-abdominal complications from 39.0 to 19.6%, extra-abdominal complications from 15.0 to 7.5% and lethality from 23.2 to 10.8%.
Adult↗
Assessment and evaluation of the International Water Decade.
The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-90) has ended without reaching its declared goal of providing all people with safe drinking water and proper sanitation. The effect of drinking water and sanitation on health has been established, and the 2 components have been included in the World Health Organization (WHO) global campaign for Health For All by the year 2000, and in the global Primary Health Care programme. The assessment of the achievements has been based on coverage rates expressed in percentage. The findings were computerised. High population growth rates in the developing countries hampered and reduced the coverage. Other hindering factors included the lack of appropriate technology, the preference of the small privileged urban areas over the vast rural areas, the lack of the simultaneous approach in the development of water and sanitation and poor involvement of health education in the activities of the Water Decade. The water and sanitation development activities of the last decade have to be carried forward and continued during the present decade, in a different approach and alternative methods.
Developing Countries↗
Demographic and parasitic infection status of schoolchildren and sanitary conditions of schools in Sanliurfa, Turkey.
BACKGROUND: The design and development of school health programmes will require information at demographic characteristics of schoolchildren and the major health burdens of the school-age group, the opportunities for intervention and the appropriateness of the available infrastructure. This study aims to analyse demographic and parasitic infections status of schoolchildren and sanitary conditions of schools in Sanliurfa province of south-eastern Turkey. METHOD: Three primary schools were randomly selected in the shantytown, apartment and rural districts. A total of 1820 schoolchildren between 7-14 years age were took part to the survey of whom 1120 (61.5%) were boys and 700 (38.4%) were girls. A child form (including child's name, sex, age, school grade and parasitic infections) and school survey form (including condition of water supply, condition of latrines, presence of soaps on the basins and presence of garbage piles around to the schools) were used for demographic, parasitic and sanitary surveys. Stool samples were examined by cellophane thick smear technique for the eggs of intestinal helminths. RESULTS: The demographic survey showed that number of schoolchildren was gradually decreased as their age's increase in shantytown school. The sex ratio was proportional until the second grade, after which the number of females gradually decreased in children in shantytown and rural schools while, in apartment area, schoolchildren was proportionally distributed between age groups and gender even the high-grade students. The prevalence of helminthic infections was %77.1 of the schoolchildren in shantytown, 53.2% in apartment district and 53.1% of rural area. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent species and followed by Trichuris trichiura, Hymenolepis nana and Taenia species in three schools. Sanitation survey indicated that the tap water was limited in shantytown school, toilet's sanitation was poor, available no soaps on lavatories and garbage piles were accumulated around the schools in shantytown and rural area, while, the school in apartment area was well sanitised. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that burden of parasitic infections and poor sanitation conditions constituted public health importance among to the shantytown schoolchildren. School health programmes including deworming and sanitation activities through the health education and improvement of sanitation conditions in the schools have a potential to better health and education for schoolchildren. These programmes also offer the potential to reach significant numbers of population in the shantytown schools with high level of absenteeism.
Adolescent↗
Risks and prevention of contamination of beef carcasses during the slaughter process in the United States of America.
A brief general description of the beef cattle slaughter process used in the United States of America is presented. Considerable variation in prevalence of microbial contamination at beef processing establishments has been reported. Primary factors which may explain this variation include: a) pathogen load on, or in, live animals entering the establishment; b) sanitation practices used by the establishment. Pathogen load on, or in, live animals depends on environmental exposure to contaminants, the health of the animal, and on situations stressful to the animal which may increase microbial shedding, such as disrupted access to feed and water, transport, handling and contact with other animals. Processing stations and slaughter practices which are potential sources of carcass contamination are listed, and points on carcasses where contamination is most likely to occur are noted. Contamination risk-reduction measures within an establishment include carcass treatments with anti-microbial agents, trimming, washing, steaming, chilling and gamma irradiation. Several good sanitation practices are described. Microbial monitoring is a necessary step for determining whether sanitation practices are efficacious, but the usefulness of microbial monitoring depends on the microbial tests selected, sampling procedures, frequency of sampling, the rapidity of receiving test results and consistent and accurate record-keeping and analysis. Federal inspection to ensure that processing establishments comply with new Federal regulations regarding the implementation of standard sanitation procedures and microbial testing should result in greater vigilance of good sanitation practices by establishments.
Abattoirs↗
Urban unfinished business.
Water and sanitation services and hygiene education are crucial in preventing communicable and other diseases which daily take an enormous toll both in morbidity and mortality around the world. Diarrheal diseases are the most prevalent, affecting hundreds of millions of infants, children, and others. There is a current major demographic trend of migration to and explosive growth of low-income peri-urban settlements in and around large cities in developing nations. These settlements lack adequate and affordable water supplies and often have no sanitary facilities whatsoever. They are perfectly suited for the flourishing of water- and sanitation-related communicable and other diseases, which add considerably to the misery of abject poverty. However, working with members of these communities to provide water and sanitation services can both prevent such diseases and improve economic conditions. International assistance must be facilitative rather than interventionist. Developed nations should greatly increase their financial contribution for the facilities necessary for better water and sanitation. Initially, it is important to create an international urban information center to act as a clearinghouse of information. It would also be helpful to begin a four-decade urban sanitation planning effort along with an "Urban Watch" to promote significant developments in peri-urban settlements.
Developing Countries↗