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PubMedDate not supplied

The 17-propionate function of (bacterio)chlorophylls: biological implication of their long esterifying chains in photosynthetic systems.

Molecular structures of (bacterio)chlorophylls [= (B)Chls] in photosynthetic apparatus are surveyed, and a diversity of the ester groups of the 17-propionate substituent is particularly focused on in this review. In oxygenic photosynthetic species including green plants and algae, the ester of Chl molecules is limited to a phytyl group. Geranylgeranyl and farnesyl groups in addition to phytyl are observed in (B)Chl molecules inside photosynthetic proteins of anoxygenic bacteria. In main light-harvesting antennas of green bacteria (chlorosomes), a greater variety of ester groups including long straight chains are used in the composite BChl molecules. This diversity is ascribable to the fact that chlorosomal BChls self-aggregate to form a core part of chlorosomes without any specific interaction of oligopeptides. Biological significance of the long chains is discussed in photosynthetic apparatus, especially in chlorosomes.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1990

Inactivation of foot and mouth disease virus in skimmed milk with propionic acid, citric acid and hydrogen peroxide.

In order to protect farm animals from infections such as foot and mouth disease (FMD) and tuberculosis, the pasteurisation of milk and milk products designated for the feeding of animals is compulsory in Switzerland. Nowadays, milk products are often treated chemically with acids or with hydrogen peroxide in order to keep bacterial contamination low. The capacity of these chemical treatments to inactivate FMD virus in skimmed milk within 6 h at 5 degrees C was tested in this study. The results indicated that the addition of 0.1%-0.3% of consumable acids, such as citric acid or propionic acid, could not guarantee the complete inactivation of FMD virus in skimmed milk. Similar results were obtained both with FMD virus deliberately added to skimmed milk and with skimmed milk obtained from naturally infected cows. Hydrogen peroxide in concentrations of 0.1%-0.3% was also an ineffective means of controlling the risk of FMD virus transmission from contaminated milk.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The effect of testosterone propionate supplement on testicular toxicity with thiamphenicol in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Testosterone propionate (TP) was supplemented to male rats for assessment of its ameliorating effect on testicular toxicity with thiamphenicol (TAP). A total of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with TAP at 200 mg/kg/day for up to 4 weeks. In addition, 5 male rats were allotted to the control group receiving vehicle only. Ten of the 20 treated rats had a Silastic capsule (containing about 80 mg of TP) implanted in the dorsal skin at Week 2 and assigned to the TAP-TP group, while the other 10 treated rats were in the TAP group. After Weeks 3 and 4, five of both treated groups were examined for weight and histology of the testis and accessory genital glands, and for staging analysis of the seminiferous tubules. The same parameters were also assessed in the control group after Week 4. Weights and morphology of the seminal vesicle and prostate recovered remarkably from the TAP toxicity after TP supplement. However, no ameliorating effects of TP were obtained for the testis in either weight, morphology, or staging analysis of the seminiferous tubules.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

In vitro effects of hydrochloric acid and various concentrations of acetic, propionic, butyric, or valeric acids on bioelectric properties of equine gastric squamous mucosa.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and various concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) on tissue bioelectric properties of equine stomach nonglandular (NG) mucosa. SAMPLE POPULATION: Gastric tissues obtained from 48 adult horses. PROCEDURES: NG gastric mucosa was studied by use of Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and potential difference (PD) were measured and electrical resistance (R) and conductance calculated for tissues after addition of HCl and VFAs (5, 10, 20, and 40 mM) in normal Ringer's solution (NRS). RESULTS: Mucosa exposed to HCl in NRS (pH of 1.5 and, to a lesser extent, 4.0) had a significant decrease in Isc, PD, and R, whereas tissues exposed to acetic acid at a pH of < 4.0, propionic and butyric acids at a pH of <or= 4.0, and valeric acid at a pH of <or= 7.0 induced a concentration-dependent effect on reduction in these same values. Values for Isc returned to baseline (recovery of sodium transport) after addition of calcium carbonate in tissues exposed to all concentrations of VFAs except the higher concentrations of valeric acid at a pH of <or= 4.0. Histologic examination revealed cell swelling in the mucosal layers below and adjacent to the stratum corneum in tissues exposed to HCl and VFAs at a pH of <or= 4.0. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The VFAs, especially acetic acid, in the presence of HCl at a pH of <or= 4.0 appear to be important in the pathogenesis of NG mucosal ulcers in horses.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1996

Comparative assessment of bacterial inoculation and propionic acid treatment of aerobic stability and microbial populations of ensiled high-moisture ear corn.

