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PubMed1980

Practice styles and opportunities in periodontics.

A survey of the 3,048 Active and Affiliate members of the American Academy of Periodontology was conducted by the Task Force on Manpower of the Academy to elicit information concerning practice styles and perceived opportunities for practice. Responses from 1,580 periodontists are presented in tables which include data on general demographics of periodontists, expected age at which partial and full retirement will take place, forms of practice, weeks per year and hours per week spent in practice, number of patient visits per year, number of practice locations, years in present community, population of present community, average distance traveled by patients in the periodontal practice, numbers of dentists referring to the practice, weeks waiting time to examine new patients and to begin new treatment series, patient load, preferences regarding weeks of advance booking, perceptions regarding the supply of periodontal services in the respondent's local area as well as in other areas known to the respondent, and factors which influence selection of a practice location. Data presented were collected between November of 1978 and April, 1979.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Contemporary issues in HIM. The Internet. Part II.

The services and resources available on the Internet are immense and growing daily. In this and last month's article I have only scratched the surface of what is available. I have given two references that I have found very useful while learning about the Internet. I highly recommend both. However, if you would rather look for other books or articles, they are plentiful. In a recent newspaper, I saw seven books that had "Internet" in the title advertised by one book store. There were books for PC users, Mac users, and UNIX users. Lack of information is definitely not an excuse for not checking out the Internet!

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1988

[Is minimal brain dysfunction really only an empty phrase? A scientific theoretical problem].

The book Die minimale cerebrale Dysfunction-Eine Eine Leerformel (Minimal Cerebral Dysfunction-An Empty Phrase) by Esser and Schmidt is critically reviewed, with reference being made to numerous clinical studies that have confirmed the existence of the syndrome minimal cerebral dysfunction (also called frühkindlich exogenes Psychosyndrom in German). The reviewer's fundamental objection is to the "exact-science" methods used in the study: Such methods are inappropriate for confirming or disproving the existence of a psychosyndrome that has grown out of clinical experience. The reduction in the number of items that is dictated by an exact-science approach is diametrically opposed to the overall assessment of the psychopathological picture common in clinical practice. In many areas of psychology and psychiatry, restricting oneself to a study of only those factors that can be counted or measured also places limitations on the amount of information that can be gained.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1996

Limitations of typhoid vaccination for travellers.

Around one-third of travellers to endemic areas receive pre-travel typhoid vaccination, increasingly with the new parenteral vaccination Typhim Vi (Mérieux). More than 200 cases of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi infection are imported into the UK each year. Despite the widespread use of immunisation, non-specialist clinicians and the travelling public do not appear to fully appreciate the limitations of currently available vaccination. These limitations are not adequately highlighted in either the Green Book of Immunisation against Infectious Diseases (HMSO, 1992) or the new handbook Health Information for Overseas Travel (HMSO, 1995) which are important sources of reference for clinicians and practice nurses. This may delay consideration of diagnosis and presentation for treatment in immunised travellers.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Guidelines for authors of books and papers on complementary medicine.

Writing about complementary medicine, whether intended for book or journal publication, has often suffered from three flaws: inadequate attention to the origin and nature of knowledge claims; careless use of problematic concepts such as 'holistic' or 'natural' and poor application of basic principles of good scholarship. In this paper I present guidelines to promote better writing. With respect to knowledge claims, authors need to be explicit about the origin of the claim; that is, the reasons why they believe it to be true. Many books and papers on complementary medicine are flawed because their authors avoided explaining why they have made particular claims. Claims can be justified by using personal experience or by quoting scientific research. When using personal experience, authors need to: describe the practitioners concerned; use generalities about practitioners with care and be wary when referring to 'classical' or 'traditional' practitioners. When quoting scientific research, authors should: cite references and use these sparingly and specifically; avoid 'secondary sourcing', reliance on abstracts and the referencing of authorities; use 'weasel words' ('may' or 'can') with extreme care; think carefully about causal inferences and take care with laboratory-based research. Many of the concepts found in books and papers on complementary medicine are used rather carelessly. Concepts such as holism or 'natural' medicine, or even the concept of 'complementary' and 'conventional' medicine, are often taken to have simple and obvious meanings. Yet these concepts are extremely slippery and open to differing interpretations, especially if they are used with insufficient care. Authors should apply basic principles of good scholarship by displaying thoroughness and attention to detail; reflecting on the validity of each point made; reflecting on the limitations of their arguments and maintaining a level of disinterestedness. However, authors should avoid trying to sound academic for the sake of it: the use of long words, obscure jargon and dense and lengthy prose does not make a work scholarly.

Authorship↗
PubMed1986

[Young children and books].

