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PubMed2002

L-NAME differentially alters ventilatory behavior in Sprague-Dawley and Brown Norway rats.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a regulating factor in respiration. The question was whether NO synthase (NOS) blockade would affect posthypoxic ventilatory behavior similarly in two rat strains with known differences in steady-state hypoxic and hypercapnic responses and in posthypoxic ventilatory behavior. Ventilatory behavior [respiratory frequency (f) and minute ventilation (VE)] was measured by body plethysmography on unanesthetized, unrestrained adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD; n = 8) and Brown Norway rats (BN; n = 8) at baseline and 1 min after rapid transition to 100% O(2) after 5 min of isocapnic hypoxia (10% O(2)-3% CO(2)-balance N(2)). Testing was performed 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of either saline (vehicle) or 100 mg/kg of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Resting f and VE increased after L-NAME in both strains, more markedly in SD compared with BN (77 vs. 47% for f, and 42 vs. 16% for VE, respectively; P < 0.05). With vehicle, posthypoxic f and VE decline (Dejours phenomenon) was present only in BN and was absent in SD. With L-NAME, the Dejours phenomena were still present in BN but also were apparent in SD (f: 95.3 vs. 134.4 beats/min at baseline; VE: 66.3 vs. 88.8 ml/min at baseline; P < 0.05). Thus NOS blockade results in a strain-specific alteration in resting ventilation and uncovers the Dejours phenomenon in the SD strain.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Antiarrhythmic effect of magnolol and honokiol during acute phase of coronary occlusion in anesthetized rats: influence of L-NAME and aspirin.

This study was designed to evaluate the in vivo effect of magnolol and honokiol on the acute phase of coronary ligation in the presence of nitric oxide inhibitor (L-NAME) or cyclooxygenase inhibitor (aspirin). After Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with urethane, the changes of ventricular arrhythmia induced by coronary ligation for 30 min were determined with or without pretreatment with study medications. The incidence and duration of ventricular arrhythmia were significantly reduced after intravenous pretreatment (15 min before coronary ligation) with 10(-7) g/kg magnolol or 10(-7) g/kg honokiol. However, the antiarrhythmic effect of magnolol or honokiol could be abolished with the pretreatment of 1 mg/kg L-NAME, but not with pretreatment of 100 mg/kg aspirin. The abolishment of the myocardial beneficial effect of magnolol and honokiol by L-NAME, instead of aspirin, suggests an involvement of an increased nitric oxide synthesis in the protection offered by magnolol and honokiol against arrhythmia during myocardial ischemia.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed2006

Pictorial naming specificity across ages and cultures: a latent class analysis of picture norms for younger and older Americans and Chinese.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive aging research, as well as cross-cultural research, often relies on pictorial stimuli to address how perceptions of common objects vary by population group. OBJECTIVE: We investigate naming specificity--the degree of detail elicited for object labels - across age (younger-older) and culture (American-Chinese). METHODS: Using latent class analysis techniques, we segregated picture-item responses into multiple specificity levels. The analysis was conducted for 260 pictures, across four groups of younger (aged 17-25 years) and older (aged 59-76 years) adults in the US and mainland China. RESULTS: Overall, three naming specificity classes were supported. Age differences were modest compared to those across culture. In particular, Chinese groups showed far greater variation, naming more items both with high and with low specificity than age-matched American counterparts. Our results differed from prior studies using familiarity and latency measures. Moreover, approximately 28% of commonly-used picture items differed across all four groups. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the need to select appropriate pictorial stimuli for studies involving populations diverse in age and cultural background.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Semantic category interference in overt picture naming: sharpening current density localization by PCA.

The study investigated the neuronal basis of the retrieval of words from the mental lexicon. The semantic category interference effect was used to locate lexical retrieval processes in time and space. This effect reflects the finding that, for overt naming, volunteers are slower when naming pictures out of a sequence of items from the same semantic category than from different categories. Participants named pictures blockwise either in the context of same- or mixed-category items while the brain response was registered using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Fifteen out of 20 participants showed longer response latencies in the same-category compared to the mixed-category condition. Event-related MEG signals for the participants demonstrating the interference effect were submitted to a current source density (CSD) analysis. As a new approach, a principal component analysis was applied to decompose the grand average CSD distribution into spatial subcomponents (factors). The spatial factor indicating left temporal activity revealed significantly different activation for the same-category compared to the mixed-category condition in the time window between 150 and 225 msec post picture onset. These findings indicate a major involvement of the left temporal cortex in the semantic interference effect. As this effect has been shown to take place at the level of lexical selection, the data suggest that the left temporal cortex supports processes of lexical retrieval during production.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of rapid automatized naming and phonological awareness in early reading development: implications for the double-deficit hypothesis.

