Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Optical Devices”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,459 records · Page 81Linked to original sources

Clinical performance of electronic, head-mounted, low-vision devices.

This study compared four electronic head-mounted devices (HMDs) (Jordy, Flipperport, Maxport and NuVision) with conventional optical low-vision aids (LVAs). The aim was to determine any performance differences for laboratory-based clinical measurements and practical visual tasks for patients with macular disease. Possible factors influencing success were explored. Ten patients with early onset macular disease (EOMD) and 10 with age-related macular disease (AMD) used the four HMDs, habitual spectacles and previously prescribed optical LVAs to complete a range of clinical measurements and everyday visual tasks. The clinical measurements were distance, intermediate and near acuities, and contrast sensitivity. The visual tasks were to read text of three sizes, to write a cheque and to identify grocery items on a shelf. Following the initial evaluation, each subject took home two randomly selected HMD devices for 2 weeks, after which performance measures were repeated. No single HMD stood out as being superior overall. Flipperport and Jordy provided significantly better distance and intermediate acuity than the previously prescribed optical LVAs but near acuity and contrast sensitivity were not consistently better with any of the HMDs. Practice at home provided some improvement in performance with HMDs, nevertheless, optical aids remained the best devices for optimum functioning for the majority of tasks. Younger patients and those with better distance acuity were more likely to benefit from HMDs, particularly when reading small print. In low vision clinics, practitioners should continue to show patients conventional optical aids and demonstrate these electronic HMDs only when appropriate for the individual patient.

Adult↗

Gateable suppression of spin relaxation in semiconductors.

The decay of spin memory in a 2D electron gas is found to be suppressed close to the metal-insulator transition. By dynamically probing the device using ultrafast spectroscopy, relaxation of optically excited electron spin is directly measured as a function of the carrier density. Motional narrowing favors spin preservation in the maximally scattered but nonlocalized electronic states. This implies that the spin-relaxation rate can be both tuned in situ and specifically engineered in appropriate device geometries.

Journal Article↗

Single monitor stereoradiological television system using PLZT electrooptic shutters.

A new family of materials consisting of lead lanthanium zirconate titanate (PLZT) has evolved from recent advances in ferroelectric ceramics. PLZT electrooptic ceramics may be used as electronically triggered high-contrast optical shutters in lightweight stereoscopic viewing devices. A PLZT electrooptic shutter stereoradiology system in which dual x-ray tubes are used to generate stereo pairs of fluoroscopic images is presented. This system requires only a single television monitor for stereoscopic viewing by one or more observers. The viewer which contains the optical shutters is compact, light-weight, and can be attached easily to normal eyeglasses.

Humans↗

Probing organic field effect transistors in situ during operation using SFG.

In this communication, we report results obtained using surface-sensitive IR+Visible Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) nonlinear optical spectroscopy on interfaces of organic field effect transistors during operation. We observe remarkable correlations between trends in the surface vibrational spectra and electrical properties of the transistor, with changes in gate voltage (VG). These results suggest that field effects on electronic conduction in thin film organic semiconductor devices are correlated to interfacial nonlinear optical characteristics and point to the possibility of using SFG spectroscopy to monitor electronic properties of OFETs.

Journal Article↗

Ion-triggered multistate molecular switching device based on regioselective coordination-controlled ion binding.

Molecular devices capable of accessing different controlled conformational states, while optically signaling the occupied state, are attractive tools for nanotechnology since they relate to both areas of molecular mechanical devices and logic gates. We report here a simple molecular system that allows access to four distinct conformational and optical states. It is based on the regioselective complexation of metal ions to a heterocyclic ligand triad, which is dictated by the accessible coordination geometry and electrostatic properties of two distinct binding subunits. Thus, local conformational switching is brought about by tetrahedral coordination (of Cu(I)) or octahedral coordination (of M(2+) ions) to bidentate and tridentate binding subunits, respectively. The shape modifications undergone represent an ion-controlled nanomechanical device. They give controlled access to four different states that display different physico-chemical (e.g. optical) properties and provide a basis for logic gate operations.

Journal Article↗

Structural and functional imaging of 3D microfluidic mixers using optical coherence tomography.