Children come into contact very early with the written language. The work of Emilia Ferreiro, a student of Piaget, has shown that from early on, well before they can read, they know that the written word has a meaning. Their successive hypotheses show an elaboration which does not occur by chance. Experience shows that babies have a specific interest for a book as an object. They recognize the value of the pictures, as much representations of their mental representations as are words, whereas these two capacities evolve in a complementary fashion. The capacity to be interested by a narrative introduces a new form of organization in the chain of representations, whether they refer to absent or imaginary objects. A good story has a special place among the narratives the child hears, which actually have the specific structures of the written language. The authors of this work report a number of examples of very young children who are put in contact with books. They see in this a new model for mental health work which can be set up by virtue of meetings outside the school rooms, the mental health services, and even of the libraries, by people of different professional skills, in order to loosen the vice of the children's daily routine, and to give the child time to dream with the books, and to draw the adults in to a salutary disorder.

Books↗
PubMed1990

Design of the diagnostic encyclopedia workstation (DEW).

The Diagnostic Encyclopedia Workstation (DEW) contains reference knowledge for diagnostic support in pathology. Illustrations are accessible via a video disc device. DEW can hold more knowledge, pictures and case histories than books, and its information is accessible via several entries. Software for data entry has been written in MUMPS with use of the relational database toolkit AIDA, which is particularly suited for manipulation of free text. The graphical mouse-driven user interface is written in C using MetaWindows. The DEW contains 85 diagnoses in ovarian pathology, covering all frequent cases and many rarities, illustrated by approximately 3000 pictures, divided among 158 cases.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2003

Benign cystic lesions of the vagina: a literature review.

PURPOSE: Knowledge of the etiology, evaluation and treatment of cystic lesions of the vagina is essential as these lesions are often encountered in urological and gynecological practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched MEDLINE and MeSH for literature from the last 50 years referring to cysts of the vagina. Review of the literature regarding etiology, clinical and pathological diagnosis, prognosis and treatment identified 18 journal articles and 6 books. RESULTS: Benign cystic lesions of the vagina present a spectrum, from small asymptomatic lesions to cysts large enough to cause urinary obstruction. History, physical examination and radiological imaging, including voiding cystourethrogram and magnetic resonance imaging, are useful in diagnosis. Treatment is determined by the severity of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Cystic lesions of the vagina are relatively common and usually represent benign conditions. A vaginal cyst may be an embryological derivative, ectopic tissue or urological abnormality. Awareness of the various diagnoses of benign cystic lesions of the vagina and associated abnormalities will aid in evaluation and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A descriptive feast but an evaluative famine: systematic review of published articles on primary care computing during 1980-97.

OBJECTIVES: To appraise findings from studies examining the impact of computers on primary care consultations. DESIGN: Systematic review of world literature from 1980 to 1997. DATA SOURCES: 5475 references were identified from electronic databases (Medline, Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, Index of Scientific and Technical Proceedings, Embase, OCLC FirstSearch Proceedings), bibliographies, books, identified articles, and by authors active in the field. 1892 eligible abstracts were independently rated, and 89 studies met the inclusion criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effect on doctors' performance and patient outcomes; attitudes towards computerisation. RESULTS: 61 studies examined effects of computers on practitioners' performance, 17 evaluated their impact on patient outcome, and 20 studied practitioners' or patients' attitudes. Computer use during consultations lengthened the consultation. Reminder systems for preventive tasks and disease management improved process rates, although some returned to pre-intervention levels when reminders were stopped. Use of computers for issuing prescriptions increased prescribing of generic drugs, and use of computers for test ordering led to cost savings and fewer unnecessary tests. There were no negative effects on those patient outcomes evaluated. Doctors and patients were generally positive about use of computers, but issues of concern included their impact on privacy, the doctor-patient relationship, cost, time, and training needs. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care computing systems can improve practitioner performance, particularly for health promotion interventions. This may be at the expense of patient initiated activities, making many practitioners suspicious of the negative impact on relationships with patients. There remains a dearth of evidence evaluating effects on patient outcomes.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The neuroanatomy of Juan Valverde de Amusco and medicine at the time of the Spanish renaissance].

