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At least 1,459 records · Page 81Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Effects of low dose oral contraceptives on serum total cholesterol, TAG, HDL-C & LDL-C levels in contraceptive users.

This study was done to appraise the effects of low-dose oral contraceptives (OC(s)) containing synthetic estrogen ethinyl estradiol and synthetic progestin levonorgestrel on serum total cholesterol, TAG, HDL-C and LDL-C levels. Ninety young women within reproductive age group were picked for this study. Sixty women using low-dose oral contraceptives served as experimental group and thirty age matched hormonal contraceptive non-users were selected for control group. Experimental group was again subdivided into OCP users for last one-year group, three-year groups and five-year group. The results showed that there were no significant differences on most of the study parameters between users and non-users women. But there was a significant accession of serum triacylglycerol only in OCP user groups. The results hint that low-dose oral contraceptives regimens partly impaired the lipid metabolism. So, the safeness of low-dose OCP used in National Population Control Program is further inspired. The value of studied parameters for serial longer continuation of OCP uses need to be renegotiated.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Varicella zoster virus vaccination policies and surveillance strategies in Europe.

The incorporation of varicella zoster virus (ZVV) vaccination in childhood immunisation schedules is becoming an increasingly common option in Europe. The current study forms part of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2 (ESEN2) organisational analysis for VZV and describes current passive immunisation policies, as well as current and proposed active immunisation strategies, and existing surveillance systems for diseases caused by the varicella zoster virus in ESEN countries. A questionnaire was compiled and distributed to 23 participating countries. A VZV vaccine is currently licensed in 14 of the 20 participating ESEN countries. Germany is the only country to have incorporated VZV vaccination into its routine childhood immunisation programme. Three further countries currently recommend vaccination of children against VZV and five countries are also considering introducing routine immunisation against VZV for children. However, of the eight countries with or considering introducing childhood VZV immunisation, only six have case-based mandatory notification of varicella, and only two countries have primary care surveillance data available for herpes zoster.

Chickenpox↗
PubMed2003

Mass newborn screening in Singapore.

Births in Singapore are almost exclusively in hospitals and this is conducive to mass newborn screening. Mass newborn screeningbegan in 1965 for G6PD deficiency and has led to successful eradication of the complicating kernicterus. Screening has also identified the distinct ethnic and sex linked variations in incidence. The predominant molecular abnormality is the Canton variant. Congenital hypothyroidism screening was started as a pilot project in 1981, then became institution-based in 1985 and nationwide in 1990. The screening is carried out on the cord blood and is now a primary TSH screen. Anincidence of about 1 in 3000 is being obtained and treatment has been started within 2 weeks of birth in almost all babies. A pilot Newborn Screening for hearing impairment started in 1999. Ituses the measurement of Transient Evoked Oto-Acoustic Emissions, is hospital based andcovers about 10% of the newborn population. The program has identified hearing impairment requiring intervention at a rate of about 1:1000 births. A program covering about 50% of the national births has been commissioned by the Ministry of Health to establish epidemiologic data and to document the outcome of early intervention. Mass newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism is being considered.

Congenital Hypothyroidism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family planning, obstetrical and gynecological health care provision in the Soviet Far East.

The Soviet model for both obstetrical and gynecological care and family planning provision seems entrenched in the Soviet Far East as found during a July 1991 visit to the Magadan and Chukotka Regions. Modern birth control is minimally practiced, but does include use of the older Soviet Loop intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD), recent introduction of the new Soviet Copper-T IUD and sporadic availability of condoms and foreign made birth control pills. Without male or female surgical sterilizations being performed, the consequence is that the major form of family planning is first trimester abortion. During this visit, I introduced the use of the NORPLANT Subdermal Contraceptive System and the Copper-T380A IUD to physicians at Anadry and Pevek regional hospitals. Gynecological surgery was also performed and fairly typical ob-gyn care units were toured. Ob-Gyn physicians in the Soviet Far East were found to be highly motivated. They look to the West for help in upgrading family planning and ob-gyn health care in the face of severe shortages after a half decade of perestroika.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed2005

High sensitivity for tuberculosis in a national integrated surveillance system in Finland.

Little is known about the sensitivity of surveillance for tuberculosis after integration of formerly dedicated tuberculosis surveillance and control into the general health care system, an integration which took place in Finland in 1987. We compared routine laboratory notifications to the National Infectious Disease Register (NIDR) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1996, with data collected independently from all laboratories offering M. tuberculosis culture, and with data from patient records. 1059 culture-positive cases were found. The overall sensitivity of the NIDR was 93 % (984/1059). The positive predictive value of a culture-positive case in the NIDR to be a true culture-confirmed case was 99%. For the culture-confirmed cases in the NIDR, one or more physician notification forms had been submitted for 89%. A highly sensitive notification system for culture-positive tuberculosis can be achieved in an integrated national infectious disease surveillance system based on laboratory notification.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed2005

[Risk factors associated to ovarian cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors associated to ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A case-control study was carried out including 31 women with ovarian cancer and 69 patients with benign ovarian tumors corroborated with a histopathological study. We analyzed 26 independent variables, which classification was clinic, sociodemographic and ultrasonographic. The dependent variable was ovarian cancer, and it was assigned a value of 1 if it was present and 0 if it was absent. The statistical analysis was done using a logistic regression analysis, with an alpha value of 0.05. RESULTS: The malignant tumor of epithelial cells was the most common histological variety and was seen in 22 cases (71%). There were 24 cases (77.4%) in clinical stage I at the time of the diagnosis. Out of the 26 studied variables late menarche (p = 0.02), multiparity (p = 0.02), loss of weight (p = 0.04), solid tumor (p = 0.02), mixed tumor (p = 0.02) and irregularities of the tumor (p = 0.03) were significant in the applied model. CONCLUSIONS: The sociodemographic variables associated to ovarian cancer were: late menarche and multiparity; the clinical significant variable was loss of weight; and the ultrasonographic variables were solid tumor, mixed tumor and irregularities of the tumor. A population screening program is recommended in women who are in reproductive age, and it should include a gynecological ultrasonographic scanning in order to make an opportune diagnosis of this pathology.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2006

Evolution of HIV/AIDS prevention programs--United States, 1981-2006.