High-moisture ear corn (HMEC) was untreated, treated with propionic acid (PA), or inoculated with a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium and allowed to ensile in laboratory silos for 0, 7, 21, 42, 138, or 202 d. The silages were evaluated for fermentation quality, microbial populations, and aerobic stability. In all treatments, silage pH declined rapidly within 7 d, but the rate of decline seemed greatest with the inoculum. The lactic acid content of inoculated HMEC was higher (P < .05) than that of control of PA-treated HMEC. Regardless of treatment, the population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increased (P < .1) up to 7 to 21 d of fermentation then declined; LAB counts decreased (P < .05) up to 42 d in control and PA-treated silage but continued to decline until 138 d for inoculated silage. Yeast and mold counts tended to decrease up to 42 d of ensiling then decreased (P < .05) as fermentation progressed. Between 138 and 202 d of ensiling, the control silage showed a marked increase (P < .10) in pH and yeast and mold populations, providing evidence of secondary fermentation; PA treatment and bacterial inoculation prevented secondary fermentation. Inoculation tended to reduce estimates of sample temperature for silage stored for 138 d and exposed to air, but not for the corresponding silage stored for 202 d. Treatment with PA prevented the loss (P > .05) of acetic acid and the rise (P > .05) in pH during air exposure of the 138-d silage; both control and PA-treated silage showed an increase (P < .05) in yeast and mold populations, but the increments were 38% and 23%, respectively. Compared with PA, the relative efficacy of inoculation in improving aerobic spoilage of HMEC depended on the period of silo storage and the criterion used to assess aerobic stability.

Acetates↗
PubMed2001

Effect of chromium picolinate and chromium propionate on glucose and insulin kinetics of growing barrows and on growth and carcass traits of growing-finishing barrows.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary Cr tripicolinate (CrPic) or Cr propionate (CrProp) on growth, carcass traits, plasma metabolites, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity in pigs. In Exp. 1, 36 barrows (12 per treatment; initial and final BW were 20 and 38 kg) were allotted to the following treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal basal diet (control), 2) as 1 + 200 ppb Cr as CrPic, or 3) as 1 + 200 ppb Cr as CrProp. Growth performance data were collected for 28 d, and then 23 pigs (seven, eight, and eight pigs for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were fitted with jugular catheters and a glucose tolerance test (500 mg glucose/kg BW) and an insulin challenge test (0.1 IU of porcine insulin/kg BW) were conducted. Both CrPic and CrProp decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI but did not affect gain:feed (P > 0.10). Fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, urea N, insulin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol:total cholesterol concentrations were not affected (P > 0.10) by either Cr source. Pigs fed CrPic had lower (P < 0.02) fasting plasma NEFA concentrations than control pigs, but plasma NEFA concentrations of pigs fed CrProp were not affected (P > 0.10). During the glucose tolerance test, glucose and insulin kinetics were not affected by treatment (P > 0.10). During the insulin challenge test, glucose clearance was increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed CrProp but not affected (P > 0.10) in pigs fed CrPic. Glucose half-life was decreased (P < 0.03) in pigs fed CrPic or CrProp, but insulin kinetics were not affected (P > 0.10). In Exp. 2, 48 barrows (four replicates of four pigs per replicate; initial and final BW were 23 and 115 kg) were allotted to the same dietary treatments in a growing-finishing study. Average daily gain, ADFI, and gain:feed were not affected (P > 0.10) by treatments. Carcass length tended (P = 0.10) to be greater in pigs fed CrPic than in pigs fed CrProp, but other carcass measurements were not affected (P > 0.10). Glucose kinetics from the insulin challenge test indicate that both CrPic and CrProp increase insulin sensitivity and that both Cr sources are bioavailable.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of chromium propionate on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary Cr propionate (CrProp) on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of crossbred finishing gilts. Dietary treatments were 0 or 200 ppb Cr (as CrProp; as-fed basis), and each treatment was replicated four times with five gilts per replicate pen. Gilts were fed diets containing 0.82% lysine from 73 to 80 kg BW and 0.64% lysine from 80 to 115 kg BW. At the end of the trial, carcass and pork quality data were collected from four gilts per replicate. Average daily gain, ADFI, and G:F were not affected (P = 0.76 to 0.96) by CrProp. Before delivery at the abattoir, shrink loss was determined after an 18-h fast (fasting shrink) and after hauling (shipping shrink) pigs for 2.66 h (209.2 km). Fasting, shipping, and overall shrink were not affected (P = 0.14 to 0.39) by CrProp. Carcass length was increased (P = 0.03) in pigs fed CrProp. Loin muscle area, 10th-rib backfat thickness, average backfat thickness, dressing percent, muscle score, fat-free lean, and percent lean were not affected (P = 0.18 to 0.95) by CrProp. Twenty-four-hour loin pH was increased (P = 0.10) in pigs fed CrProp, but 45-min loin and ham pH and 24-h ham pH were not affected (P = 0.39 to 0.83) by CrProp. Subjective (color, marbling, firmness, and wetness) and objective (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*, a*, b*) assessments of the loin muscle (at the 10th-rib interface) were not affected (P = 0.62 to 0.99) by CrProp. Forty-eight-hour drip (P = 0.10) and 21-d purge loss (P = 0.01) were decreased in pigs fed CrProp, but cook and total loss (drip + cook loss) and shear force were not affected (P = 0.35 to 0.53) by CrProp. Plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate concentrations were not affected (P = 0.28 to 0.97) by CrProp after transportation or during exsanguination. These data indicate that CrProp may improve some aspects of pork quality (loin pH, drip and purge loss) but not growth performance or carcass traits.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Changes of glycogen metabolism in phosphorylcreatine-depleted muscles taken from rats fed with beta-guanidine propionate.

