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PubMed2002

Bullying in the school environment: an injury risk factor?

OBJECTIVE: To describe a research project assessing the role of bullying at school as an injury trigger and the modification effect of the socio-economic environment of the victims. Preliminary results are also presented. METHOD: A case-crossover and a case-referent design were combined. The study base consisted of all children aged 10-15 years residing in the Stockholm county in 2000-02. Cases were recruited at the county's children hospital and interviewed shortly after the injury, using a specially designed questionnaire. RESULTS: Preliminary analyses (261 interviews) reveal that about two injured children out of 10 reported having been bullied during the school term. Also, one out of 10 had been bullied shortly enough before the injury for bullying to be considered as a trigger. The circumstances of occurrence of those injuries varied. CONCLUSION: Bullying, apart from being frequent in the school environment, is quite likely to act as an injury trigger.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Tanning salons in southwest Poland: a survey of safety standards and professional knowledge of the staff.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, sunbeds are very popular worldwide; however--in the majority of countries, including Poland--there are no general guidelines and/or regulations for sunbed usage. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate tanning salons in southwest Poland, paying special attention to safety regulations and basic professional knowledge of the staff members of these units. The hypothesis was put that tanning salons offer better skin and eye protection if their employees are more educated. METHODS: Fifty-five sunbed units were visited by the investigators, acting as potential clients. Information was obtained from the staff members in response to previously designed questionnaire. RESULTS: Employees of 41.8% of sunbed units had adequate knowledge of radiation used in their establishments. Goggles were provided in 72.7%, sunglasses in additional 25.5% of salons. Lotions with sunscreens were available in 41.8% of units. Brief medical history of the client was taken in 20% of units. No dermatological examination was performed. Tanning salons, where employed staff were well-orientated in ultraviolet radiation emitted in their units, significantly more frequently recommended usage of goggles and sunscreens (P = 0.0037 and P = 0.0033, respectively). Moreover, in these establishments sunscreens were more commonly available (P = 0.0029). CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of staff members of tanning salons is poor and the eye and skin protection is not enough. The results point out the importance of the knowledge of the staff members in providing skin and eye protection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Some psychological effects associated with positive and negative thinking about stressful event outcomes: was Pollyanna right?

This study investigated psychological effects associated with tendencies to focus one's thinking on positive versus negative outcomes of concluded stressful events, called respectively, positive and negative thinking. Four questions were addressed: (a) whether positive and negative thinking benefit or reduce psychological well-being, (b) whether these effects are transitory or enduring, (c) whether they are limited to thoughts about an event's impact on oneself or generalize to thoughts about an event's external consequences, and (d) whether tendencies to think positively or negatively about prior stressors influence psychological vulnerability to the impact of future ones. College students completed an event-outcome appraisal questionnaire designed to make salient positive and negative thoughts about the outcomes of recent stressful events. Subjects' well-being was then assessed both immediately after the salience manipulation and again 8 weeks later. Positive thinking increased the well-being that subjects reported immediately after their thoughts were assessed, but was unrelated to the well-being they reported after an 8-week delay. This suggests that although thinking positively about past event outcomes may temporarily lead to perceptions of increased well-being while the thoughts are salient, it has no enduring influence. In contrast, negative thinking was associated with lower reported well-being not only when the thoughts were salient but after a delay as well. Psychological effects associated with both types of thinking were due mostly to self-relevant thoughts rather than to externally relevant ones. Negative thinking about prior stressor outcomes appeared to increase vulnerability to the impact of later ones on several aspects of well-being. Overall, results for negative thinking are consistent with evidence reported after an 8-week delay. This suggests that although thinking positively effects that persist over time. However, positive thinking does not seem to have beneficial effects that continue once these thoughts are no longer salient.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs.

Cross-sectional studies of attitude-behavior relationships are vulnerable to the inflation of correlations by common method variance (CMV). Here, a model is presented that allows partial correlation analysis to adjust the observed correlations for CMV contamination and determine if conclusions about the statistical and practical significance of a predictor have been influenced by the presence of CMV. This method also suggests procedures for designing questionnaires to increase the precision of this adjustment.

