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PubMed2003

German Environmental Survey 1998 (GerES III): environmental pollutants in the urine of the German population.

The German Environmental Survey (GerES) is a cross-sectional probability study to determine the exposure of the general population to environmental contaminants. The study was repeated for the third time in 1998 (GerES III). Again, a stratified random procedure was used to select the study population taking into account the parameters gender, age, community size and place of residence (West- or East-Germany). A total of 4822 persons between 18 and 69 years of age from 120 localities participated in GerES III. Human biomonitoring comprised the determination of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), pentachlorophenol (PCP), other chlorophenols, precious metals (gold, platinum, iridium), nicotine, and cotinine in urine.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma levels of persistent organohalogens and hormone levels in adult male humans.

In this study the authors assessed the possible relationship between high dietary exposure to persistent organohalogens (OHS) through fatty fish from the Baltic Sea and hormone levels in adult men. Blood samples were drawn from 110 men who consumed varying amounts of fish (i.e., 0-32 meals per month) for analysis of plasma levels of 18 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, 5 hydroxy-PCBs, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane (p,p'-DDT), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene, and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether. In addition, plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, plasma thyrotropin, free and total T3, free and total T4, and free testosterone were analyzed. The authors adjusted for age, and the only significant associations that remained were negative correlations between 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether and plasma thyrotropin (p < .001), and between pentachlorophenol and follicle-stimulating hormone (p = .04). The authors expected that there would be some significant correlations that resulted from pure chance. High consumption of organohalogen-polluted fish did not appear to affect plasma concentrations of pituitary, thyroid, or testosterone hormone levels in male adults.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Associations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 4.4 and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) 4.4 blood levels with plasma IL-4.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) reportedly induces cancer in animals, mimics estrogen activity, induces antiandrogen effects, and impairs Natural Killer (NK) cells and T lymphocyte responses. In this study, the authors attempted to determine associations of DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) blood levels with several immune parameters in patients occupationally exposed to insecticides. The study subjects were 49 patients who worked as farmers or farmhands in the former German Democratic Republic and who had been occupationally exposed to insecticides for at least 6 mo; 80% of them had been exposed for more than 20 yr. Blood levels of DDT, DDE, DDD, 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were determined, and blood lymphocyte subpopulations, in vitro responses to mitogens or pooled allogeneic stimulator cells, plasma neopterin, and cytokine and soluble cytokine receptor levels were studied. The majority of patients were contaminated with more than 1 chemical--most commonly DDE, PCBs, and HCB. Linear-regression analysis showed that interleukin-4 (IL-4) plasma levels were associated with plasma levels of DDT 4.4 (p = .0001) and DDE 4.4 (p = .001). The data in this study suggest that PCBs, PCP, HCB, HCHs, DDE, and DDD suppress TH1 cytokines, such as IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and induce TH2 cytokines, such as IL-4. The authors hypothesized that clinical symptoms, such as the frequent infections reported by many patients, could be a consequence of these immunological abnormalities.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Mutagenic potential of binary and complex mixtures using different enzyme induction systems.

A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the mutagenic potential of binary and complex mixtures in the presence and absence of inducible liver enzyme systems prepared with several different chemical inducers. Liver homogenate (S9, or 9000 x g supernatant) fractions were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats induced with either Aroclor 1254 (AR), phenobarbital (PB), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), or corn oil (UI). the mutagenic potential of test samples was measured with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 using each of the various S9 fractions. Test samples included benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), a binary mixture of BaP and PCP, two five-component mixtures, a methylene chloride extract of wood preserving waste-amended soil, and a methanol extract of coal gasification waste. At a dose of 25 micrograms/plate, BaP produced 55, 83, 217, and 161 net revertants per plate with UI-, PB-, AR-, and TCDD-induced S9, respectively. The complex mixture extracted from the wood preserving waste-amended soil induced approximately equal responses with all four S9 mixes. At a dose of 250 micrograms/plate, the methanol extract of a coal gasification waste produced 56 net revertants using the uninduced S9; however, when Ar- and TCDD-induced S9 was used, 129 and 67 net revertants were observed, respectively. These data demonstrate the relative importance of the various induced cytochrome P-450 isozymes for the metabolism of mutagenic chemicals and complex mixtures.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Association of liver hemangiosarcoma and secondary iron overload in B6C3F1 mice--the National Toxicology Program experience.