To achieve high mixing efficiency in microfluidic devices, complex designs are often required. Microfluidic devices have been evaluated with light and confocal microscopy, but fluid-flow characteristics at different depths are difficult to separate from the en face images produced. By using optical coherence tomography (OCT), an imaging modality capable of imaging 3D microstructures at micrometer-scale resolutions over millimeter-size scales, we obtained 3D dynamic functional and structural data for three representative microfluidic mixers: a Y channel mixer, a 3D serpentine mixer, and a vortex mixer. In the serpentine mixer, OCT image analysis revealed that the mixing efficiency was linearly dependent on the Reynolds number, whereas it appeared to have exponential dependence when imaged with light microscopy. The visual overlap of fluid flows in light-microscopy images leads to an overestimation of the mixing efficiency, an effect that was eliminated with OCT imaging. Doppler OCT measurements determined velocity profiles at various points in the serpentine mixer. Mixing patterns in the vortex mixer were compared with light-microscopy and OCT image analysis. These results demonstrate that OCT can significantly improve the characterization of 3D microfluidic device structure and function.

Microfluidics↗

A clinical study of the human lens with a dynamic light scattering device.

A study was conducted to determine the potential usefulness and repeatability of a new dynamic light scattering (DLS) device for clinical studies of the human lens and early cataract. Studies using the cold cataract model showed this new device to be more sensitive than the Scheimpflug cataract imaging system in detecting the earliest cataractous changes. A miniaturized clinical DLS device developed by NASA using fiber optic probes was mounted on a Keratoscope (Optikon 2000), which has a 3-dimensional aiming system for accurate repeated sampling of the same area of the lens. A test/retest study was then conducted on the nuclear region of the lenses of 12 normal eyes. After a full, dilated eye examination, DLS data were obtained using the new device on the same eyes twice, 30-60 min apart. Particle size distributions and mean log particle size data were obtained. The mean percent differences between the larger and smaller of the test--retest pairs was 6.4% (range 0.05--10.8%); the between-test S.D. was 0.116. Actual numerical margin of error was +/- 0.023. In addition, the mean coefficient of variation was 4.2% (range 0.3--7.3%). A useful clinical end point obtained from data produced by the device was the mean log particle size. These results suggest that the DLS will be useful in the detection and study of the beginning and earliest stages of cataract formation in humans.

Adolescent↗

Stable ultrahigh-density magneto-optical recordings using introduced linear defects.

The stability of data bits in magnetic recording media at ultra-high densities is compromised by the thermal 'flips'--magnetic spin reversals--of nano-sized spin domains, which erase the stored information. Media that are magnetized perpendicular to the plane of the film, such as ultrathin cobalt films or multilayered structures, are more stable against thermal self-erasure than conventional memory devices. In this context, magneto-optical memories seem particularly promising for ultrahigh-density recording on portable disks, and bit densities of approximately 100 Gbit inch(-2) (ref. 7) have been demonstrated using recent advances in the bit writing and reading techniques. But the roughness and mobility of the magnetic domain walls prevents closer packing of the magnetic bits, and therefore presents a challenge to reaching even higher bit densities. Here we report that the strain imposed by a linear defect in a magnetic thin film can smooth rough domain walls over regions hundreds of micrometres in size, and halt their motion. A scaling analysis of this process, based on the generic physics of disorder-controlled elastic lines, points to a simple way by which magnetic media might be prepared that can store data at densities in excess of 1 Tbit inch(-2).

Journal Article↗

Optically tunable chromatic dispersion controller with coupled-cavity etalon structure.

We propose and demonstrate a novel optically tunable dynamic dispersion-compensation device with coupled-cavity etalon structure. Experimentally, it was achieved with an all-fiber coupled-cavity etalon made in an Er/Yb codoped fiber pumped by a 980-nm laser diode. The dispersion was tuned from -300 to +400 ps/nm in the experiment. The potential advantages of such optically tunable dispersion compensators include fast response time and remotely controllable operation.

Journal Article↗

Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding.

Silica waveguides with diameters larger than the wavelength of transmitted light are widely used in optical communications, sensors and other applications. Minimizing the width of the waveguides is desirable for photonic device applications, but the fabrication of low-loss optical waveguides with subwavelength diameters remains challenging because of strict requirements on surface roughness and diameter uniformity. Here we report the fabrication of subwavelength-diameter silica 'wires' for use as low-loss optical waveguides within the visible to near-infrared spectral range. We use a two-step drawing process to fabricate long free-standing silica wires with diameters down to 50 nm that show surface smoothness at the atomic level together with uniformity of diameter. Light can be launched into these wires by optical evanescent coupling. The wires allow single-mode operation, and have an optical loss of less than 0.1 dB mm(-1). We believe that these wires provide promising building blocks for future microphotonic devices with subwavelength-width structures.

