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[Prospective observational study of outpatients with schizophrenia in Poland: preliminary 6 month efficacy and tolerability results].

AIM: To compare the effectiveness and tolerability of olanzapine and other antipsychotic treatments (6 months after enrollment) in Polish patients with schizophrenia participating in the IC-SOHO (the Intercontinental Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes) study. METHOD: IC-SOHO is a 3-year, global, prospective, observational study examining health outcomes in outpatients with schizophrenia undergoing treatment with antipsychotics. Patients were offered enrollment by a psychiatrist if they initiated or changed antipsychotic medication for the treatment of schizophrenia. The study was designed to provide two patient cohorts of approximately equal size: patients who initiated or switched to olanzapine, and patients who initiated or switched to non-olanzapine antipsychotic therapy. Mean changes in positive, negative, cognitive, depressive and overall symptoms from baseline to 6 months, as measured using the CGI scale, were assessed. The incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms and sexual dysfunctions and weight changes were compared. RESULTS: Out of 7648 patients participating in the IC-SOHO study, 626 patients were enrolled in Poland. After 3 and 6 months of treatment, significantly greater improvement in overall symptoms measured using the CGI scale was observed in patients with olanzapine than in those with other antipsychotics. Response rate at 6 months was significantly higher in the olanzapine group than in the non-olanzapine group. Incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms and sexual dysfunctions was lower in olanzapine group. CONCLUSIONS: After 6 months, olanzapine-treated patients showed greater improvement of clinical status compared with other antipsychotic treatment. Olanzapine treatment was more beneficial for patients; comparing to other antipsychotic treatment less extrapyramidal symptoms and sexual dysfunctions were observed.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2004

[Changes in endemicity of hepatitis A in Poland].

Hepatitis cases have been reported and notified in Poland as infectious disease since 1951. Numbers of cases of hepatitis type A were estimated for the years 1970-1996, and since 1997 separate reporting and notification of this disease was introduced. Up to 1977 high endemicity, in the years 1978-1996 middle endemicity, and since 1997 low endemicity of hepatitis A have been observed. Vaccinations against hepatitis A have been recommended by programme of immunization since 1996. Annually between 13 and 23 thousand persons were vaccinated (less than 1 promile), except the period just after the flood in 1997, when 166 thousand of persons were vaccinated (0.4%).

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2004

[Influenza in Poland in 2002].

In 2002 the number of cases of influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) registered in Poland amounted to 228,055. This is 39.5% of the number of cases recorded in 2001. The highest influenza incidence was found in Mazowieckie voivodship (2297.5 per 100,000), while the lowest incidence was registered in Swietokrzyskie voivodship (104.1) and Lubelskie voivodship (117.6). In children aged 0 to 14 years the number of influenza and ILI cases amounted to 104,552 (incidence of 1511.9 per 100,000) and this is 46% of the total number of cases recorded in 2002. The number of patients referred to hospitals amounted to 223, including 92 children aged 0-14 years. There were isolated 10 influenza strains, including 7 strains of subtype A (H3N2) and 3 strains of subtype A (H1N1). Immunofluorescence test carried out in 57 specimens did not confirm infection with influenza virus. Sero-surveys showed the lowest antihemagglutinin antibody levels in the age groups 0-3 and 4-7 years, while the highest in people aged 8-14 and 15-25 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Rubella in Poland in 2002].

In Poland, 40,518 cases of rubella were registered in 2002 (incidence 106 per 100,000 population), including 2 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (incidence 0.57 per 100,000 live births). A 52% decrease in incidence was noted with respect to the epidemic year 2001. Across the voivodeships the incidence ranged from 227.7 per 100,000 in wielkopolskie to 21.4 per 100,000 in warminsko-mazurskie. As in 2001 urban areas registered slightly lower incidence than the rural areas (104.2 and 108.9 respectively). The incidence in men (120.2) was 24% higher than in women (91.9) and this difference appears to increase with routine vaccination of 13-year old girls. The highest incidence was observed in children aged 7 (1,023.2 per 100,000), 8 (930.7) and 9 years (859.6). Approximately 0.4% of cases required hospital admission. No rubella deaths were registered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Salmonellosis in Poland in 2002].