Changes in glycogen metabolism were explored in fast and slow muscles taken from rats fed with a diet containing 1% beta-guanidine propionate (GPA), a synthetic analog that inhibits the entry of creatine into muscle cells competitively and causes phosphorylcreatine depletion. Feeding with the GPA-containing diet increased glycogen levels in the two types of muscles to a different extent and with different temporal patterns; it did not change significantly the rate of glycogen turnover both at rest and during exercise; it did not affect the net degradation of glycogen during exercise. Diet could affect the activity of several enzymes of sugar metabolism. These latter changes too were different in fast-twitch and in slow-twitch muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Lactational effect of propionic acid and duodenal glucose in cows.

Five dairy cows were arranged in a 5 x 5 Latin square design to compare the effects of two amounts of either duodenal glucose or ruminal propionic acid (C3) on milk yield and composition. Treatments consisted of a grass silage-based diet supplemented with glucogenic nutrients either infused in the rumen as a mixture of volatile fatty acids (control) or pure C3 (1.72 and 3.45 Mcal/d) or in the duodenum as glucose (1.72 and 3.45 Mcal/d). Treatments were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and contained 100 and 115% of energy and protein requirements according to INRA (1989), respectively. Only C3 treatments significantly modified ruminal volatile fatty acid composition and linearly increased C3 percentage (up to 25.5%). Both treatments substantially decreased milk fat yield and content, and linearly increased milk and protein yields. Although no significant differences between glucose and C3 were highlighted for milk yield and composition, it seems that mechanisms involved in milk fat decrease are different. Indeed, whereas C3 treatments decreased fatty acid production in an homogeneous way, short- and long-chain fatty acids decreased and medium-chain fatty acid production increased with glucose treatments. A bibliographical study confirmed that increasing glucogenic precursors (GP) supply curvilinearly increase milk yield, linearly increase milk protein content (+ 0.04% per Mcal of GP) and curvilinearly decrease milk fat content (- 0.14% per Mcal of GP). Thus, it appears important to account for the nature of energy supplied by the ration in formulation.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Glucose metabolism in lactating cows in response to isoenergetic infusions of propionic acid or duodenal glucose.