It is widely accepted that deficits in phonological awareness skills are related to reading difficulties. Recently, another source of reading difficulty has been identified that involves naming speed, and combined impairments in phonological skills and naming speed will produce more severe reading deficits than single deficits in either of these cognitive skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the consequences of grouping children based on the presence or absence of deficits in these skills. We demonstrate that the greater severity of reading impairment found in children with a double deficit could be due in part to a statistical artifact caused by grouping children based on their performance on two correlated continuous variables. This artifact also makes it difficult to establish the relative impact of deficits in naming speed on reading ability independent of deficits in phonological awareness.

Automation↗

PubMed2005

Recognition of protein/gene names from text using an ensemble of classifiers.

This paper proposes an ensemble of classifiers for biomedical name recognition in which three classifiers, one Support Vector Machine and two discriminative Hidden Markov Models, are combined effectively using a simple majority voting strategy. In addition, we incorporate three post-processing modules, including an abbreviation resolution module, a protein/gene name refinement module and a simple dictionary matching module, into the system to further improve the performance. Evaluation shows that our system achieves the best performance from among 10 systems with a balanced F-measure of 82.58 on the closed evaluation of the BioCreative protein/gene name recognition task (Task 1A).

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed1997

Stimulus size effects in Boston naming test performance in younger and older adults.

Thirty undergraduates and 31 older adults named the Boston Naming Test (BNT) stimulus pictures. Across younger and older participants, all 60 BNT pictures were presented in their standard size, in sizes 1.5 times larger than standard, and in sizes 1.5 times smaller than standard. BNT picture size had no effect on naming performance accuracy.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Learning disability subtypes and the role of attention during the naming of pictures and words: an event-related potential analysis.

The role of attention in the processing of pictures and words was investigated for a group of normally achieving children and for groups of learning disability sub-types that were defined by deficient performance on tests of reading and spelling (Group RS) and of arithmetic (Group A). An event-related potential (ERP) recording paradigm was employed in which the children were required to attend to and name either pictures or words that were presented individually or in superimposed picture-word arrays that varied in degree of semantic relation. For Group RS, the ERP waves to words, both presented individually or attended in the superimposed array, exhibited reduced N450 amplitude relative to controls, whereas their ERP waves to pictures were normal. This suggests that the word-naming deficiency for Group RS is not a selective attention deficit but rather a specific linguistic deficit that develops at a later stage of processing. In contrast to Group RS and controls, Group A did not exhibit reliable early frontal negative waves (N280) to the super-imposed pictures and words, an effect that may reflect a selective attention deficit for these children that develops at an early stage of visuo-spatial processing. These early processing differences were also evident in smaller amplitude N450 waves for Group A when naming either pictures or words in the superimposed arrays.

Attention↗

PubMed1990

Acute naming deficits following dominant temporal lobectomy: prediction by age at 1st risk for seizures.

Age at 1st risk for seizures may predict anomia following dominant anterior temporal lobectomy. We assessed confrontation naming before and 2 to 3 weeks after surgery in 45 right-handed patients grouped by side of focus and presence or absence of early (less than or equal to 5 years) risk factors. After left lobectomy, 6 of 10 (60%) patients with no early risks demonstrated significant decline (greater than or equal to 25%) in naming, but none of the patients with early risks showed this decline. After right lobectomy, there was no change. Cerebral representation of naming may be atypical in patients with early risks.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

The role of the left frontal lobe in action naming: rTMS evidence.

BACKGROUND: Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies suggest that whereas the left temporal neocortex plays a crucial role in all tasks involving lexical-semantic processing, some regions of the left prefrontal convexity are selectively recruited during verb processing. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there are different neural correlates for noun and verb processing in the human brain. METHODS: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 20 Hz at 90% of the motor threshold, was applied to left or right prefrontal brain during object- and action-naming tasks in nine healthy subjects. RESULTS: A shortening of naming latency for actions was observed only after stimulation of left prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION: The involvement of the left dorsolateral frontal cortex in action naming was demonstrated using rTMS.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The effects of L-arginine and L-NAME supplementation on redox-regulation and thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue.

