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PubMed1974

Antibiotics as probes of ribosome structure: binding of chloramphenicol and erythromycin to polyribosomes; effect of other antibiotics.

Antibiotics were used as probes of ribosome topology and function. Studies of [(14)C]chloramphenicol and [(14)C]erythromycin binding to ribosomes and polyribosomes revealed the following features. The requirement of high K(+) concentration (150 mM) for [(14)C]chloramphenicol binding to NH(4)Cl-washed ribosomes resulted from the washing procedure. Neither native 70S ribosomes nor polyribosomes require K(+) greater than 30 mM for [(14)C]chloramphenicol binding. Whereas [(14)C]chloramphenicol binds to both ribosomes and polyribosomes, [(14)C]erythromycin binds essentially only to ribosomes. After removal of peptidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) from polyribosomes, [(14)C]erythromycin could then be bound. The effects of a number of antibiotics on [(14)C]chloramphenicol binding to ribosomes and polyribosomes was assessed. It was found that most of the macrolides (erythromycin, carbomycin, spiramycin III, niddamycin, oleandomycin, and tylosin) and streptogramins A and B (vernamycin A, PA114A, vernamycin Balpha, and PA114B) inhibited chloramphenicol binding to NH(4)Cl-washed and native 70S ribosomes, but not to polyribosomes. After removal of peptidyl-tRNA from polyribosomes, [(14)C]chloramphenicol binding was then inhibited. In contrast, sparsomycin and althiomycin inhibited chloram-phenicol binding to polyribosomes, but not to ribosomes. After removal of peptidyl-tRNA from polyribosomes, sparsomycin and althiomycin were then ineffective. The presence of peptidyl-tRNA on polyribosomes apparently is required for binding of sparsomycin and althiomycin, but prevents binding of most macrolides and streptogramins. The lincosaminides (lincomycin and celesticetin) and methymycin (a small macrolide) inhibited [(14)C]chloramphenicol binding to NH(4)Cl-washed and native 70S ribosomes best, but also inhibited the binding to polyribosomes. The amino nucleosides and other antibiotics tested do not seem to interact strongly with the major chloramphenicol-binding site. These results provide knowledge of the interrelationships between antibiotic and substrate ribosome binding sites which should eventually contribute to a map of ribosomal topology.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1974

Susceptibility of Clostridium ramosum to antimicrobial agents.

The susceptibility of 49 strains of Clostridium ramosum to 10 antibiotics was determined by agar dilution and disk diffusion tests. Results showed that, among the anaerobes, C. ramosum is second only to Bacteroides fragilis in its resistance to antimicrobial agents. All strains were susceptible to penicillin, carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, and metronidazole at readily achievable blood levels. Most strains (83%) were susceptible to erythromycin. There was a high level of resistance to clindamycin in 16% of the strains. All isolates were resistant to rifampin and gentamicin, and most were resistant to lincomycin. Assessment of susceptibility by measurement of inhibition zone diameters with disk diffusion tests was not satisfactory.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

Disk susceptibility testing of slow-growing anaerobic bacteria.

The susceptibility of 55 strains of slow-growing anaerobes to eight clinically useful or potentially useful antibiotics was determined by agar dilution and disk diffusion tests. Strains of the genera Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Megasphaera, Veillonella, Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Fusobacterium were included. All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, but varied in their susceptibility to penicillin, lincomycin, clindamycin, tetracyclines, and vancomycin. Correlation between minimal inhibitory concentration and inhibition zone diameters was generally good. Prediction of susceptibility based on zone diameter measurements appeared satisfactory. Although routine susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria is not recommended, there are circumstances where such testing is relevant to the clinical situation. For those laboratories ill-equipped to do dilution tests, a disk diffusion test would give relatively accurate preliminary information. Quantitative susceptibility tests could then be done by a reference laboratory.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1975

Antimicrobial activities of 81.723 hfu, a new pleuromutilin derivative.