Attitude↗
PubMed1987

Subjective assessment of the effect of cataract surgery and a review of long term aims. Oxford Cataract Treatment and Evaluation Team (O.C.T.E.T.).

A questionnaire designed to test subjective assessment of functional improvement was given to 327 patients in a randomised controlled trial one year after operation for cataract. Approximately one-third of the patients had a contact lens fitted after intracapsular extraction (I/C) and two-thirds had intraocular implants after both I/C and extracapsular extraction. The great majority of patients admitted to functional improvement irrespective of treatment mode. A review of objective data from the study suggests that the beneficial effects of surgery are likely to be long lasting.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Patient perceptions and social impact. Preliminary results of the Bristol MRC Study.

One hundred and nine inpatients were compared with 84 day cases by means of specially designed questionnaires presented at set times by staff other than the operating surgeon. The aim was to highlight patient attitudes, expectations and satisfaction with a standard method of endocapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implant under local anaesthetic as either a day case (DC) or an inpatient (IP). The results showed a high patient acceptance of whichever method of management was chosen. Both groups appeared satisfied with their treatment and the final result. The cost of DC and IP treatment was assessed.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1997

Experience of undergraduates from three London dental schools and trainers from the south east of England on interviews for vocational training in 1996.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the current perceptions, motivations and expectations of trainers and vocational dental practitioners (VDPs) of vocational training (VT) interviews. DESIGN: Questionnaire based study. SETTING: General practice study carried out in 1996. SUBJECTS: Undergraduates from three London dental schools and vocational trainers from south-east England. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceptions, motivation and experiences were assessed by a questionnaire. RESULTS: 111 questionnaires were posted to trainers with 72 (65%) returned. 108 (70%) were returned from the dental schools after 155 were posted. Graduates employed in hospital training posts, armed forces and community dentistry were eliminated from the results. Most trainers (74%) had previous experience of VT and 89% of trainers thought that a CV was important for their choice of VDPs. However, only 11% of trainers sought references before interviewing. 34% of VDPs preferred jobs close to their dental school but 75% considered location to be vital to their choice. 67% of VDPs made 10 or more applications and 57% visited 10 or more practices for interviews. 78% of VDPs considered that either genderism or racism was likely to or possibly influenced the trainers choice. However, the converse was not true, 62% of trainers considered it unlikely that the VDPs were influenced by their gender or race. CONCLUSIONS: Trainers and VDPs have different perceptions concerning the protocol of interviews for VT.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effectiveness of out-of-hours dental services: I. Pain relief and oral health outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of four types of out-of-hours emergency dental service, including both 'walk-in' and telephone-access services. BASIC DESIGN: Questionnaire survey of patients attending weekend emergency dental services, with measurement of self-reported oral health status and dental pain (at attendance and follow-up) and retrospective judgements of change in oral health status. SETTING: Two health authorities in South Wales, UK. SUBJECTS: A total of 783 patients who completed questionnaires at attendance, and 423 who completed follow-up questionnaires. RESULTS: For patients who saw a dentist there were no consistent differences in the effectiveness of the four services, whether measured as pain relief, oral health gain or using patients' retrospective transition judgements about feeling better after their episode of emergency dental care. The proportion of patients reporting no improvement (transition judgements), either an hour after or the day after seeing the dentist, was surprisingly high (30-40% and 23-38% respectively). Although the 'rotas for all' - a telephone-access GDP-provided service for both registered and unregistered patients - achieved both the highest reductions in pain scores and the greatest improvements in dental health status between attendance and follow-up, this effect may reflect health gains due to care received after the episode of emergency dental care. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the setting where emergency dental patients are seen, nor the type of dentist who sees them, appear to have any significant effect on patient-reported health outcomes. Although further exploration of the factors that predict poor pain relief or low oral health gain is required, future research on these services should focus on the process of care and accessibility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A quality of life study in 20 adult long-term survivors of unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation.

