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PubMed1988

Accord No. 000244, 30 June 1988.

This Accord publishes in the Registro Oficial the text of the Andean Instrument on Labour Migration, adopted by the National Congress of Ecuador on 24 June 1987. Under the Instrument, member countries are not to impede the entry and departure of migrant workers who have been contracted in conformity with the Instrument and the immigration laws of the country of immigration. Migrant workers are not to be discriminated against on the basis of race, sex, religion, or nationality and are to have, in general, the same rights of workers of the country of immigration. Workers and their families are also to have the same rights as nationals to education, housing, health care, and social security. Further provisions of the Instrument set forth specific rules with respect to temporary workers, border workers, and undocumented workers.

Americas↗
PubMed1990

Regional differences in immigration and economic structure in Australia.

"The scale of overseas immigration and the exceptional importance of the role played by migrants in demographic, economic and cultural trends in Australia makes the immigration policy one of the key components of Australian politics. Both the immigration policy and the outcomes of this policy are shaped by four major groups of factors: demographic, economic, cultural, and political in a broad sense. The weighting of these factors changes from period to period. This paper looks at the extent to which some of these factors affect regional differentiation of the immigration pattern. The analysis is focused on the influences of employment structure and other socio-economic characteristics of different Australian regions, exerted on overseas migration to these regions." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Australia↗
PubMed1989

The process of exempt immediate relative immigration to the United States.

"To examine the chain migration issue [in the United States], this article develops and analyzes a new data base that links information on a sample of exempt immediate relative immigrants in Fiscal Year 1985 with information on the characteristics of their petitioners or sponsors. The analysis generally does not indicate that an explosive increase in future chain migration of exempt immediate relative immigrants is likely in the next ten years." Exempt immediate relative immigrants are defined as those who are exempt from numerical limitations because of their relationship with a U.S. citizen. Data are from the U.S. General Accounting Office.

Americas↗
PubMed1996

European migration from East to West: present patterns and future directions.

"Present-day migration control is largely a social and political construction; it cannot explain the patterns and processes of East-West migration. Western anxieties have been misleading, and are used as a substitute for the fears of the Cold War period. In reality, the rich countries of Western Europe have largely been able to control their borders and define the sort of immigration they want to accept. Most of the migrants from Eastern Europe have come in an arranged form, particularly the ethnic migrants. Uncontrolled immigration is concentrated in those sectors of the economy where regulation is weak, and internal forces are operating in favour of unregistered immigration."

Culture↗
PubMed1998

Germany and its immigrants: a socio-demographic analysis.

"Germany is today, along with the USA and Russia, one of the three most important immigration countries worldwide. The authors examine how the immigrant population of Germany has risen despite the fact that the German government has sought to restrict it. They analyse six major streams of migration: refugees and expellees who came immediately after World War II, German resettlers from Eastern Europe (¿Aussiedler'), emigration of (West) Germans, migration between East and West Germany, foreign labour migrants and asylum seekers. The dynamics of immigration within each of these channels was remarkably different. As far as absorption and integration are concerned the authors argue that different groups of immigrants should be treated more equally."

Acculturation↗
PubMed2000

Human population in the biodiversity hotspots.

Biologists have identified 25 areas, called biodiversity hotspots, that are especially rich in endemic species and particularly threatened by human activities. The human population dynamics of these areas, however, are not well quantified. Here we report estimates of key demographic variables for each hotspot, and for three extensive tropical forest areas that are less immediately threatened. We estimate that in 1995 more than 1.1 billion people, nearly 20% of world population, were living within the hotspots, an area covering about 12% of Earth's terrestrial surface. We estimate that the population growth rate in the hotspots (1995-2000) is 1.8% yr(-1), substantially higher than the population growth rate of the world as a whole (1.3% yr(-1)) and above that of the developing countries (1.6% yr(-1)). These results suggest that substantial human-induced environmental changes are likely to continue in the hotspots and that demographic change remains an important factor in global biodiversity conservation. The results also underline the potential conservation significance of the continuing worldwide declines in human fertility and of policies and programs that influence human migration.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1982

International migration in modern economic development: with special reference to Yugoslavia.