Journal Article↗

A multipass cuvette for laser photolysis studies and its uses in studying hemoglobin kinetics and equilibria.

A simple multipass cuvette was constructed by cementing small first-surface mirrors to opposite optical faces of a standard cuvette, eliminating the need for complex alignment devices. The multipass cuvette could then be positioned to provide optical path lengths of approximately 5 and 7 cm for the observing beam directed perpendicularly to the laser photolytic pulse. Internal reflection losses in the cuvette elevated the baseline by 0.36 in absorbance for the seven-pass alignment. Heme proteins can easily be studied at 100 nM in this cuvette. Analysis of the concentration dependence of the rapid recombination phase following photolysis of HbCO allows KTD to be determined. Precise determination of this constant, however, requires that a large range of concentrations be studied, allowing the fraction of rapid phase to vary from 20 to 80%. Human HbCO at pH 7 cannot be effectively studied over this concentration range in ordinary cuvettes owing to the low concentrations required. By employing the multipass cuvette, we have been able to make very precise determinations of this constant and find at pH 7, 21 degrees C, a value for KTD of 0.66 microM. We also determined that the quantum yield for photolysis of HbCO dimers and tetramers must be very nearly the same. For HbCO in Tris buffer, pH 7.4, the R----T conformation change is some six to seven times slower than that in phosphate. We have developed a simple equation that allows both the rate constant for the conformational change and the KTD to be determined under these conditions. The KTD obtained is in excellent agreement with a reported value obtained by large-zone gel filtration.

Animals↗

Driving multiple pulsed field electrophoresis devices from one personal computer.

A PC has been programmed to control more than one pulsed field electrophoresis device (e.g. clamped homogeneous electric field, CHEF; field inversion gel electrophoresis, FIGE). Each device is assumed to have a field controller requiring signals to (i) switch the field on/off, (ii) re-orient the field and (iii) invert the field. An interface between the computer parallel port and up to four devices is suggested and this was built from standard TTL logic and optical couplers. Software has been written to drive all four devices in parallel. Each pulsed field device may have a totally independent pulse regime, may be stopped or started at random and may be monitored at any time during an experiment. Setting up and running each device is almost entirely by mouse control and frequently used pulse regimes may be saved and rapidly retrieved from hard or floppy disk. The software can be configured for any combination of CHEF and FIGE devices.

Computer Graphics↗

Time-frequency signal processing of terahertz pulses.

We demonstrate that some signal-processing techniques, such as the fractional Fourier transform and the spectrogram, which are known to be effective for optical signals, can be implemented at terahertz frequencies and with available terahertz devices. These techniques, contrary to the frequency-resolved optical-gating method for pulse characterization, do not require nonlinear media, which do not exist at terahertz frequencies. Thus the fractional Fourier transform or the spectrogram offers the only possibility of characterizing terahertz pulses simultaneously in time and frequency.

Journal Article↗

Titania, silicon dioxide, and tantalum pentoxide waveguides and optical resonant filters prepared with radio-frequency magnetron sputtering and annealing.

Mixing dielectric materials in solid-thin-film deposition allows the engineering of thin films' optical constants to meet specific thin-film-device requirements, which can be significantly useful for optoelectronics devices and photonics technologies in general. In principle, by use of radio-frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering, it would be possible to mix any two, or more, materials at different molar ratios as long as the mixed materials are not chemically reactive in the mixture. This freedom in material mixing by use of magnetron sputtering has an advantage by providing a wide range of the material optical constants, which eventually enables the photonic-device designer to have the flexibility to achieve optimal device performance. We deposited three combinations from three different oxides by using rf magnetron sputtering and later investigated them for their optical constants. Each two-oxide mixture was done at different molar ratio levels. Moreover, postdeposition annealing was investigated and was shown to reduce the optical losses and to stabilize the film composition against environmental effects such as aging and humidity exposure. These investigations were supported by the fabricated planar waveguides and optical resonant filters.

Journal Article↗

Optical-transparent and flexible glucose sensor with ITO electrode.

