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Motivated patients are essential for successful periodontal therapy. The intention of this investigation was to determine the success of motivational attempts. 100 patients were examined and separated into two groups according to sex and age. As a result there was no significant difference between gender groups as well as age groups concerning the motivation.
A study of the relationship between images of the future and aspirations of nonworking adolescents was undertaken to test the hypothesis that pessimism about the future results in reduced study motivation and conventional work orientations. A sample of 171 high school and university students was administered a questionnaire to determine their attitudes toward the future, study motivation (general, value of certificates, profession oriented) and work orientations. Results were contrary to expectations. The students had a positive attitude toward the future, were highly motivated to study, and were optimistic about their professional careers. Generational differences (i.e., age differences) were pronounced. Results are discussed in the context of the value changes of the last decade.
We used a mailed questionnaire and telephone interviews with 1717 shopping center screenees whose total serum cholesterol was greater than 200 mg/dl. Our specific aim was to assess the subjects' motivations for participation in cholesterol screening, their follow-up outcome, their self-knowledge, and any coronary heart disease risk factor intervention. Of 1717 questionnaires mailed, 507 (30%) were returned; 64 of 100 subjects randomly selected for telephone interview could be contacted, and 61 were interviewed. Responses to the questionnaire and telephone interview were congruent, indicating little self-selection response bias. Before the cholesterol screening, 50% and 67% of questionnaire and telephone interview subjects knew their cholesterol levels. The nine most commonly cited reasons for cholesterol screening participation were: a desire to "watch" health (72%), convenience (70%), low cost (64%), to recheck previously measured total cholesterol (54%), publicity (34%), curiosity (30%), a relative with premature coronary heart disease (27%), the subjects' obesity (26%), and a relative's high cholesterol level (25%). As a result of cholesterol screening, 65% and 63% of questionnaire and telephone interview subjects, respectively, followed up with their doctors; 67% and 56%, respectively, had total cholesterol remeasured, but 17% and 18%, respectively, were told to "do nothing." At their doctors' follow-up, 74% and 51% of questionnaire and telephone interview respondents, respectively, began a low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet; 10% and 15% started taking a cholesterol-lowering drug. As a result of cholesterol screening, 76% and 85% of questionnaire and telephone interview subjects, respectively, changed their diets; 78% and 84% lowered their dietary cholesterol intakes, 62% and 74% increased their fiber intakes, 49% and 57% tried to lose weight, and 44% and 43% increased their exercise. Of questionnaire subjects, 94% thought that by lowering cholesterol, coronary heart disease risk could be reduced; 95% had become more aware of cholesterol in the last 5 years. Of telephone interview subjects, 91% concluded that cholesterol screening had motivated them to reduce cholesterol levels. Public cholesterol screening is convenient, inexpensive, facilitates self-knowledge about cholesterol, stimulates follow-up, and motivates physician and subject-guided dietary changes to reduce cholesterol levels and coronary heart disease risk.
In the period 1963-1983 expert opinion was given 147 times on the criminal accountability of premeditated arsonists. In 12% of the cases the crime was sexually motivated. We exemplify the transition of the motive from heightened SELBSTWERTERLEBEN through FREUDE UND ALLGEMEINE LUST in fire to (pre)sexual motivation. The individual features of these 18 cases are noted and distinguished, and the conclusions reached in the expert testimony set out.
Motivational and emotional disorders were studied in 42 patients with temporal lobe astrocytomas. The peculiarities of intensity and direction of biological motivations and emotions, background moods, and several personality traits were studied in relation to the tumor localisation in anterior parts of mediobasal and baso-convex structures of the right of left lobes. The course of motivational and emotional disorders was followed at different stages of the disease and postsurgical period.
The author proposes a new approach toward a systemic analysis of the value-motivational sphere of patients with manic-depressive psychosis. The study has involved semi-standardized psychological conversation, analysis of patients' autobiographies, as well as techniques of personality investigation. Examination of 35 patients during intermission has revealed significant structural and dynamic characteristics of motivation, including hypertrophy of the modal value level, a closed nature of the motivational system, rigidity, and retardation of value formations. It has been shown that the above characteristics make patients with manic-depressive psychosis particularly sensitive toward deprivation of social support. Recommendations as to the development of psychoprophylactic measures are presented.