Changes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels and its relationship with the hyperplasia and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) levels were examined in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) of adult rat males receiving L-arginine (L-Arg; 2.25%) or N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 0.01%) as a drinking liquid and maintained at low (4+/-1 degrees C) or room (22+/-1 degrees C) temperature for 45 days. Cold generally diminished both iNOS immunopositivity and protein level in IBAT, as well as the rate of apoptosis. Among groups acclimated to cold, higher iNOS immunopositivity and protein levels were detected only in the L-Arg-treated group. Furthermore, chronic L-Arg treatment increased IBAT mass and UCP1 protein content, while L-NAME had an opposite effect, decreasing both IBAT mass and UCP1 protein level, as compared to the control maintained at 4+/-1 degrees C. These data suggest that nitric oxide (NO) produced by iNOS could also contribute to overall NO-associated regulation of thermogenesis in IBAT. Namely, that iNOS, i.e. NO, in correlation with enhanced thermogenesis, additionally induced IBAT hyperplasia and UCP1 level compared to that induced by low temperature. Cooperative action of decreased apoptosis accompanied by increased tissue hyperplasia and UCP1 level, observed in IBAT of cold-acclimated rats, would be a way of meeting the metabolic requirements for increased thermogenesis.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed2001

[A checking system for contraindications using a prescription, injection and disease name ordering system and its evaluation].

It is important to administer appropriate agents to inpatients and outpatients with various conditions. In addition to the preparation and guidance for taking drugs, we should always consider the patient's basic information including age, history of allergy, name of disease, and history of examination. In particular, information on contraindications may have serious effects on patients, and must be checked most strictly. However, it is impossible to do routine work after obtaining all information such as the patient's basic information that are serially changing, drug history frequently revised, and a large volume of information on medication. In this study, we developed a prescription surveillance system. This system facilitates real-time checking of the names of diseases that correspond to contraindications as a rule, drug interactions, and administration to elderly patients and pregnant women on attached documents for medicines, utilizing prescription orders, injection orders, and disease name orders. This system facilitates efficient and accurate checking even in the following cases: when a prescription involves another department; when several prescriptions on different prescription dates occur; when a combination of an oral agent and an injection is contraindicated; or when an agent that can not be administered due to the patient's disease is prescribed. Therefore, all pharmacists can detect prescriptions involving agents that are contraindicated regardless of job skill. Pharmacists may contribute to higher quality medical practice.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Effect of L-NAME on the synthesis of plasma fibrinogen in mice.

The effect of nitric oxide (NO) on plasma fibrinogen was investigated by treating mice with oral N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME), a non-selective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Treatment with L-NAME significantly increased the concentration of plasma fibrinogen and hepatic expression of the alpha- and beta-chains of fibrinogen, whereas plasma NO(2)(-) level and hepatic expression of endothelial NOS (eNOS) mRNA were significantly decreased. These results suggest that L-NAME treatment can increase plasma fibrinogen levels via an increase in expression of fibrinogen mRNA in the liver, and NO may be involved in plasma fibrinogen increase.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Relationship between home blood pressure measurement and medication compliance and name recognition of antihypertensive drugs.

This study examined the relationship of home blood pressure measurement to medication compliance and name recognition of antihypertensive drugs in outpatients with hypertension. A total of 1,452 consecutive outpatients (842 males, 610 females; mean age 65+/-11 yr) seeking care at our institute answered questions at our cardiovascular outpatient clinic such as whether they had a sphygmomanometer at home, how often they measured their blood pressure at home, and how often they missed taking their medication. Among a total of 777 patients on antihypertensive drugs who had a sphygmomanometer at home, 16 of the 242 patients (6.5%) who measured their home blood pressure every day occasionally missed taking their medication, whereas this number was 22 for the 216 patients (10.1%) who measured their home blood pressure several times a week, 16 for the 146 patients (11.0%) who measured their home blood pressure several times a month, and 25 for the 173 patients (14.5%) who never measured their home blood pressure (p< 0.01 between patients who measured their home blood pressure every day and those who did not measure their home blood pressure). Among a total of 271 patients taking one or two antihypertensive drugs, the number of patients who could name their antihypertensive drugs was 47 of the 86 patients (55%) who measured their home blood pressure every day, 43 of the 78 patients (55%) who measured their home blood pressure several times a week, 24 of the 41 patients (58%) who measured their home blood pressure several times a month, and 22 of the 66 patients (33%) who never measured their home blood pressure (p< 0.02). In conclusion, medication compliance and antihypertensive drug name recognition were better in patients who measured their home blood pressure than in patients who did not measure their home blood pressure. From these results, we conclude that physicians should recommend home blood pressure measurement to patients being treated with antihypertensive drugs, because there is a possibility that home blood pressure measurement might improve medication compliance.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Calcium antagonist inhibits glomerular cell apoptosis and injuries of L-NAME exacerbated nephrosclerosis in SHR.