A bibliographical study showed that increasing supplies of glucogenic nutrients lead to a curvilinear increase in milk and protein yield. Increased post-hepatic glucose availability may be involved in the increase in milk yield. In the present experiment, 5 dairy cows were arranged in a 5 x 5 Latin square design to compare the respective effects of 2 amounts of either duodenal glucose or ruminal propionic acid (C3) on glucose metabolism. Treatment consisted of a grass silage-based diet supplemented with glucogenic nutrients infused into the rumen as a mixture of volatile fatty acids (control) or C3 (6.5 and 13 mol/d) or as glucose (3.4 and 6.9 mol/d) infused into the duodenum. Treatments were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and contained 100 and 115% of energy and protein requirements, respectively, according to the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Glucose appearance rate (Ra) tended to increase with the level of infusions of both glucogenic materials and with the high dose of duodenal glucose. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration increased with the infusion of glucogenic materials compared with the control and was significantly higher with glucose than with C3 treatments. This experiment did not indicate whether the increased Ra was the key mechanism to increased milk yield because milk yield only tended to increase and the standard error for Ra was high. With the high dose of glucose infused into the duodenum, the Ra increase was greater than the increased lactose production in milk. Because of that connection, IGF-I may also be involved by favoring the glucose utilization by the mammary gland.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Effect of casein and propionate supply on mammary protein metabolism in lactating dairy cows.

The effects of casein (CN) and propionate (C3) on mammary AA metabolism were determined in 3 multiparous Holstein cows fitted with both duodenal and ruminal cannulas and used in a replicated Youden square with six 14-d periods. Casein (743 g/d in the duodenum) and C3 (1,041 g/d in the rumen) infusions were tested in a factorial arrangement. For each period, L-[1-(13)C]Leu (d 11) and NaH[13C]O3 (d 13) were infused into a jugular vein, and blood samples were taken from the carotid artery and the mammary vein to determine Leu kinetics and net uptake of AA. Both CN and C3 treatments separately increased milk protein concentration and yield. With CN there was a general response in mammary protein metabolism, involving increases in Leu net uptake (30%), the uptake:output ratio (8%), protein synthesis (11%), secretion in milk protein (21%), and oxidation (259%). In contrast, C3 treatments tended to increase only Leu in milk protein (7%) and, when in combination with CN, to reduce Leu used for protein synthesis (5%). Across all treatments, most Leu uptake by the mammary gland was accounted for as Leu in milk or oxidized, and the Leu balance was therefore achieved without involvement of either net peptide use or production. Mammary uptake of group 1 AA increased to match milk output with all infusions. In contrast, mammary uptake of group 2 AA exceeded output to a greater extent with CN than with C3 infusions, whereas the increment in uptake of group 3 AA increased with C3 treatments. Overall, these data suggest that different mechanisms operate to improve milk protein production when either protein or energy is supplied.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1983

Effect of vitamin B12 status on performance of the lactating ewe and gluconeogenesis from propionate.

Ewes fed a diet containing .06 ppm cobalt prior to and after parturition were used to examine effects of hydroxycobalamin supplementation upon production of milk. Four ewes were assigned to each of three treatments after hand milking at 3 wk postpartum. At 7 wk postpartum, B12 concentrations in liver were enhanced in the group receiving intramuscular injections of 200 micrograms on alternate days (750 ng/g wet liver) relative to low groups that received 20 and 0 micrograms on alternate days (190 and 200 ng/g wet liver). Following 1 wk of treatment, B12-enhanced ewes had greater daily intake of feed and increased live weight. Vitamin B12 status was without significant effect on production of milk, total solids, fat, and solids-not-fat at 4, 5, and 6-wk milkings; however, production of milk protein was increased for B12-enhanced ewes. After lactations were terminated and feed intakes standardized, slices of liver obtained from B12-enhanced ewes incorporated 2-carbon 14-labeled propionate into glucose at rates greater than did slices from low B12 ewes. Subclinical changes affecting production may occur in lactating sheep when B12 status is at the lower end of what usually is considered the normal range.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Another theory for the action of ruminal buffer salts: decreased starch fermentation and propionate production.

Sodium carbonates have been fed to ruminants for more than 20 yr and, in many cases, have alleviated milk fat depression. These effects usually have been ascribed to increased ruminal buffering capacity, but this mode of action has several problems. For the buffering capacity to increase, the concentrations of ruminal bicarbonate, dissolved CO2, and Na have to increase. Ruminal fluid already is saturated with CO2, and the cation concentration of ruminal fluid is regulated closely to prevent hemoconcentration or hemodilution. Based on these latter observations, a significant increase in ruminal buffering capacity is unlikely. The action of bicarbonates is explained more easily by increased water intake, increased ruminal fluid dilution rate, increased flow of undegraded starch from the rumen, and decreased ruminal propionate production.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of propionic acid and of copper sulfate on the nutritional value of diets containing moldy corn for broiler chicks.