Aircrew mission effectiveness may uniquely be influenced by subtle psychological factors not ordinarily brought to the attention of psychiatrists. Pilots tend to be bright, articulate, and anxious to resume their aviation duties when grounded. However, these patients are usually well defended, and rarely psychologically attuned or introspective. Greater insight into what constitutes the normal, healthy motivation to fly will help those who make judgments regarding the return of grounded aviators to flying duty. A review of associated birth order, personality theory, industrial and business psychology, aerospace, and psychoanalytic literature is presented. Highlighted are the difficulties inherent in examining the motivation of a healthy, well-defended population. Our conclusion: an examiner's countertransferential feelings are the best available tool for measurement of healthy motivation.
Thirty-seven couples expecting their first child served as subjects in an open-ended interview and questionnaire study concerning fathers' motives for birth attendance. Both interview and questionnaire data confirm the fact that motives, beliefs, and expectations concerning paternal participation in labor and delivery are widely distributed across a variety of social contexts. Results indicate that fathers have multiple motives for and expectations about birth attendance. Implications for childbirth educators, health care providers, and parent support leaders are discussed.
While the ambiguity of suicidal patients' stated motivations has been studied in some detail, less attention has been given to the changeability of their motivations. Twenty-six patients who had taken an overdose of paraquat, a highly lethal herbicide, were questioned about their motivation at the time of admission and 24 hours and 3, 7 and 10 days later. Although 25 patients claimed that they wished to die at the time of admission, all of the 14 surviving patients wished to live at the time of discharge from hospital. Of the 12 patients who died, 6 stated that they no longer wished to die in the last interview before their death. During the following year 3 of the 14 surviving patients killed themselves. The findings emphasize the importance of thoroughly assessing all aspects of the suicidal patient's situation in determining risks. The patient's stated intentions should be but one factor considered.
A study was made of the main signs of food motivation in 132 patients with stages I-III essential hypertension on the basis of analysis of a special questionnaire: the patients were interviewed in hospital and after discharge (a total of 40-46 days) to reveal the effect of raised arterial pressure on food behavioral reactions. Clinical signs of a hypertensive crisis were noted in 87 patients, in 45 patients raised arterial pressure was not accompanied by a crisis. In 82% of the cases hypertensive reactions produced a marked effect on the manifestations of food motivation. Anorectic reactions prevailed in the first 3-6 days in 98 of 109 patients (80.7%). These reactions were pronounced and prolonged in the patients with normal body mass. During the second week hyperphagic reactions prevailed in 68% of the cases, their frequency, expression and period were greater in the patients with concomitant obesity. The revealed time course of food behavioral reactions reflected the phase of food motivation in patients with arterial hypertension: hypertensive anorexia followed by post-hypertensive hyperphagia for 2-3 weeks.
In order to separate hormonal from social effects on adolescent male sexual behavior, serum hormone assays were performed and questionnaire data on sexual motivation and behavior were collected on a representative sample of 102 boys in grades 8, 9, and 10 of a public school system. Free testosterone was a strong predictor of sexual motivation and behavior, with no additional contribution of other hormones. Including measures of pubertal development and age (indexing the effects of social processes) indicated no additional effects. Free testosterone, therefore, appears to affect sexual motivation directly and does not work through the social interpretation of the accompanying pubertal development.
Memory achievement is generally confounded with motivational factors in memory research. Therefore, the interpretation of age specific differences in recall renders difficult. The effect of a mnemonic device (method of loci) on recall is studied in a multitrial free recall experiment with 48 seniors aged from 60 to 92. Recall, performance in "Pauli"-tasks as an indicator of general achievement motivation, and subjective organization are measured. The experiment is planned as a three-factorial randomized group design with the factors "mnemonic device", "age", and "concreteness of learning material". The mnemonic device has a strong effect on recall as well as on performance "Pauli"-tasks. Its effect on recall is attributed to the increased achievement motivation.