The new pleuromutilin derivative 81.723 hfu is extremely active against gram-positive organisms such as streptococci, staphylococci, and against mycoplasmas. A number of Shigella, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli strains were also found to be quite susceptible to this new agent, whereas other gram-negative organisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus species, and Alcaligenes faecalis proved to be naturally resistant to 81.723 hfu. The new compound acts bacteriostatically. Bactericidal effects have been observed only at concentrations which are 100-fold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations. The new antibiotic is well tolerated in all animal species tested so far and has been successfully used in the treatment of experimental infections with gram-positive organisms and with mycoplasmas in mice and rats. Resistance against this new compound arose gradually in all microorganisms investigated. It is noteworthy that the rate at which resistance against 81.723 hfu emerged in mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma hyorhinis) was significantly slower than the corresponding rate at which resistance against tylosin tartrate appeared. Mycoplasma strains which became insensitive to 81.723 hfu were also resistant to tylosin tartrate, whereas mycoplasmas which developed resistance against tylosin tartrate, although less sensitive to 81.723 hfu than wild-type strains, were still eliminated by this drug. In a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, complete cross-resistance was observed between the pleuromutilin derivative on one hand and lincomycin and erythromycin on the other. Modest degrees of cross-resistance were also observed with chloramphenicol. However, it appears unlikely that the latter phenomenon is sufficiently pronounced to affect treatment with either antibiotic.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1975

Epidemiology of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in bacteria: resistance patterns in staphylococci isolated from populations in Iraq exposed and not exposed to heavy metals or antibiotics.

Staphylococci were isolated from rural and urban populations in Iraq, which were not known to be exposed to either heavy metals or antibiotics. The antibiotic and heavy metal resistance patterns of these strains were analyzed in both mannitol-fermenting and nonfermenting strains. Over 90% of the strains were resistant to at least one of the following antibiotics: penicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, lincomycin, or methicillin. In general, mannitol-fermenting strains were resistant to penicillin and cupric ions. Mannitol-negative strains were more frequently associated with mercuric ion and tetracycline resistance. Although resistance to penicillin and tetracycline can coexist, the combination of penicillin resistance and tetracycline resistance usually occurred in mannitol-negative strains. The possibility of selection of heavy metal-resistant strains due to exposure to toxic levels of methylmercury was examined. No significant increase in mercuric ion-resistant strains of staphylococci or Escherichia coli were detected in exposed populations as compared to control groups. The possible reasons for this result are discussed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

Plasmid-determined resistance to erythromycin: comparison of strains of streptococcus faecalis and streptococcus pyogenes with regard to plasmid hmology and resistance inducibility.

Streptococcus faecalis strains DS-5 and Streptococcus pyogenes strain AC-1 both have a 17 million dalton plasmid that determines resistance to erythromycin, lincomycin, and vernamycin B(alpha). The results of deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization experiments indicate that the two plasmids are about 95% homologous. It was also shown that erythromycin resistance is inducible in AC-1 and constitutive in DS-5.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1983

Enterotoxin production by Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus grown in continuous culture with microbial cell recycle.

We have examined the effect of complete cell recycle on the production of cholera toxin (CT) by Vibrio cholerae and CT-like toxin by Vibrio mimicus in continuous culture fermentations. Complete cell recycle was obtained by filtering culture fluids through Amicon hollow fibers with an exclusion limit of 100,000 daltons (H1P100-20) and returning the concentrated cell slurry to the fermentor. A single 1-liter laboratory fermentor system modified with this recycle loop was capable of producing over 20 liters of cell-free culture filtrate per day. Toxin production in this system was compared with yields obtained in traditional continuous cultures and in shake flask cultures. Yields of CT from V. cholerae 569B in the recycle fermentor were highest at the highest dilution rate employed (1.0 vol/vol per h). The use of complete cell recycle dramatically increased yields over those obtained in continuous culture and equaled those obtained in shake flasks. The concentration of CT in the filtrate was slightly less than half of that measured in culture fluids sampled at the same time. Similarly, V. mimicus 61892 grown in the presence of 50 micrograms of lincomycin per ml produced 280 ng of CT per ml in the recycle fermentor, compared with 210 ng/ml in shake flasks under optimal conditions. The sterile filtrate from this fermentation contained 110 ng/ml.

Cholera Toxin↗
PubMed1985

Survey of antimicrobial resistance in lactic streptococci.

A total of 26 strains of Streptococcus cremoris and 12 strains of Streptococcus lactis were challenged with 18 antimicrobial agents and with nisin in the Bauer-Kirby disk susceptibility test. All strains were susceptible to ampicillin, bacitracin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, penicillin G, tetracycline, and vancomycin. All strains were resistant to trimethoprim, and almost all strains were resistant to sulfathiazole. Variability in resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, lincomycin, nafcillin, neomycin, nisin, rifampin, and streptomycin was observed. MICs of these substances for the less susceptible strains were determined, and high-level resistance factors could not be detected, except in the case of nisin. S. lactis ATCC 7962 was resistant to at least 40-fold-higher concentrations of nisin (greater than 64 micrograms/ml) than most other strains tested. This strain was a potent nisin producer.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1987

Subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics in poultry feeds and their effects on weight gain, feed efficiency, and bacterial cholyltaurine hydrolase activity.