The glucose sensor was constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD) with glutaraldehyde solution onto the sensitive area of the transparent oxygen electrode. The oxygen electrode was fabricated by sealing KCl electrolyte solution including the Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO)-electrode with both metal-weldable film and gas-permeable membrane coated with Ag/AgCl electrode. The sensor behavior was evaluated using standard glucose solutions in a batch measurement system with a computer-controlled potentiostat at a reduction potential of -900 mV. The sensor device has flexible structure and good optical transparency (less than 0.6 abs) at the visible wavelength from 400 to 700 nm. The sensor was possible to be used for measuring glucose from 0.06 to 1.24 mmol/l (correlation coefficient: 0.999), including the reported concentration of tear glucose in normal (0.14 mmol/l), with good reproducibility.

Adsorption↗

Dynamics of traveling waves in the transverse section of a laser.

We analyze the general features of the formation and interaction of transverse traveling waves and the appearance of filamentation in broad area semiconductor lasers with current profiling. For small apertures, the emitted profile is symmetric consisting of two counterpropagating transverse traveling waves, both emanating from the center of the device. For larger apertures, the emission becomes asymmetric as one of the traveling waves expands to occupy an increased area while the other occupies the remaining, smaller spatial region. In both devices, the pattern becomes unstable at higher injection currents due to optical filamentation, although an intermediate state is present in the wider device whereby the dominant wave undergoes a Hopf bifurcation before filamentation occurs.

Journal Article↗

Maturation of kitten ventral medullary surface activity during pressor challenges.

We used large-array optical recording procedures to examine maturation of regional neural activity within the ventral medullary surface (VMS) of anesthetized kittens during pharmacologically induced blood pressure elevation. Under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, the VMS was exposed in 10, 20 and 30- to 45-day-old kittens and in adult cats. Arterial pressure, costal diaphragmatic EMG, and ECG were continuously monitored. An imaging camera, composed of a charge-coupled device and a coherent bundle of optic fibers, was positioned over the VMS. Light at 660 nm illuminated the neural tissue, and was collected by the probe. Resulting light-scatter images were acquired at 2-second intervals during a baseline period, and following intravenous administration of phenylephrine at 10, 20 and 40 micrograms/kg. Sixty to seventy-five images within each epoch were averaged, and subtracted from baseline. Regional differences within the image were determined by ANOVA procedures (alpha = 0.05). Phenylephrine elicited dose-dependent elevations of blood pressure accompanied by decreased diaphragmatic EMG activity which were less profound in younger animals. With maturation, responsiveness of respiratory patterning to the pressor response increased. In contrast to adult cats, 10-day kittens increased VMS neural activity in a dose-dependent fashion with pressor stimulation. A progressive transition to adult response patterns was observed with increasing postnatal age, and was established in over half of the kittens by 30-45 days. We conclude that phenylephrine-induced baroreceptor stimulation elicits divergent VMS activity responses in developing and mature animals. Such a developmental pattern may reflect immature function of central and/or peripheral baroreflexes.

Aging↗

[Devic's neuromyelitis optica. Presentation of 2 new cases and review of the bibliography].

Devic's neuromyelitis optica is a clinical entity characterized by severe transverse myelitis, acute unilateral or bilateral optic neuropathy, no clinical involvement beyond the spinal cord or optic nerves and a monophasic or recurrent evolution. We report two cases, both female, affected by spinal cord and visual symptoms suggesting Devic's neuromyelitis. First patient, a 30 y.o. woman, was admitted due to acute flaccid tetraparesis preceded by left optic neuropathy five months before. CSF showed normal IgG level and no synthesis of oligoclonal bands. Brain and spinal cord MRI showed left optic neuropathy, signal hyperintensities at cervical and thoracic levels on the T2 weighted sequence, and diffuse enhancement after e.v. gadolinium DPTA. Second patient presented optical neuropathy at 19 years of age, transverse myelitis at 47 years of age, and a new cervical myelopathy two years later, at 49 y.o. Brain and spinal cord MRI showed bilateral optic atrophy and multiple hyperintensities among C1/C2 and C6/C7 levels, some of them cavitated. Pleocytosis, protein count of 511 mg/dl, presence of IgGs but negative oligoclonal bands was observed on CSF. In general, Devic's optic neuromyelitis has poor functional prognoses, recurrences may follow onset affecting spinal cord and optic nerves. In our two cases, we did not identify a specific cause despite all the diagnostic work-up.

Adult↗