Increased apoptosis of glomerular cells, with progression of glomerulosclerosis, overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system and elevation of glomerular pressure, follows chronic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). To gain insight into the regulation of glomerular cell apoptosis in severe nephrosclerosis, we investigated apoptosis, the expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in glomeruli, and glomerular morphometric changes in 20-week-old SHR, SHR treated with NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 80 mg/l in drinking water), and SHR treated with L-NAME and the calcium antagonist, efonidipine (20 mg/kg per day), for 3 weeks. Apoptosis in non-sclerotic glomeruli was quantified by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. The increase in systolic blood pressure and the severe proteinuria with severe nephrosclerosis induced by chronic NOS inhibition were completely prevented by efonidipine. Furthermore, the glomerular area and capillary tuft area were markedly increased in rats treated with efonidipine compared with both control rats (+30 and +42%, respectively, p<0.01) and rats treated with L-NAME (+35 and +56%, respectively, p<0.01)-treated rats. This calcium antagonist also significantly inhibited the both increases of the glomerular cell apoptosis index (-72%) and the PCNA index (+44%), therefore the alteration between apoptosis and proliferation slightly increased the number of glomerular cells (subcapsular, +22%, p<0.01; juxtamedullary, +2%, not significant). Thus, the calcium antagonist efonidipine seems to play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis and proliferation of glomerular cells and may be effective in preventing nephrosclerosis exacerbated by NOS inhibition.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Nipradilol prevents L-NAME-exacerbated nephrosclerosis with decreasing of caspase-3 expression in SHR.

The proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and appears to be required for both DNA synthesis and repair. Previously, we showed that prolonged NO synthase (NOS) inhibition produced severe nephrosclerosis with an increase of glomerular cell DNA fragmentation (apoptosis), glomerular ischemia and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the vasodilating, nonselective, NO-releasing beta-adrenoceptor blocker nipradilol on DNA fragmentation and synthesis/repair of glomerular cells in this prolonged NOS blockaded SHR. Twenty-week-old SHR were administered an NOS inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 80 mg/l in drinking water) or co-treated with the same dose of L-NAME and nipradilol (20 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks. After this treatment, expression of apoptosis was histologically examined using caspase-3, an apoptosis inducer, in addition PCNA (DNA synthesis/repair), and examination of glomerular morphometric changes, including cell number and tuft area. Nipradilol reduced blood pressure and preserved creatinine clearance reduction in L-NAME/SHR. These effects were associated with normalization of the glomerular cell apoptosis index and caspase-3 score, an increase in PCNA index, and increases in glomerular cell numbers and glomerular tuft area, resulting in a decreased glomerular injury score. Thus, in SHR administered an NOS inhibitor, nipradilol improved nephrosclerosis in association with a decrease in apoptosis and an increase in DNA synthesis/repair of glomerular cells. These findings may provide important insights into DNA repair/repair and apoptosis in nephrosclerosis.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1997

Strategic options for brand-name prescription drugs when patents expire.

Pharmaceutical companies face a very hostile competitive environment from generic drugs once the patents on their brand name drugs expire. Depending on the country, such patents usually last 10-15 years but no sooner do the patents expire then copies of off-patent brand name drugs, called generics, are introduced, generally by smaller-size and lesser known companies, at significantly lower prices. As health care costs escalate all over the world, efforts to control medication costs have created a major market for generic prescription drugs, particularly in government funded hospitals and in dispensing general practitioner markets of the Asia Pacific and the third world. The world market for generics is estimated at US$20 billion, doubling in only five years and capturing over 30% of the market share. Because of adverse effects on sales and profitability due to the launching of generics, most research based companies that produce original brand-name patented drugs are forced to take counter measures to overcome this problem, particularly when R&D costs for new patents are skyrocketing. This paper develops a brief perspective on this problem and then examines the experiences of many multinational companies in the Singapore market in dealing with the problem. While several different approaches are identified, only one company experience appeared to work successfully and this is discussed in relative detail.

Commerce↗

PubMed2001

Naming, defining, and classifying in mental retardation.

Recent discussions about changing the term mental retardation to a different term may be considered in the broader framework of three distinct but related processes: naming (terminology), defining, and classifying. The three processes are analyzed according to their purposes and functions: In naming, a term is assigned; in defining, the term is explained; and in classifying, the group is divided into subgroups according to stated principles. The current status of each process is described, especially as represented in the 1992 AAMR manual, Mental Retardation: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports. We suggest three sets of guiding questions that may help evaluate proposed changes in naming, defining, or classifying.

Humans↗