Total number of salmonellosis cases slightly increased. In 2002, 20,688 cases were reported (19,881 in previous year), incidence rate = 54.1 per 100,000 population. 68% of patients were hospitalized, but percentage of hospitalized cases with extraintestinal manifestations was much higher--above 91%. The seasonal peak was observed as in previous year in July and August. Since 1995 (when Salmonella strains were isolated in 91% patients) decreasing trend in confirmation of clinical diagnosis is observed. The most frequent isolated type remained Salmonella Enteritidis--above 86% of cases. Only four other serotypes (Typhimurium, Hadar, Virchow and Infantis) were detected in all of 16 voivodeships of Poland. The age, sex, urban/rural distribution of salmonellosis cases remains stable; the highest incidence was registered among children aged 2 (474.0/100,000). Extraintestinal manifestations of salmonellosis (septicaemia, meningitis, pneumonia peritonitis and other) were observed in 113 patients (the highest number since 1994).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Dysentery in Poland in 2002].

The notified number of dysentery cases was still very low, but a little higher than in 2001. Only 220 cases were notified in the year 2002 (incidence 0.58/100,000 population) while 128 cases were notified in 2001 (incidence 0.33/100,000). No one death case was notified. Four outbreaks of dysentery were observed: among them one foodborne infection due to S. sonnei involving 109 participants of a summer holiday camp for children from the poor families and one due to S. flexneri 2a involving 16 patients of psychiatric hospital were registered. S. sonnei remains the dominant etiological agent was isolated in 92% of notified dysentery cases and S. flexneri was isolated only in 8% of cases. S. dysenteriae and S. boydii were not found among persons examined bacteriologically by laboratory service of Epidemiological and Sanitary Service. Two tests of the external control of laboratory diagnosis were performed: one concerning the quality of the selective media used in the Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations (SSE) in Poland for routine bacteriological diagnosis of humans intestinal infections. It was shown that the specimens of the SS medium were acceptable only for diagnosis of S. enteritidis infections. In nearly 1/3 of SSE bacteriological laboratories was inefficient for diagnosis of S. flexneri infections and in some laboratories even not for diagnosis of infections due to S. typhi and S. sonnei. In another test the control strain of S. boydii 6 was send to SSE laboratories. The strain was properly diagnosed by all but two laboratories. Besides it was shown that the control strain was not able to grow on selective bacteriological media used for routine work. So there is a need to change the procedure used in those laboratories. In the period of low frequency of Shigella infections the external control of the quality of bacteriological media and laboratory procedures is needed and should be done regularly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Foodborne infections and intoxications in Poland in 2002].

A total of 26,734 bacterial foodborne infections and intoxications were registered in 2002 (incidence 69.9/100,000 population). S. Enteritidis was found in 94.8% of collective outbreaks (in Poland 4 sick people and more) and 90.4% cases in outbreaks caused by Salmonella of animal's source. The main vehicle of foodborne and waterborne outbreaks in 2002 was food prepared from various raw materials (3 and more) of animal's source (35.6% cases in outbreaks) and the next--from eggs (20.9% cases in outbreaks). Private homes prevailed (47.1% outbreaks, 66.2% outbreaks caused by Salmonella) among the places of the ready made food production. Ten epidemics with 100 and more cases each, were registered. Six deaths were noted in outbreaks in 2002 (2--in the result of salmonellosis of the animal's source, 1--in the result of staphylococcal infection and 3--after chemical poisoning).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Poisoning caused by chemicals for plant protection in Poland in 2002].

A total number of 103 cases and 4 deaths of poisoning caused by chemicals for plant protection were registered in Poland in 2002 (incidence 0.27 per 100,000 population). There were: 68 cases (66% of total) after intake of chemicals (after suicidal intake--36% and 3 deaths, after accidental intake--22%, after intake with food--6% and 2%--after exposition at undetermined circumstances of intake); 22 cases (21%) after exposition at agricultural labour, connected with spray of chemicals without adequate protective clothing; 11% (1 death) after exposition in other situation; and 2%--after exposition in undetermined situation. In 2002 were registered four outbreaks: two (four and two cases) after intake of food, one (two cases) after exposition during weeding before lapse of a currency period and one (two cases) after exposition at chemical in spray and during connected weeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Human brucellosis in Poland in 2002].

The registered 31 cases of human brucellosis in Poland comprise chronically ill professionals who in the past were involved for many years in the control of animal brucellosis. One case of acute infection was imported from Mediterranean region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[AIDS and HIV infection in Poland in 2002].