"This article analyzes international migration within the framework of modern socioeconomic development, taking as an example the Yugoslav external migration in the period after World War II. How these migration flows fit with generalizations derived from long-run experiences with external migration of other countries is examined. General theoretical reasoning is applied in order to elucidate the basic determinants of migration, thus making a contribution to the integration of the theory and policy of economic development of emigration countries."

Demography↗
PubMed1994

The silicone gel breast implant controversy: current status and clinical implications.

The silicone breast implant controversy has amassed a great deal of media coverage in the past year. Unfortunately, separating fact from fiction has been extremely frustrating and difficult, not only for physicians but for women who have either had or are considering cosmetic or reconstructive surgery of the breast. At a recent meeting attended by most of the board eligible and certified Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons in the State of Arkansas, it was felt that a consensus statement was needed to clarify the issues and inform other Arkansas physicians of the most up to date information. The result is a fairly comprehensive review which will require your indulgence. Breast implants are placed not only by Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, but by Otolaryngologists, "Facial Plastic Surgeons", Obstetricians/Gynecologists, General Surgeons, Dermatologists and Family Practitioners. We believe it is the ethical and legal responsibility of the physicians who elect to perform these procedures to provide adequate care and follow-up for these patients when either real or perceived problems arise. Accurate information, reassurance and occasionally re-operations are required for many of these patients.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMed1990

Setting norms in the United Nations system: the draft convention on the protection of the rights of all migrant workers and their families in relation to ILO in standards on migrant workers.

The author reviews the U.N.'s draft proposal concerning the rights of migrant workers and their families. "This article examines the nature and scope of obligations under the United Nations Convention and contrasts them with existing international standards. In the light of the elaboration of the U.N. Convention, the conditions of future normative activities to limit negative consequences of a proliferation of instruments and supervisory mechanisms are outlined." Consideration is given to human and trade union rights, employment, social security, living and working conditions, workers' families, expulsion, and conditions of international migration. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Demography↗
PubMed1986

Population problems in Austronesia.

The author examines population issues facing countries in Oceania and Southeastern Asia. "Analysis is based on recently released population projections from the United Nations Population Division. There are great differences among the countries.... There are nonetheless important areas of commonality: all nations are facing the problem of raising levels of schooling in line with parents' aspirations and economic needs, all face problems of caring for a rising proportion of aged, and all have difficulties with the monitoring and control of international migration. Also, since minority groups in many countries are majority polities in neighbouring states, there is potential for establishing international dialogues aimed at relieving internal tensions." Consideration is given to the role of Australia in promoting international cooperation to deal with these issues.

Asia↗
PubMed1995

Migration and the family: the female perspective.

"This article shows that a family perspective is especially important for the analysis of female migration because: (1) women are major participants in 'family migration' as defined by governments and, although they benefit from family reunification provisions, they are also constrained by them; (2) migrant women are important economic actors and their participation in economic activity is closely related to the needs of their families, so that the choices that migrant women make regarding work cannot be understood without taking into account the situation of their families and women's roles within them; (3) women are increasingly becoming migrant workers in order to improve the economic status of their families; and (4) women rely on their families to provide various types of support that both make migration possible and condition its outcome. A review of the literature provides evidence supporting each of these observations."

Demography↗
PubMed1990

On the industrialization of small towns in Pakistan.

"Migration to large metropolitan cities in Pakistan from rural areas and small towns has put enormous pressure on those cities and created many socio-economic and demographic problems. This article suggests that, in conjunction with other steps, many smaller towns should be developed and industrialized to ease the pressure on the larger cities, as has been done in other areas of the world."

Asia↗