The literature evidencing the role of iron in promoting a range of neoplasms in humans and animals prompted us to search for a possible association between chemically induced hemosiderosis and hemangiosarcomas in the liver of mice in selected studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Its historical control database was examined for studies in which treatment-related liver hemangiosarcoma was noted; 130 consecutive NTP studies in B6C3F1 mice from Technical Report (TR)-340 to TR-493 were evaluated. Three compounds (2-butoxyethanol, p-nitroaniline, and para-chloroaniline) were associated with a relatively high incidence of Kupffer cell pigmentation consisting of hemosiderin in both sexes; only the male mice developed a relatively low incidence of treatment-related hemangiosarcoma. With a fourth compound (o-nitroanisole), a relatively low incidence (16/50, high-dose males) of chemical-related hemosiderosis was noted, with no associated increase of hemangiosarcoma. Two chemicals (pentachlorophenol and tetrafluoroethylene) increased the incidence of liver hemangiosarcoma in male and female mice, with no increase in Kupffer cell pigmentation. The overall association between liver hemangiosarcoma and Kupffer cell pigmentation was highly significant (p < 0.001). The cause for hemosiderosis in all cases was the erythrocytic hemolytic effect of the compounds. The reason for the sex-increased susceptibility for development of hemangiosarcoma is unknown but may be due to a hormone-related, reduced antioxidative defensive capacity through modulation of the activities of antioxidative enzymes.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed2003

Effectiveness of polypropylene film as a barrier to migration from recycled paperboard packaging to fatty and high-moisture food.

The capability of a polypropylene (PP) film barrier to prevent migration of residual contaminants from recycled paperboard into food simulants was studied. Anthracene, benzophenone, methyl stearate and pentachlorophenol were chosen as chemical surrogates to represent classes of contaminants likely to be found in recycled paper/paperboard. Each surrogate was spiked into a test specimen made of seven thin virgin paper layers at concentrations of 1-50 mg kg(-1). Test specimen were dried, stacked and sandwiched with PP films, laminated with PP film and then subjected to migration experiments using a compression cell maintained at 100 degrees C for 2 h. The concentration of the surrogates in the test specimen and in 95% ethanol, isopropanol and 10% ethanol food-simulating solvents was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization and electron capture detection. The results show that although the concentrations of the surrogates in the food simulants decreased with an increase in PP film thickness, they were still high and generally resulted in dietary concentrations >0.5 microg kg(-1), the level that US Food and Drug Administration would equate with negligible risk for a contaminant migrating from food packaging. Only at the lowest spiking level (1 mg kg(-1) benzophenone) did migration from the paperboard through a 0.127-mm PP film result in a dietary concentration of </=0.5 microg kg(-1). Therefore, it can be concluded that for an extended time at 100 degrees C, PP would not be an acceptable barrier to migration of contaminants that are expected to be in post-consumer paper/paperboard.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1980

Fingerprint analyses of plant and animal tissues with respect to the occurrence of foreign compounds.

Glass capillary chromatography can be used for the characterization of complex mixtures of plant and animal samples after clean-up by counter-current distribution. For good reproducibility of fingerprint patterns a special splitless injection system is used. This method prevents any loss at injection. In order to determine organochlorine substances also in trace amounts (a few pg) an electroncapture detector (ECD) was used. Each step in the analysis procedure was checked with the aid of radioactively labelled substances, e.g. the polar compound pentachlorophenol and the non-polar compound hexachlorobenzene. With the aid of capillary chromatography-mass spectrometry substances in complex mixtures in a concentration of 10 to 100 ng/microliters can be characterized. Suitable glass capillaries for these investigation were prepared in this laboratory. The results indicate that a standardization of the procedure is practicable.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Dechlorination of chlorinated phenols by zero valent zinc.