The cumulative number of AIDS cases diagnosed in Poland from 1986 up to the end of 2002 reached 1273, and 618 AIDS deaths were registered during this time. The yearly number of newly diagnosed cases remained stable (113 in 2002, incidence 0.3 per 100,000), but with 48 reported deaths the downward trend in AIDS mortality, experienced since 1996, was not sustained. Additionally, taking into account the official life statistics data, AIDS deaths might be underreported. In 2002, 574 newly detected HIV infections were reported (incidence 1.5 per 100,000), which is within the range observed in the past years. Injecting drug users constituted the most numerous risk group both among the AIDS cases (56.5%) and the HIV infection cases (31.1%). The proportion of reports of HIV infections with missing information regarding the risk group further increased in 2002, coming up to 55%. In order to monitor the epidemiological situation better quality of data will need to be assured.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

[Epidemiology of kidney diseases in Poland--pilot study (PolNef)].

Systematic increase of dialysis patient number in the world places an enormous responsibility upon the nephrological society in analyzing the epidemiological situation concerning renal diseases. Early diagnosis of renal disease permits treatment of not only the damaging effects of nephropathy on the kidney but also facilitates introduction of therapy that slows progression of complications due to renal insufficiency. Consequences of such strategy may allow for avoidance of terminal renal failure and to a significant degree may slow down for many years the further progression of chronic renal failure and its' impending results. The aim of the initiated pilot study is an attempt to evaluate the epidemiology of renal diseases in Poland on the basis of screening tests performed on a selected patient city in population numbering 60 thousand. In the first stages of the program, questionnaires will be distributed in order to select the patients that will require more detailed diagnostic procedures and nephrological care. Patient identification in the early stages of disease should bring not only better patient quality of life through adequate treatment but also substantial economic benefits, such as decrease in percentage of patients that will progress to terminal renal failure requiring expensive dialysis treatment.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Screening for prostate cancer in a population of South Poland--studies 2000.

According to the frequency of appearance, prostatic carcinoma is said to be the fourth new growth tumour in men in Poland. Course of prostatic cancer in early period is symptomless therefore the number of death because of the prostatic cancer is still being increased. The improvement of this situation in our country might be done by introducing the mass, screening studies. Since 1.09.2000 to 31.12.2000 a preventive programme of diagnosis prostatic gland diseases has been performed by the Department of Pathophysiology Medical College Jagiellonian University in Cracow. 8089 men 50-69 years old (mean 60.2 +/- 5.83) were investigated. In the first step, digital per rectum examination (DRE), serum PSA level determination, urine test and IPSS questionnaire were carried out. The abnormal results (an increase of PSA above 4 ng/ml and/or or a palpable nodule in the per rectum examination) allowed to select 284 patients, who in the second stage underwent transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and the biopsy. Presence of early prostatic carcinoma has been diagnosed and confirmed in 28 patients. The possibly tentative diagnosis of cancer was considered in 1383 patients. In the light of our results we must underline that these screening procedures seems to be important, especially respecting to the fact of possibility early diagnosis of prostatic cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of asthma and some respiratory symptoms in the years 1995 and 2001 in schoolchildren from rural regions of Poland.

The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of asthma and some respiratory symptoms and diseases in schoolchildren from rural regions of Poland in 2001 and to compare these data with previous estimations in 1995. Repeated cross-sectional epidemiological studies were performed among 594 primary schoolchildren in 1995 and 541 in 2001 using the same standardized questionnaire. Lifetime prevalence of "doctor's-diagnosed asthma" increased significantly from 3.4 % in 1995 to 9.6 % in 2001. This trend may be due to the real increase in the prevalence of asthma and also may be a result of better physician's diagnosis and/or better parents' health education. A substantial increase of asthma-related symptoms (post-exercise breathlessness, wheezing and dyspnoea) was also observed between these years (8.3-17.7 %, 6.2-13.2 % and 7.6-13.3 %, respectively). These results suggest that asthma in Polish schoolchildren is still underdiagnosed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Airborne pollen calendar of Lublin, Poland.