There are few specific data available concerning quality of life (QOL) of survivors of unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation (UD-BMT). The procedure is expensive, difficult and is being employed increasingly yet we have little information concerning the QOL of survivors to justify this intervention. In this study, 20 long-term (>1 year post-BMT) survivors were studied with four self report questionnaires designed to assess quality of life, satisfaction with life, social support and employment status. Overall, satisfaction with life measures was above average but there was dissatisfaction with physical strength and appearance. The post-transplant employment data indicates that 60% of long-term survivors returned to full-time work and 15% to part-time work. Failure to return to work was not correlated with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), relapse, age at or time since transplant. In general, there was a good correlation between the clinician's and patient's view of their health but the clinician's assessment of the patients mental health and energy was higher than the patients reported. Further research is required in the area of QOL post-UD-BMT. This will enable transplant physicians to counsel patients better pre-BMT and to evaluate fully the results achieved by different centres performing the procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The long-term effect of dietary advice in men with coronary disease: follow-up of the Diet and Reinfarction trial (DART).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term effect of dietary advice on diet and mortality after a randomised trial of men with a recent history of myocardial infarction. DESIGN: Questionnaire survey and mortality follow-up after a trial of dietary advice. SETTING: Twenty-one hospitals in south Wales and south-west England. SUBJECTS: Former participants in the Diet and Reinfarction Trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Current fish intake and cereal fibre intake. All-cause mortality, stroke mortality and coronary mortality. RESULTS: By February 2000, after 21147 person years of follow-up, 1083 (53%) of the men had died. Completed questionnaires were obtained from 879 (85%) of the 1030 men alive at the beginning of 1999. Relative increases in fish and fibre intake were still present at 10 y but were much smaller. The early reduction in all-cause mortality observed in those given fish advice (unadjusted hazard 0.70 (95% CI 0.54, 0.92)) was followed by an increased risk over the next 3 y (unadjusted hazard 1.31 (95% CI 1.01, 1.70). Fat and fibre advice had no clear effect on coronary or all-cause mortality. The risk of stroke death was increased in the fat advice group-the overall unadjusted hazard was 2.03 (95% CI 1.14, 3.63). CONCLUSIONS: In this follow-up of a trial of intensive dietary advice following myocardial infarction we did not observe any substantial long-term survival benefit. Further trials of fish and fibre advice are feasible and necessary to clarify the role of these foods in coronary disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Goldmann applanation tonometer calibration error checks: current practice in the UK.

AIM: Assess current practice and views regarding checking Goldmann applanation tonometers for calibration errors in the United Kingdom. DESIGN: Questionnaire survey. METHODS: A total of 100 ophthalmology residents from England, Wales, and Scotland attending the 2004 Congress of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK, responded to a structured questionnaire. They were asked the following: how often they used different tonometers between clinical sessions; how often they checked their tonometers for errors; and who they felt was responsible for checking tonometers for calibration errors. RESULTS: All respondents were using a different Goldmann tonometer for each clinic: 85% never check tonometers for errors; only 7% perform checks at the start of each clinical session; and 8% would only check the tonometer for calibration errors if they had suspicious or unexpected measurements. A total of 70% of respondents felt that calibration checks are not part of their responsibility. They believe that either nursing staff or other hospital staff should carry out calibration checks and ensure that tonometers are accurate. The remaining 30% felt that calibration checks should be carried out by the doctor using the tonometer. CONCLUSION: Despite evidence that Goldmann tonometers lose accuracy during routine use in clinical practice, only a minority are checking the tonometers for calibration errors. There is no consensus as to who should be responsible for ensuring that tonometer calibration is maintained. We recommend that tonometers should be checked for calibration errors at least on a monthly basis by individuals identified by departmental protocols.