When the first cases of what would become known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in 1981, the magnitude of the epidemic and the numbers of deaths were unimaginable. During the next 25 years, an unprecedented mobilization of individual, community, and government resources was directed at stopping the epidemic. CDC currently supports a wide range of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention activities in the United States, including 1) collection of behavioral and HIV/AIDS case surveillance data that document trends in the epidemic and risk behaviors; 2) programs conducted by state, territorial, and local health departments, community-based and national organizations, and education agencies; 3) capacity building to improve HIV-prevention programs; 4) program evaluation to monitor the delivery and outcomes of prevention services; and 5) research leading to new strategies for preventing transmission of HIV/AIDS. Since 1994, local and state health departments have allocated resources to specific programs and populations through local community planning processes that involve health department staff, prevention providers, and members of affected communities. A three-pronged approach has been developed, consisting of 1) prevention activities directed at persons at high risk for contracting HIV; 2) HIV counseling, testing, and referral services; and 3) prevention activities directed at improving the health of persons living with HIV and preventing further transmission.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of air pollution on asthma in Seoul: comparisons across subject characteristics].

OBJECTIVES: Korean epidemiological studies have used reduced samples according to the subject's characteristics, such as the health services provided, the historical note with asthma, and age, to examine the acute effect of air pollution on asthma using the Korean National Health Insurance records. However, there have been few studies on whether the effects shown in these reduced samples are different from those of all samples. This study compared the effects of air pollution on asthma attacks in three reduced samples with those of entire samples. METHODS: The air pollution data for PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3 and weather conditions including temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure in Seoul, 2002, were obtained from outdoor monitoring stations in Seoul. The emergency hospital visits with an asthma attack in Seoul, 2002 were extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance records. From these, the reduced samples were created by health service, historical notes with asthma, and age. A case-crossover design was adopted and the acute effects of air pollution on asthma were estimated after adjusting for weather, time trend, and seasonality. The model was applied to each reduced sample and the entire sample. RESULTS: With respect to the health service, the effects on outpatients were similar to those for the total sample but were different for inpatients. These similar effect sizes were also observed in the reduced samples according to the historical note with asthma and age. The relative risks of PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3 among the reduced and entire samples were 1.03, 1.04-1.05, 1.02-1.03, 1.04-1.06, and 1.10-1.17, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was no clear evidence to show a difference between the reduced samples and the entire samples.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Varicella surveillance practices--United States, 2004.

Varicella became a reportable disease in the United States in 1972, with states reporting weekly aggregate data to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS). In 1981, varicella reporting was removed from the national notifiable diseases list because reporting of this common disease was becoming a burden in the absence of a vaccine. This action was followed by additional changes in varicella surveillance practices. In 1995, varicella vaccine was licensed and added to the routine childhood vaccination schedule. In 2002, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) recommended that varicella casebased surveillance be implemented in all states by 2005; in 2003, varicella again was added to the national notifiable diseases list to allow for monitoring of the effect of varicella vaccine on varicella incidence. In 2004, to assess the progress in varicella surveillance in the United States, CDC surveyed immunization program managers in selected public health jurisdictions. This report describes the results of that survey, which indicated that substantial progress has been made toward the implementation of case-based surveillance as recommended by CSTE in 2002. As of 2004, however, 28 jurisdictions still had not implemented case-based surveillance. To monitor the effect of the vaccination program on the changing epidemiology of varicella disease, every state should now be conducting case-based surveillance for varicella. This is particularly important in light of the 2006 recommendation by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for a routine second dose of varicella vaccine for children aged 4-6 years because enhanced surveillance is needed to further monitor varicella epidemiology.

Chickenpox↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Provision of intravenous therapy in a skilled nursing facility.

Intravenous therapy is one of the admission criteria for the geriatric patient to enter a skilled nursing facility. Because of shortened hospital stays, more and more geriatric patients are placed in this type of nursing home. These facilities are also potential alternatives to hospitalization of the nursing home resident who requires I.V. therapy. Multiple factors, such as the aging population, federal programs for the elderly, and the economic health care climate, have contributed to the emergence of the skilled nursing facility as a practice setting for I.V. therapy. As the acuity of nursing home residents continues to rise, I.V. therapy will become a more frequent treatment modality. Therefore, I.V. nurses must be aware of the impact of provision of this service in the skilled nursing facility setting.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

VIDEOFAR: an epidemiologic tool for drug utilization studies.

VIDEOFAR is a computerized drug prescription monitoring system oriented to gain an epidemiological insight into the phenomenon of "drug prescription". The set of activities carried out within the VIDEOFAR project were focused to: define methods of analysis of prescription data, which could be transferred to the peripherical operating settings of the National Health Service (Local Health Units, Epidemiologic Observatories, Regional Pharmaceutical Services, etc.); implement a Drug Data Base to allow a flexible utilization of information; implement software systems in different computer environments.

Data Collection↗