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PubMed1989

Ethics in obstetric ultrasound.

The authors provide an overview of ethics, medical ethics, and obstetric ethics. An ethical framework is developed using the beneficence and autonomy models of moral responsibility in obstetric care. In terms of this framework, four ethical issues common to all ultrasound examinations are examined: (1) competence to perform obstetric ultrasound and referral to specialists, (2) routine ultrasound screening, (3) disclosure of results, and (4) confidentiality.

Beneficence↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of three developmental stage scoring systems.

In social psychological research the stage metaphor has fallen into disfavor due to concerns about bias, reliability, and validity. To address some of these issues, I employ a multidimensional partial credit analysis comparing moral judgment interviews scored with the Standard Issue Scoring System (SISS) (Colby and Kohlberg, 1987b), evaluative reasoning interviews scored with the Good Life Scoring System (GLSS) (Armon, 1984b), and Good Education interviews scored with the Hierarchical Complexity Scoring System (HCSS) (Commons, Danaher, Miller, and Dawson, 2000). A total of 209 participants between the ages of 5 and 86 were interviewed. The multidimensional model reveals that even though the scoring systems rely upon different criteria and the data were collected using different methods and scored by different teams of raters, the SISS, GLSS, and HCSS all appear to measure the same latent variable. The HCSS exhibits more internal consistency than the SISS and GLSS, and solves some methodological problems introduced by the content dependency of the SISS and GLSS. These results and their implications are elaborated.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Essentialism and typological thinking in biological systematics].

In biological literature, essentialism and typological thinking are believed to be incompatible with evolutionary ideas. At present, the same considerations underlay the claims to abandon the Linnaean hierarchy, or the fundamental classificatory structure rooted in essentialism. This paper suggests to reconsider the negative views of Plato's typology and Aristotle's essentialism following the narrow interpretations that have nothing to do with the classification of living beings. Plato's theory of 'ideas' (or 'forms') is the basis of classificatory theory; it provided such concepts as 'species', 'genus', 'essence', 'dichotomous division' but the development of this theory in the framework of moral and esthetic values could not be beneficial to biology. Aristotle's essentialism is more complicated and exists in two forms; one of these, or classificatory essentialism, is a modification of Plato's typology; another one, or organismal essentialism, represents the shift of 'essence' from the world of relations between objects to the realm of particular things, where the concept of essence lost its basic meaning. It is senseless to look for unreal 'type of an organism' ('essence of a thing') but precisely this kind of essentialism is attractive for biologists and philosophers. Organismal essentialism is the underlying basis of so-called 'individuality thesis' that is used as a weapon against classificatory essentialism. The same thesis is associated with an extensional vision of taxa that also explains the criticism of Linnaean hierarchy, while the latter is the intentional structure and the first tool suggested for the rank coordination of many unequal taxa.

Biology↗
PubMed1989

Beyond morality: the need for psychodynamic understanding and treatment of responses to the AIDS crisis.

The purpose of this paper is to identify a broad range of issues that both impact, and are impacted by, psychiatric intervention in AIDS and AIDS-related cases, with a special concern towards emphasizing the need for application of a psychodynamic perspective, in the understanding and treatment of pathological responses to the AIDS crisis. As a cornerstone of the psychiatric model, psychodynamic evaluation and treatment can provide a breadth of focus and depth of understanding crucial to a resolution of some of the deeper psychosocial aspects involved in the reaction to and spread of the AIDS virus. A case example is used to illustrate psychodynamic factors which precluded the patient's ability to choose monogamy, and which contributed to the "transmission" of a cyclic pattern of psychodynamic pathology.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