Calibration↗
PubMed2004

Snack food intake does not predict weight change among children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether intake of snack foods was associated with weight change among children and adolescents. METHODS: Prospective study of 8,203 girls and 6,774 boys, 9-14 y of age in 1996, in an ongoing cohort study who completed at least two questionnaires between 1996 and 1999. Intake of snack foods was assessed in 1996-1998 with a validated food frequency questionnaire designed specifically for children and adolescents. The outcome measure was change in age- and gender-specific z-score of body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Boys consumed more snack foods than girls during the entire study period. After controlling for Tanner stage of development, age, height change, activity, and inactivity, there was no relation between intake of snack foods and subsequent changes in BMI z-score among the boys (beta=-0.004), but snack foods had a weak inverse association (beta=-0.007, P<0.05) with weight change among the girls. However, the results were confounded by dieting status, which had a significant positive independent association with BMI change. After controlling for dieting status and whether the mother was overweight, the association between servings per day of snack foods and subsequent changes in BMI z-score were not significant in either gender. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that although snack foods may have low nutritional value, they were not an important independent determinant of weight gain among children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The molecular genetic architecture of human personality: beyond self-report questionnaires.

Molecular genetic studies of personality began with two high impact papers in 1996 that showed provisional associations between the dopamine DRD4 exon III repeat region and Novelty Seeking/Extraversion. These first two reports were shortly followed by an investigation linking Neuroticism/Harm Avoidance with the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) promoter region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). In the ensuing decade, thousands of subjects have been studied for association between these genes and personality, assessed by using self-report questionnaires, with erratic success in replication of the first findings for Novelty Seeking (DRD4) and Harm Avoidance (5-HTTLPR). Small effect sizes characteristic of non-Mendelian traits, polygenic patterns of inheritance and true heterogeneity between studies confound attempts to reach a consensus regarding the role of common polymorphisms in contributing to personality domains. Nevertheless, the current state of personality genetics is far from being bleak. Several new paradigms especially functional neuroimaging or 'imaging genomics' have strengthened the connection between 5-HTTLPR and anxiety-related personality traits. The demonstrations that early environmental information can considerably strengthen and even uncover associations between genes and behavior (Caspi's seminal studies and more recently the demonstration that early environment impacts on DRD4 and Novelty Seeking) are notable and herald a new era of personality genetics. Finally, consideration of the broader phenotypic expression of common polymorphisms (e.g. the 'social brain', altruism, etc.) and the use of new experimental paradigms including neurophysiological, neuropsychological and computer games that go beyond the narrow self-report questionnaire design will enable a deeper understanding of how common genetic polymorphisms modulate human behavior. Human personality, defined by Webster as the quality or state of being a person or the complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual, surely requires a more encompassing view towards understanding its complex molecular genetic architecture.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotional distress in persons with spinal cord lesion.

STUDY DESIGN: Questionnaire. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and emotional distress in persons with recent onset of spinal cord lesion. SETTING: Denmark. METHODS: A total of 69 patients with paraplegia or tetraplegia from two rehabilitation centres in Denmark filled in the questionnaire. PTSD and emotional distress were assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Medical-Based Emotional Distress Scale, 83 days on average after the spinal cord lesion. The level of neurological lesion and completeness were recorded adhering to the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. RESULTS: The prevalence of PTSD was 20%. Patients with PTSD experienced significantly more symptoms of depression and more emotional distress than patients without PTSD. Age and neurological level were related to PTSD in patients with traumatic injuries, but not in patients with nontraumatic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Persons with a recent onset of spinal cord lesions are at increased risk of having PTSD, and comorbidities such as depression and other symptoms of emotional distress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

An investigation of maternal stress after neonatal hearing screening.