Juan Valverde de Amusco (c. 1525-c. 1564) is considered to have been the most important Spanish anatomist of the XVI century. A follower of Vesalius, he increased and divulged knowledge of anatomy during the Renaissance and his book The history of the composition of the human body was printed in Rome in 1556. The objective of this paper is to study the neuroanatomy in this book and present unpublished biographical data and describe the main contributions of this Castilian doctor to the neurosciences, in the context of Spanish medicine during the Renaissance period. He was born in the town of Hamusco (today Amusco) in the province of Palencia, which belonged to the Crown of Castile. Juan Valverde emigrated to Italy to improve his scientific knowledge. He carried out anatomical studies using the then revolutionary method of direct observation, as opposed to the Galenic criteria of authority inherited from the Medieval period. He trained in Padua under Realdo Colombo and lived in Rome where he practiced medicine until his death, becoming deservedly famous. He did not return to Spain since in the Spanish universities of the time there was a mentality which was reactionary to modern anatomy. His works, published in Italy but in the Spanish language, give an idea of the power of the Crown of Castile in the Europe of that period. The book is profusely illustrated with the first illustrations ever published in the history of printing, drawn by Nicolas Beatrizet. The book was sold widely and was translated and reedited on many occasions, until well into the XVIII century. For the first time Valverde made precise references to the minor circulation. He was the first anatomist to describe the muscles for movement of the eye correctly and the intracranial course of the carotid arteries. In his work he made the first drawing of the stapes, described by the Valencian Luis Collado. Vesalius and Valverde contributed decisively to the beginnings of modern neuroanatomy. Thanks to them, the brain is no longer an organ unknown to science.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed1995

[Itinerant medicine in Fujian-Taiwan in early Qing dynasty and Zou Jie Hui Xin Lu].

By itinerant (zou jie), it refers to the physicians from southern Fujian and Taiwan who possess some special medical characteristics. They are TCM physicians. By chance, this author found a book, Zou Jie Hui Xin Lu, and explored its author and his native place, analyzed the historical background of the appearance of such physicians and their lofty medical morality during the Ming-Qing dynasties. Conclusion has been reached that the so-called itinerant medicine accumulated rich experience, emphasized an overall idea. However, it was also restricted by geographical area and the divorce of theory with practice.

China↗
PubMed2002

[Santiago Ramon y Cajal--his life and his work].

This article is done on the occasion of anniversary of 150th birth of Spanish histolog Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852.-1934.) whom belongs position of founder neuroanatomy regarding that he gave wide descriptions cells organisation of central and peripheral nervous system for many animal species. Astonishing are his descriptions of different types of neurons, their links, and following glial cells, that are actual today. Special contribution of Cajal refers is to acts from domain of histological technique and micrography, and general pathology. He published more than 100 of scientific articles and a few books, that are classic works. In 1906 Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi shared Nobel prize for medicine.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bibliography. Writing rules for references].

Scientific authors and editors have some years ago established some international rules concerning the presentation of the references. This paper describes the principles of these rules and gives explanations for their use, particularly in the most common types of publication: journal articles, books, book chapters, theses, and abstracts in conference proceedings.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1991

Psychodynamics of suicide, with particular reference to the young.

OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: The article reviews the literature on the psychodynamics of suicide, focusing on factors that will help in evaluating and treating the young suicidal patient. Articles published in refereed journals and books and book chapters based on such articles are the source of most of the material. Articles that first brought a new finding to notice are given preference. Methodological limitations and contradictions with the data of other studies are pointed out. FINDINGS: The psychodynamic meaning of suicide for a patient derives from both affective and cognitive components. Rage, hopelessness, despair, and guilt are important affective states in which young patients commit suicide. The meanings of suicide can be usefully organized around the conscious (cognitive) and unconscious meanings given to death by the suicidal patient: death as reunion, death as rebirth, death as retaliatory abandonment, death as revenge, and death as self-punishment or atonement. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the psychodynamics helps to distinguish which patients with any given diagnosis are at risk for suicide. Such knowledge is essential to the psychotherapeutic treatment of the young suicidal patient. Topics for future research include the role of anxiety in suicide; the capacity to bear hopelessness, rage, and other unpleasant affects without regression; the use of particular defense mechanisms in distinguishing the risk of either suicidal or violent behavior; and the relation of specific psychodynamic conflicts seen in suicidal patients to particular psychiatric diagnoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Clearing the doubts of all Wang Bing in the Tang dynasty].

The problem is probed on the clues provided by Si ku ti yao zheng (Analysis on Summary of Books in Four Parts). It is claimed that the Wang bing (*) recommended by Wei Kang and that recommended by Yuwen Rong in Yu Jiaxi's work refer to the same person, both are identical to the time of the author of Su wen. Further, the time of the above 2 Wang Bing(s) and the Wang Bing recorded in lie nu zhuan (Biongraphies of chaste women) as the son of Wang Lin, are also overlapped with the time of the author of Su wen. It is possible that they are the same person. However, the details of the Wang Bing mentioned in Lang guan shi zhu ti ming (inscription for Lang guan Stone Pillar) is unknown. Again, it is unlikely that the Wang Bing (*) is the author of Su wen and can be only a farfetched analogy drawn after Su Fu's poet.