The present study examined alternative measures of absence proneness related to organizationally-defined measures of absenteeism. A typical distinction among various types of absences is to separate medically-related absences from other types, since medically-related absences are believed to reflect random or unsystematic causes of behavior rather than voluntary choice behavior of the employee. The present study defined absence proneness as the degree to which individuals repeat their behavior. Three years of absence data for a sample of employees from one company were examined to discover the degree of absence proneness present in organizationally-defined forms of medically-related and voluntary absenteeism. In addition, a survey was administered to the sample to measure employee perceptions of work and non-work-related factors which were believed to be motivational determinants of absenteeism. A multiple discriminant analysis was developed in an attempt to classify employees to a survey designed to measure motivational determinants of absenteeism. The classification results supported the view that medically-related absenteeism has motivational determinants related to employee work and non-work preferences. Implications for management are discussed.
Motivational behavior is explained in the light of reflex theory by reference to: (i) Pavlov's concept of nerve center as an assembly of structures messing the same function, (ii) Sherrington's and Magnus' ideas about the hierarchical structure of the nervous system, (iii) author's notion about the multistage arc of the unconditioned reflex, i.e., an arc with many branches in its central path, each passing through the main integrative levels of the central nervous system, (iv) experimental facts of this laboratory and particularly concerning bidirectional conditioned connections. It is assumed that motivational behavior elicited by endogenous and exogenous factors through hereditary mechanisms may be regarded as a manifestation of complex inborn reflexes, in which the main branch is located in the limbic system. The cortical branch makes it possible to elaborate particular conditioned reflexes. Physiological mechanisms of so-called purposive movements in motivational behavior is regarded as the activity of backward conditioned connections, leading from the unconditioned reflex centers to the centers controlling motor effectors.
In conditions of enhanced motivation trained subjects performed a greater work and untrained ones--a lesser work than under ordinary motivation. The most stable parameters in regard to working to capacity were as follows: heart rate, minute respiratory volume, amount of oxygen consumption, amount of exhaled CO2, energy expenditure, and oxygen pulse. The data obtained show that untrained subjects under ordinary and, particularly, enhanced motivation for working to capacity are able to mobilize a lesser amount of the organism's physiological reserves than trained people.
A communication gap in transmission of information from health professionals to indigent parents is demonstrated by the incomplete immunization of children attending pediatric health facilities. To bridge this gap, young women of similar ethnic and social backgrounds were recruited and trained briefly in counseling parents concerning adequate immunization. The effectiveness of these Health Aides in motivating parents to complete an immunization series was less than that of Public Health Nurses. Even so, the Aides were able to motivate two-thirds of the families that they counseled. Conclusions were that a significant number of children appearing in a large public emergency room facility are unimmunized. Many of these children are not seriously ill and an immunization series can be initiated "on the spot." Motivation to complete the series can be done almost as satisfactorily by young rapidly trained indigenous Health Aides as by professionals.
Trials with patients suffering from stage II chronic alcoholism and normal test subjects as well as experiments made on male C57BL mice (with genetically determined alcoholic motivation) and CBA mice (with genetically determined alcoholic aversion) and random-bred male rats with different levels of initial alcoholic motivation have shown the presence of reverse proportional dependence between blood plasma endogenous ethanol and alcoholic motivation.
Chronic experiments on rabbits with electrodes implanted into different limbic-midbrain structures were made to study the effects of a single intravenous injection of ethanol (0.5 g/kg) on the background EEG during formation of food motivation and avoidance behavior from the criterion of the power of the main EEG rhythms. Intravenous injection of ethanol resulted in an increase in the power of beta-, alpha- and theta-rhythms in the frontal cortex, and in that of alpha- and theta-rhythms in the occipital area of the neocortex. New patterns of the powers of the main EEG rhythms recorded in animals exposed to ethanol during electric stimulation of the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus, evoking food motivation and avoidance behavior, as well as during electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocamp and mesencephalic reticular formation that correlate with changes in the functions of the study limbic-mesencephalic structures attest to profound ethanol-induced abnormalities of the central mechanisms of food motivation and avoidance behavior.