A radiochemical method was developed to estimate cholyltaurine hydrolase potentials and rates of cholyltaurine hydrolysis in chicken intestinal homogenates. This method was used to monitor the effects of antibiotic feed additives on cholyltaurine hydrolase activity. Avoparcin, bacitracin methylenedisalisylic acid, efrotomycin, lincomycin, penicillin G procaine, and virginiamycin improved rate of weight gain and feed conversion of chicks and decreased cholyltaurine hydrolase activity in ileal homogenates relative to those of nonmedicated control birds. The results provided the first evidence that feeding selected antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels can affect bile acid-transforming enzymes in small-intestinal homogenates. The inverse relationship between growth performance and cholyltaurine hydrolase activity raises the possibility that specific inhibitors of this enzyme may promote weight gain and feed conversion in livestock and thereby reduce or eliminate the need for antibiotic feed additives.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1970

Effect of pH of medium and size of inoculum on activity of antibiotics against group D Streptococcus (Enterococcus).

Seventy-one clinical isolates of 5 species of group D Streptococcus (Enterococcus) were tested for susceptibility to 15 antibiotics at pH 5.0, 7.4, and 8.5. Penicillin G, ampicillin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, and novobiocin were considerably more active against all strains at pH 5.0 than in the more alkaline media. On the other hand, lincomycin, clindimycin, erythromycin, and gentamicin were moderately to markedly more active at pH 8.5. No important differences were noted in the susceptibility of the strains to kanamycin and streptomycin, at the pH levels tested, but the organisms were quite resistant to them in these tests. The various species differed quantitatively in their susceptibility to the individual drugs and in the effects of pH. The size of the inoculum also had a variable effect on susceptibility, depending on the species of Enterococcus, the antibiotics, and the pH of the test medium. The data suggest that, in the antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infections caused by Enterococcus, attempts should be made to achieve the optimum pH in the urine, particularly in view of the fact that organisms of this group are often resistant to several antibiotics in the usual tests.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1970

In vitro susceptibility of Brucella to various antibiotics.

A series of 27 strains of six species of Brucella was tested for susceptibility in vitro to a representative cross section of antibiotics in current use. The activity against each species was plotted, with the cumulative per cent of strains inhibited indicated for each concentration. As a class, the tetracycline antibiotics were the most effective. Erythromycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and kanamycin, as well as rifampin, were quite active. The penicillin-cephalosporin group, with the exception of ampicillin, was comparatively ineffective, as were the polypeptides and the miscellaneous group of chloramphenicol, lincomycin, cycloserine, and sulfadiazine. Species differences were noticeable, with some strains of B. canis being considerably more resistant to streptomycin and the tetracyclines than B. suis and B. abortus. B. melitensis, B. ovis, and B. neotomae were intermediate in antibiotic susceptibility.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1971

Staphylococcus epidermidis BV: antibiotic resistance patterns, physiological characteristics, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

Staphylococcus epidermidis BV is a group of mannitol-fermenting coagulase-negative staphylococci characterized by multiple antibiotic resistance, very similar biochemical characteristics, and phage susceptibility. Clinical isolates belonging to this group are resistant to most antibiotics tested, including oxacillin, lincomycin, and novobiocin. The only antibiotic to which all tested strains are sensitive is vancomycin. Common biochemical traits of the tested S. epidermidis BV strains include fermentation of trehalose and ribose, phospho-beta-glucosidase activity, growth on synthetic medium with amino acids as carbon source, and lack of deoxyribonuclease, phosphatase, lipase, and gelatinase activity. Some of these characteristics appear more frequently in mannitol-positive control strains than in mannitol-negative strains. S. epidermidis BV strains carry lysogenic phages with a host range restricted to this group. These phages allow the differentiation of individual strains.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1973

Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in a pediatric burn unit.