Reductive dechlorination of chlorophenols (Pentachlorophenol, three tetrachlorophenols (TeCPs), six trichlorophenols (TCPs)) with zero valent zinc was examined through batch experiments. Zinc showed much higher reactivity towards PCP than iron and amended iron indicating that zero valent zinc can be a good candidate for reductive dechlorination of chlorinated phenols. Chlorophenols were sequentially dechlorinated and less chlorinated phenols were identified as reduction products. The mass balance was not complete, indicating that by-products are important and/or that products being measured were lost by unknown pathways. The dechlorination rate of the chlorinated phenols usually followed the order: PCP > TeCPs > TCPs. Among the TeCP and TCP isomers, the reactivity was in the order of 2,3,4,5-TeCP > 2,3,4,6-TeCP > 2,3,5,6-TeCP and 2,3,4-TCP > 2,3,6-TCP > 2,3,5-TCP > 2,4,6-TCP > 2,4,5-TCP > 3,4,5-TCP. The first order reaction rates varied by one order of magnitude or more, depending on the chlorines positions on a phenol ring. A regioselectivity was observed and daughter compound distributions could be rationalized by a mechanism in which radical intermediates were more stabilized by chlorine and hydroxyl groups than by hydrogen; positions alpha to the radical were found to be the most important in stabilization, followed by beta-positions.

Chlorine↗
PubMed2001

Organic pollutants in surface waters from Portugal using chemometric interpretation.

Surface water samples from 45 sampling points across Portugal have been analyzed monthly by automated Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) in SIM and SCAN modes. Sampling was carried out during a period of six months (April-September, 1999), in order to determine the levels of contamination of 72 organic compounds mainly selected from the EC Council Directive list (CEC 76/464/EEC). Atrazine, simazine, deethylatrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, Irgarol, terbuthylazine, tributhylphosphate, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, dimethoate, lindane, linuron, propanil, o,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE and malathion were the main detected compounds. Although Irgarol, terbuthylazine, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine are not listed in the EC Directive, these herbicides and transformation products are currently in use and they were also included in the monitoring program and detected at some sites. Fifty-nine percent of the samples were below 0.1 microg l(-1), the detection limit required the EEC Drinking Water Directive (DWD). Some compounds were detected at values higher than the DWD, e.g. atrazine (2.7 microg l(-1)) and alachlor (5.43 microg l(-1)) in April. Simazine was also present with a high value (2.3 microg l(-1)) in September. Tributhylphosphate (5.40 microg l(-1)) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2.31 microg l(-1)) were also found at high concentrations near industrial sites. Chemometric interpretation of the more representative contaminants was performed by means of Principal Component Analysis, allowing the resolution of the more relevant contamination sources and the description of their temporal and spatial (geographical) distributions.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1990

Mobility of polychlorinated aromatic compounds in soils contaminated with wood-preserving oil.

Greater understanding of the mobility of polychlorinated aromatic compounds in soils is needed to investigate contamination and design suitable remediation strategies for sites contaminated with wood-preserving oil. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop a suitable aqueous batch extraction method for soil containing wood-preservative residues; (2) to determine partition coefficients for the primary contaminants [pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFS)] in oil, soil, and aqueous phases; and (3) to evaluate the potential soil migration of the primary contaminants. In a three-phase oil-soil-water mixture, PCP, PCDDs, and PCDFs were partitioned to the greatest extent in the oil phase. These results suggest that the migration of contaminants can occur in a saturated subsurface soil zone containing an oil phase at a wood-preserving site. In the absence of a free oil phase, PCDDs and PCDFs were highly partitioned onto soil and were considered non-leachable in the aqueous phase. However, PCP was considered highly leachable from contaminated soil containing only an aqueous liquid phase. Results from this study indicate that removal of any free oil phase present in subsurface soil should have highest priority during the cleanup of contaminated wood-preserving sites.

Oils↗
PubMed1992

EPA SITE demonstration of the BioTrol soil washing process.

A pilot-scale soil washing process, patented by BioTrol, Inc., was demonstrated on soil contaminated by wood treating waste, primarily pentachlorophenol (PCP) and creosote-derived polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although soil washing was the main object of this demonstration, the treatment train that was evaluated included two other BioTrol technologies for treatment of waste streams from the soil washer. The three technologies were: The BioTrol Soil Washer (BSW)--a volume reduction process, which uses water to separate contaminated soil fractions from the bulk of the soil. The BioTrol Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)--a biological water treatment process. The Slurry Bioreactor (SBR)--a BioTrol biological slurry treatment process conducted in an EIMCO BIOLIFT reactor. The sandy soil at the site, consisting of less than 10 percent of fines, was well suited for treatment by soil washing. The soil washer was evaluated in two tests on soil samples containing 130 ppm and 680 ppm of PCP, respectively. The BSW successfully separated the feed soil (dry weight basis) into 83 percent of washed soil, 10 percent of woody residues, and 7 percent of fines. The washed soil retained about 10 percent of the feed soil contamination while 90 percent of the feed soil contamination was contained within the woody residues, fines, and process water. The soil washer achieved up to 89 percent removal of PCP and 88 percent of total PAHs, based on the difference between their levels in the as-is (wet) feed soil and the washed soil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Environmental Pollution↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of baseline toxicity of mono-cyclic aromatic compounds by pseudomonas initial oxygen uptake assay.