China↗
PubMed1993

[On the beginnings of sixteen-century science in Hungary].

Among the 222 letters by Gáspár Fraxinus to Count Nádasdy that have been recently published by T. Vida and T. Grynaeus (Budapest 1988), some 88 are concerned with or at least mention medical therapies and pharmaceutical practice. The authors examined the scientific terms and usage of the correspondence, and corroborate and detail the findings of Botta about the emergence of pharmaco-botanical education in the Nádsdys chateau at Sárvár during the first half of the XVIth century. The first scientific writer of this school interested in botany and medicine was the Hungarian humanist and teacher, the translator of the New Testament, Johannes Sylvester (Erdosi Sylvester János). In his book, the Grammatica Hungaro-Latina (1539) and in his translation of the New Testament (1541) he was the first to publish texts in Hungarian that referred to plants and maladies. The leading figure of the school, however, was Caspar Fraxinus (Szegedi Korös Gáspár), the humanist physician and friend of the Italian A. Fracantianus and P. Matthiolus. According to his letters, the authors suppose that he might have been the tutor of Peter Melius (Somogyi Juhász Péter), and Georg Lenczius (Váradi Lencsés György), whom both became respected scholars later on. Melius made name for himself as the writer of the first pharmaco-botanical monograph in Hungarian (Herbarium, Kolozsvár, 1578). Lenczius, on the other hand, wrote exhaustively in his six-volume Ars medica (Gyulafehévár, 1570-90) about theoretical and practical medicine. Though inventively arguing in favour of the connections between Fraxinus, Melius and Lencsés, the main contribution of the article is rather the collection of pharmaceutical and botanical terms that appeared in letters of these persons who visited Sárvár, or even stayed there. The authors give a set of thoroughly elaborated indices, about medical plants and herbs, (either in Latin or Hungarian), about medicaments and drugs, names of illnesses and anatomical terms; about the suggested or used therapies, the names of famous physicians and scientists, etc. By the use of these lists the detailed scientific knowledge and medical education of these late Renaissance characters are perfectly raised.

History, 16th Century↗
PubMed1964

[MEDICAL LIBRARIES OF THE SOVIET UNION].

Medical libraries are a part of the Soviet library system. The total number of medical libraries in the country is more than 4,000, with a collection of over 42,000,000 volumes that are used by over a million readers. The State Central Medical Library occupies a special place among these libraries. It carries out the functions of a methodological, bibliographic, and coordinating center. It has a collection of over 1,000,000 units of books and periodicals. All the bibliographic work of medical libraries as well as any other work is provided to help medical institutions. Libraries prepare special bibliographies of medical literature for publication according to a plan. The libraries also conduct reference and information work. The methodological work helps to solve the most important problems that arise in libraries with reference to the specific character of their work and tasks. The chief means of rendering methodological guidance are to analyze the work of various libraries, to hold conferences, to exchange visits with libraries, to give both field and correspondence consultations, and to organize qualification courses for librarians and bibliographers.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed2003

[Henry IV of Castilla (1454-1474). An exceptional urologic patient. An endocrinopathy causing the uro-andrological problems of the Monarch. Artificial insemination attempts (IV)].

OBJECTIVES: To analyze, in accordance to contemporary and current chronicles and manuscripts, all known data about possible infertility or sterility suffered by Henry IV and attempts of artificial insemination undertook by his wife Juana of Portugal with the Monarch's semen due to his complete impotence. His possible infertility was unfairly used by his enemies to deny the right of succession to his daughter Juana, called "La Beltraneja", in a similar way than what has happened with his erectile dysfunction. In our work, we tried to demonstrate if Henry IV was or not able to conceive and paternity of his daughter Juana, based on our current knowledge and presumed endocrinopathies suffered by the Monarch in accordance to some medical writers. METHODS: We reviewed a total of 10 chronicles, 5 contemporary texts and manuscripts, and 25 books about the figure of Henry IV published before year 2000, analyzing medical works in detail, particularly those from Marañon, Eisenberg, and Suarez, who studied the facts referred to the presumed Monarch's infertility and his paternity trying to establish a relationship with current endocrinologic syndromes that cause infertility or sterility and with the chronological dates of conception and birth of Juana "La Beltraneja". RESULTS: As it has been said before, although the study may be falsified by document manipulation done by those chroniclers partisans of the Catholic Kings, retrospective analysis seems to show that if the Monarch suffered eunuchism (hypogonadism) or hypophyseal tumor he should have been sterile. In a similar way than Suarez, we don't dare to judge if the attempts of artificial insemination performed to his wife Juana were successful or not, so the historical controversy about "La Beltraneja" continues.

Endocrine System Diseases↗