A one-year study on an endemic strain of Staphylococcus aureus phage type 84/85 in a children's burn unit is described. The endemic strain rapidly colonized the burns and nares of acute patients after admission but was not isolated from a patient on admission. Nonendemic strains of S. aureus found on some new patients were mostly non-phage typable and did not prevail in burns. The endemic strain was rarely isolated from the nares and skin of reconstructive patients or from the nares of hospital personnel. The endemic strain did colonize the oral cavity, normal skin, and intestinal tract of some acute patients. Endemic and nonendemic strains of S. aureus from the burned children were compared in their biochemical activities and antibiotic sensitivities to two groups of S. aureus from one other local and one Danish burns unit. The latter groups of strains represented different combinations of staphylococcal phage group III strains. Each of the four groups of strains differed in production of hemolysins, Tween 80 hydrolysis, egg yolk reaction, and proteolysis of casein and gelatin. All of the strains were uniformly sensitive to gentamicin, oxacillin, and cephalothin. Only 4 of 162 strains tested were methicillin resistant. The endemic S. aureus strains of phage type 84/85 were uniformly resistant to eight other antibiotics including lincomycin and clindamycin. The endemic strain was not the known cause of a clinically documented infection in a group of 82 acute patients studied. The possible role of S. aureus strains of phage group III in burn grafting problems is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Isolation and characterization of corynebacteria from burned children.

A total of 221 strains of corynebacteria were isolated and characterized by methods which included tests encompassing five schemes proposed for grouping cutaneous diphtheroids. Seventy-one strains (group I) were isolated from the hospital air in patient areas and from the normal skins of children admitted for reconstructive surgery of old healed burns and from the normal skins of nursing personnel. One hundred and fifty strains (group II) were isolated from various clinical specimens and from normal skins of a population of acutely burned children. The majority of the strains in group I were lipophilic and contained the largest number of fluorescent strains. Among the group II strains, there was a subgroup which was nonsusceptible to oxacillin, lincomycin, erythromycin, and kanamycin and also had in common the fermentation of glucose and galactose, reduction of both nitrate and nitrite, and growth on 40% bile agar. These strains were the most commonly recognized types isolated from acutely burned patients and possibly originated from the patient's intestinal tract. Data indicated that the air was not a means of transmission for these corynebacteria among acute patients. Corynebacteria were isolated from 11% of the burn wound cultures by using a selective medium but were found in 66% of the acute patients. Over 90% of the strains in groups I and II did not conform sufficiently with described characteristics of common human indigenous corynebacteria to be accurately speciated.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1970

Susceptibility of Staphylococci to Minocycline In Vitro: Identification of Group III Bacteriophage Types by Characteristic Inhibition of Growth.

Minocycline in concentrations of 1.0 mug per ml or less inhibited growth of 50 staphylococcal isolates which were tested by the broth dilution method. All strains were resistant to penicillin and tetracycline, and 34% were resistant to lincomycin. Minocycline discs identified two populations of minocycline-susceptible strains. The first group with small zones of inhibition surrounding the disc had multiple resistance and all were lysed by group III phage (84/85). The organisms with larger diameter of zones of inhibition were less frequently resistant to the antibiotics tested, and only 7.4% of these organisms were lysed by the 84/85 phage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Detection of toxins produced by vibrio fluvialis.

The results of studies with cell-free extracts and culture supernatant fluids of Vibrio fluvialis (a recently recognized, potential enteric pathogen for humans) grown in the absence and presence of lincomycin indicated that the bacterium could produce (i) a factor which causes CHO cell elongation (CEF) similar to that elicited by V. cholerae enterotoxin and by the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, (ii) cytolysin(s) active against erythrocytes, (iii) nonhemolytic, CHO cell-killing factor(s), and (iv) protease(s) active against azocasein. The CEF was heat labile and ammonium sulfate precipitable, and it had an isoelectric point (estimated by sucrose density gradient electrofocusing) and molecular weight (estimated by gel filtration) of about 5.1 and 135,000, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Transformation of Streptococcus sanguis Challis by plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptococcus faecalis.

Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Streptococcus faecalis, strain DS5, was transferred to the Challis strain of Streptococcus sanguis by transformation. Two antibiotic resistance markers carried by the beta plasmid from strain DS5, erythromycin and lincomycin, were transferred to S. sanguis at a maximum frequency of 1.8 x 10-5/colony-forming unit. Approximately 70% of the covalently closed circular DNA isolated from transformant cultures by dye buoyant density gradients was shown to be hybridizable to beta plasmid DNA. Two major differences were observed between the beta plasmid from S. faecalis and the plasmid isolated from transformed S. sanguis: (i) the beta plasmid from strain DS5 sedimented in velocity gradients at 43S, whereas the covalently closed circular DNA from transformed Challis sedimented at 41S, suggesting a 1.5-Mdal deletion from the beta plasmid occurred; (ii) although the 43S beta plasmid remained in the supercoiled configuration for several weeks after isolation, the 41S plasmid was rapidly converted to a linear double-stranded molecule. Attempts to transform S. sanguis with the alpha plasmid from S. faecalis, strain DS5, were unsuccessful.

DNA, Bacterial↗