The objective of this study was to develop quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for the toxicity of mono-cyclic aromatic compounds in the Pseudomonas putida initial oxygen uptake assay. The QSARs were developed using response-surface based on descriptors for chemical hydrophobicity (logP) and electrophilicity (LUMO). The model log (Ki(-1)=0.434 (+/-0.011) log P-0.389 (+/-0.013) LUMO - 2.13(+/-0.031); n=155, r2=0.941, r2(adj)=0.940, s=0.119, F=1206 led us to conclude that the polar and non-polar narcotics were statistically indistinguishable. Pentafluorophenol, pentachlorophenol and most dinitrophenols classified as weak acid respiratory uncouplers in literature fit well into this model when they were treated as their corresponding phenoxides. This latter result suggests that the action mechanism of these phenols should be reevaluated.

1-Octanol↗
PubMed2001

Oxidized forms of peroxiredoxins and DJ-1 on two-dimensional gels increased in response to sublethal levels of paraquat.

We previously found hydroperoxide-responsive proteins (HPRPs), which are comprised of peroxiredoxin I (Prx I), Prx II, Prx III, Prx VI, HSP27, G3PDH and two unidentified proteins (HPRP-2' and HPRP-5'), in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. It was demonstrated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) that most HPRPs are converted into variants with lower pI upon exposure to hydroperoxides. In this study, we examined the HPRP response on 2D gels upon exposure of human endothelial cells (ECV304) to paraquat (PQ2+), which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells. PQ2+ exerted cytotoxic effects in a dose-(10 microM-10 mM) and time-(24-168 h) dependent manner. Two-dimensional PAGE analysis revealed that HPRP-2', and oxidized forms of Prx I, Prx II and Prx III were clearly increased upon exposure of cells to sublethal levels of PQ2+. Microsequence analysis revealed that both HPRP-2 and -2' were identical with human DJ-1. Moreover immunoblot analysis confirmed the increase of oxidized forms of Prx II, Prx III and DJ-1 in response to sublethal levels of PQ2+. PQ2+ treatment failed to increase fluorescence intensity derived from DCF, which is believed to be an indicator for intracellular levels of hydroperoxide. Although pentachlorophenol (PCP), an uncoupler of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, clearly elevated the fluorescence, PCP had no effect on HPRP response. These observations indicated that DCF-derived fluorescence is not correlated with HPRP response. We consider that the response of Prxs and DJ-1 on 2D gels could reflect endogenous production of ROS in PQ(2+)-treated cells, and might be a sensitive indicator of oxidative stress status.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Neurotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and simple chemical mixtures.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major class of environmental pollutants. These chemicals are the products of incomplete combustion and are present in every compartment of the environment. While the carcinogenic potential of these chemicals has been investigated in numerous studies, very little is known about the potential of these chemicals to produce damage to neural cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicity of several model PAHs and binary mixtures of these chemicals in neural cells. Chemicals tested included benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), chrysene, anthracene, and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Four end points, including amino acid incorporation, total protein, total cell count, and viable cells (trypan dye exclusion), were measured in SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and C6 rat glioma cells. The most sensitive measure of PAH toxicity in neural cells was amino acid incorporation into proteins. BaP was the most toxic of all PAHs tested, and anthracene failed to produce a toxic response at any concentration tested. Without metabolic activation, BaP induced a significant cytotoxic response at a concentration of 30 microM. With activation (0.25% S9), BaP induced a response at concentration levels of 3 microM and 30 microM. Minimal toxicity was observed with chrysene at the highest concentration tested, and anthracene failed to produce a toxic response at any concentration tested. With mixtures of PAHs the majority of samples induced additive responses. The minimum concentration required to induce a significant response was reduced for the mixture of chrysene and BaP when compared to BaP alone. In addition, PCP appeared to increase the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by mipafox. The data suggest that PAHs are capable of producing damage to neural cells only at concentrations that are near their solubility limits.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Fatty liver and hepatic function for residents with markedly high serum PCDD/Fs levels in Taiwan.