Pollen concentration in the atmosphere of Lublin (eastern Poland) was studied by means of volumetric method using Hirst sampler (VPPS 2000, Lanzoni) in 2001-2002. The pollen trap was mounted at the height of 15 m in the centre of Lublin. On the basis of analysis of mean daily values of pollen concentration, the pollen calendar was constructed for 16 taxa producing the allergenic pollen: Alnus, Corylus, Populus, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Betula, Carpinus, Quercus, Fagus, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Rumex, Plantago, Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, Urticaceae. Great differences referring to the course of pollen seasons for most of the studied taxa of trees within the 2 years of study were found. They were associated with the beginning and end of the pollen season, the amount and the date of maximum pollen concentration occurrence, as well as annual sums of pollen grains. Much lower differentiation was observed in the case of herbaceous plants. This referred mainly to maximum concentration occurrence dates (Urtica, Poaceae) and the length of pollen season (Chenopodiaceae). The most similar course of pollen seasons during 2 years was recorded for Artemisia. Among trees, the highest pollen concentrations were recorded for Betula, Pinaceae and Alnus; the lowest for Ulmus, Fagus and Corylus. Very high concentration of herbaceous plant's pollen was observed for Poaceae and Urtica; Plantago and Chenopodiaceae showed the lowest level. Annual sums of pollen grains for Alnus, Populus, Quercus, Betula and Pinaceae were much higher in 2001, but in the case of Ulmus, Fraxinus, Carpinus, Fagus the annual sums of pollen grains in 2002 were almost twice as high as in 2001. For 5 among 7 herbaceous taxa, annual sums of pollen grains in both years were similar.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2003

Feeding activity of spined loach Cobitis sp. in Lake Lucień, Poland.

The feeding activity of spined loach Cobitis sp. was studied in post-glacial ribbon Lake Lucień, Central Poland, during three 24 hrs periods in May, August and September. Samples were taken every 4 hrs and 8 to 18 (mode 10) specimens were caught on each sampling occasion. A total of 233 fish (37.3-107.6 mm TL) gut contents were examined. Six main food components (Cladocera, Chironomidae (larvae and pupae), Copepoda, Ostracoda, other macroinvertebrates and detritus) were used by the fish. Precise identification of gut contents showed that spined loach consumed large numbers of food items (from 31 to 39). Nevertheless standardised form of Levin's and Shannon-Wiener's indices revealed a rather narrow food niche, which was a result of unequal proportions of food items in gut contents and domination of few prey categories. Spined loach fed mostly from post-dusk to dawn and achieved maximum gut fullness in the morning (4.00-8.00). This nocturnal feeding pattern was consistent throughout all sampling occasions, but there was some discrepancy concerning 12.00 hours in spring and summer. Due to this, early morning activity can not be excluded. Prey selection indices indicated that spined loach preferentially consumed some small size chironomids: Tanytarsus, Cladotanytarsus, Dicrotendipes and avoided larger ones (Glyptotendipes, Stictochironomus).

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Endoparasitic helminths of fishes of the genus Cobitis from Poland.

A total of 107 individuals of Cobitis taenia and C. elongatoides, as well as polyploid biotypes C. elongatoides x Cobitis sp. and C. taenia x Cobitis sp. from five localities in Poland were subject to parasitological examination. Four trematode species (Diplostomum sp., Tylodelphys clavata, Posthodiplostomum cuticola - all metacercariae, and Allocreadium transversale) and one nematode species (Rhabdochona ergensi) were identified, described and illustrated. No clear relationship between the intensity of infection and species/ploidy level of the host was found.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Oogenesis in Vimba vimba (L. 1758) from Drawieński National Park (NW Poland).

The objective of the studies was to analyse the process of oogenesis in vimba from a non-migratory population living in the waters of Drawieński National Park in north-west Poland. The character of spawning of this species is an obstacle in determining the right moment to catch spawners or developing artificial spawning biotechniques. Previtellogenesis of vimba begins about six months after hatching and lasts three years. The trophoplasmatic growth of oocytes (October-March/April) begins when carbohydrate vesicles appear near the nuclei oocytes of sexually mature females (aged 4+). Just before spawning, granulated, lipoprotein-like substances are cumulated. The resorption of pre-ovulation corpora lutea (non-ejected oocytes) and post-ovulation corpora lutea (ruptured theca folds and follicles) begins in the ovary of vimba in the middle of June. These were observed in histological cross sections for about two to three months. Describing the process of oogenesis can provide a foundation for developing practical applications in aquaculture aimed at preserving the biodiversity of the park's waters and this critically endangered species of the Polish ichthyofauna.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Molecular characterisation of streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Poland.

Primary drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Poland increased two-fold between 1997 and 2000. Among 3705 drug-resistant strains investigated in 2000, 169 were resistant to streptomycin alone or in combination with isoniazid, rifampicin and/or ethambutol. The molecular basis of streptomycin resistance for 88 (52%) of these strains in comparison with 15 susceptible controls was determined. The most prevalent mutation was the single substitution Lys43Arg in the rpsL gene, found in 30.7% of the strains analysed. However, as many as 51% of the strains investigated carried no mutation in the rpsL or rrs genes. The multiple mutations present in two Beijing family strains were also identified.

Antibiotics, Antitubercular↗