Diets containing moldy corn (in which fat levels were restored or not restored by soybean oil) were supplemented with either propionic acid (PA) or copper sulfate (CS), and their nutritional value for young broiler chicks was evaluated. The fat content of a diet containing good quality grains decreased slightly, whereas that of diets containing moldy grains decreased markedly, during the 30 days of the experiment. The PA (.3%), but not CS (600 ppm), almost completely prevented this decrease. Dietary metabolizable energy (ME), retention of dry matter and protein, and the performance of the chicks fed the diet containing the moldy corn were markedly depressed. Neither CS, nor soybean oil supplementation, nor a combination of the two, counteracted these effects. Supplementation with PA however, significantly (P less than .05) increased dietary ME, increased retention of dry matter and protein, and improved performance of chicks fed the moldy grains. The combination of PA and soybean oil supplementation yielded essentially the same results as the diet containing the good corn. It is concluded, therefore, that the nutritional value of diets containing moldy grains can be completely restored if their fat content is increased in proportion to the amount lost in the moldy grains and an efficient fungistat is used.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Possible synergistic effect of nisin and propionic acid on the growth of the mycotoxigenic fungi Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus ochraceus, and Fusarium moniliforme.

The effects of nisin and propionic acid (PA) on aflatoxin production and on mycelial growth and spore germination of the mycotoxigenic fungi Aspergillus parasiticus, A. ochraceus, and Fusarium moniliforme were investigated. The growth of A. ochraceus was completely inhibited on media containing PA with nisin in concentrations of 0.05% PA with 1,000 ppm nisin, and 0.1% PA with 500 or 1,000 ppm nisin. The growth of both F. moniliforme and A. parasiticus was completely inhibited by PA with nisin at a concentration of 0.1% PA with 1,000 ppm nisin. Nisin alone caused a significant increase in mycelial growth when applied to A. ochraceus at 500 or 1,000 ppm and when applied to A. parasiticus at 1,000 ppm. Spore germination of A. ochraceus was completely inhibited on media containing 0.1% PA with 500 or 1,000 ppm nisin. Spores of F. moniliforme failed to germinate in 0.05% PA with 500 or 1,000 ppm nisin, whereas spores of A. parasiticus did not germinate on media containing 0.1% PA with 1,000 ppm nisin. For all three fungi tested, the inhibitory effect on mycelial growth was found to be fungistatic rather than fungicidal. The combined treatment of PA with nisin produced better fungistatic activity than treatment involving either material alone. Nisin, applied alone, did not stimulate aflatoxin production (expressed by microg toxin/mg mycelium), but the combined treatment at certain concentrations was inhibitory to aflatoxin B1 or G1. The production of aflatoxin G1, but not of B1, was stimulated in 0.05% PA with 1,000 ppm nisin and on media containing 0.1% PA with 100 ppm nisin. Nisin is currently applied in foods to prevent spoilage induced by bacteria but not by mold. The results of the present study indicate that a combined treatment of nisin in small concentrations of PA might be useful in preventing mold damage in certain foods and stored grain.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1998

Propionic acid production by extractive fermentation. I. Solvent considerations.

Solvent selection for extractive fermentation for propionic acid was conducted with three systems: Alamine 304-1 (trilaurylamine) in 2-octanol, 1-dodecanol, and Witcohol 85 NF (oleyl alcohol). Among them, the solvent containing 2-octanol exhibited the highest partition coefficient in acid extraction, but it was also toxic to propionibacteria. The most solvent-resistant strain among five strains of the microorganism was selected. Solvent toxicity was eliminated via two strategies: entrapment of dissolved toxic solvent in the culture growth medium with vegetable oils such as corn, olive, or soybean oils; or replacement of the toxic 2-octanol with nontoxic Witcohol 85 NF. The complete recovery of acids from the Alamine 304-1/Witcohol 85 NF was also realized with vacuum distillation.

Fermentation↗
PubMed1999

Feasibility of DNA based methods for prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection of propionic acidaemia.

Propionic acidaemia (PA) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a genetic deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC). Defects in the PCCA and PCCB genes that code for the alpha and beta subunits of PCC, respectively, are responsible for PA. A proband with PA was previously shown to carry the c1170insT mutation and the private L519P mutation in the PCCB gene. Here we report the prenatal diagnosis of an affected fetus based on DNA analysis in chorionic villus tissue. We have also assessed the carrier status in this PCCB deficient family, which was not possible with biochemical analysis.

Adult↗