This study was designed to examine the associations between serum polychtorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) levels and adverse hepatic-related health outcomes. Residents living in the vicinity of a closed pentachlorophenol (PCP) manufacturing factory (exposure area) and other areas nearby (control area) were identified from prior investigation of serum PCDD/Fs measurements. A total of 85 subjects were recruited for the study, 52 from exposure area and 33 from control, respectively. Average level of serum PCDD/Fs was 80.1 6 50.9 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid for those residing in exposure area, and 25.5 6 18.2 in control area. Statistically higher odds ratio (ORs) for fatty liver and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity was found in subjects with higher serum PCDD/Fs levels and high body mass index (BMI) as compared to those with lower PCDD/Fs levels and less BMI. Data suggest that dioxin exposure and high lipid content affect the prevalence of fatty liver in exposed subjects. Future study should be directed to prevent continuous exposure to environmental PCDD/Fs from the defunct PCP factory, and to characterize prospectively, with a larger study sample size, the potential long-term consequences on hepatic function associated with contaminant exposure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Induction of humoral immunity to protein antigen without adjuvant in rats exposed to immunosuppressive chemicals.

An experimental protocol was designed to assess humoral immune responses in animals antigenically challenged without the aid of adjuvants. The antigen selected was keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized as the technique to measure serum antibody levels. The procedure was tested for sensitivity by use of a known immunosuppressant (cyclophosphamide), two metals (lead and selenium), and three chlorinated hydrocarbons (polychlorinated biphenyls, pentachlorophenol, and toxaphene). KLH without adjuvant provoked an adequate humoral immune response when assessed by the ELISA. The antibody response was greater on d 15 than on d 8 following primary KLH challenge, while secondary challenge resulted in an additional 10-fold increase in antibody levels. Cyclophosphamide suppressed the later primary response (d 15) and the secondary response more so than the early primary response (d 8). Of the 5 chemicals tested, 4 resulted in significantly impaired antibody levels to KLH at some time during the response. The magnitude of the immune response elicited to KLH is compared to that reported for bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin administered with Freund's adjuvant.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The acute toxicity of penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorohydroxydiphenyl ethers in mice.

The acute intraperitoneal LD50 values of various hydroxychlorodiphenyl ethers (HO-ClX-DPEs; X = 5-7) in mice have been determined. The acute toxicities observed were on the order of, or slightly less than, that observed previously for 2-hydroxy-2',4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether (2-HO-Cl3-DPE; Irgasan DP-300; Triclosan), a commonly used bactericide. However, the acute toxicities determined for these compounds were substantially less than have been observed for HO-Cl9-DPEs and pentachlorophenol. The HO-ClX-DPEs had a marked hypothermic effect, similar to that produced by 2-HO-Cl3-DPE. Symptomatology following exposure to the HO-ClX-DPEs (X = 5-7) suggested a nonspecific depressant effect on the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Central nervous system toxicity of some common environmental residues in the mouse.

To ascertain changes in the level of general central nervous system (CNS) excitability and, therefore, postulated neurotoxicity of some common environmental residues, a bioassay was developed that used a known general CNS stimulant, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, Metrazol). As a positive control, dieldrin was compared to PTZ and nine other compounds (caffeine, 1,2,3-trichloropropane, ethylene dibromide, Arochlor 1254, pentachlorophenol, heptachlor epoxide, DDT, lindane, and chlordecone) for CNS stimulatory effects, both acutely and subchronically. All doses were administered on an equimole per kilogram basis, rather than milligram per kilogram or %LD50 comparisons. The general level of CNS excitability elicited by each compound relative to the others was assessed. Of the 10 compounds examined, dieldrin showed the most activity in decreasing metrazol-challenge ED50, while chlordecone was most potent in increasing the ED50. Dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and chlordecone were shown to potently inhibit PTZ-induced kindling. Of all compounds examined, dieldrin is concluded to have the greatest potential for causing an increase in general CNS excitability, which may relate to persistent behavioral stimulation.

Animals↗