An investigation was undertaken to determine whether mothers whose infants failed a newborn hearing screening (MWIF) had significantly more stress and were consequently at risk for dysfunctional attachment than those mothers whose infants passed a newborn hearing screening (MWIP). The Parenting Stress Index (PSI; Abidin, 1995), a screening and diagnostic assessment questionnaire designed to measure the relative magnitude of stress in a parent-child dyad, was used. Twenty MWIP and 20 MWIF participated. The PSI was administered through a telephone interview approximately 1 month after participants' discharge while their infants were between their fourth and fifth week of life. In the case of MWIF, the interview occurred before their infant's hearing retest. No significant differences in Total Stress, Life Stress, Child Domain, and Parent Domain subscale raw scores of the PSI were found between MWIP and MWIF (p > .05). An examination of the individual PSI profiles of all participants for "high" and "low" normative percentile scores (i.e., percentile scores > or = 90th percentile and percentile scores < or = 0 percentile for the former and latter, respectively) revealed that the incidence of high scale/subscale percentile scores was essentially equivalent between groups. MWIP, however, displayed lower scale/subscale percentile scores. The results of the study suggest that those mothers whose infants receive a refer outcome after a newborn hearing screening demonstrate equivalent stress levels as those mothers whose infants received a pass.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Patient reactions to cancelled or postponed heart operations.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to survey the rate and cause of cancellations of planned cardiac operations at a Swedish clinic during 1999, and to study how the patients were affected. DESIGN: Questionnaires were distributed to 74 patients who had their operations cancelled. Their mood after discharge was measured with The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. Ninety-three patients, who were operated on without postponement, served as controls. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent of the patients in the cancellation group reacted negatively, especially if the reason for cancellation was organizational (P = 0.03). The women in the cancellation group had a significantly higher degree of depression than men (P = 0.01) and both women (P = 0.02) and men (P = 0.003) in the control group. Most of the patients, however, were satisfied with the nursing staff's reception and information. CONCLUSIONS: The patients reacted negatively to the cancellation, especially if it had organizational reasons. Women subjected to cancellation had a significantly higher degree of depression than other patients. To be avoided, organizational and medical problems must be identified in time. One way to do this is to introduce a preadmission nurse clinic.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The AUDIT questionnaire: choosing a cut-off score. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a 10-item questionnaire designed by the World Health Organization to screen for hazardous alcohol intake in primary health care settings. In this longitudinal study we examined its performance in predicting alcohol-related harm over the full range of its scores using receiver operating characteristic analyses. Three hundred and thirty ambulatory care patients were interviewed using a detailed assessment schedule which included the AUDIT questions. After 2-3 years, subjects were reviewed and their experience of alcohol-related medical and social harm assessed by interview and perusal of medical records. AUDIT was a good predictor of both alcohol-related social and medical problems. Cut-off points of 7-8 maximized discrimination in the prediction of trauma and hypertension. Higher cut-offs (12 and 22) provided better discrimination in the prediction of alcohol-related social problems and of liver disease or gastrointestinal bleeding, but high specificity was offset by reduced sensitivity. We conclude that the recommended cut-off score of eight is a reasonable approximation to the optimal for a variety of endpoints.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Predictive capacity of the AUDIT questionnaire for alcohol-related harm.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a 10-item questionnaire designed to screen for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption. We examined its ability to predict alcohol-related illness and social problems, hospital admission and mortality over a 2-3-year period. At initial interview, 330 ambulatory care patients were assessed using a detailed interview including the AUDIT questions and laboratory tests. After 2-3 years, 250 (76%) subjects were reassessed and their experience of alcohol-related harm determined. Of those who scored eight or more on AUDIT at initial interview, 61% experienced alcohol-related social problems compared with 10% of those with lower scores (p < 0.0001); they also had a significantly greater experience of alcohol-related medical disorders and hospitalization. AUDIT score was a better predictor of social problems and of hypertension than laboratory markers. Its ability to predict other alcohol-related illnesses was similar to the laboratory tests. However, gamma glutamyltransferase was the only significant predictor of mortality. We conclude that AUDIT should prove a valuable tool in screening for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption so that intervention can be provided to those at particular risk of adverse consequences.

Adult↗