Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “LIP”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,459 records · Page 81Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Gingival recession due to trauma caused by a lower lip stud.

Body piercing seems to be increasing in popularity, with more patients attending for their routine check-up having had a tongue or lip stud placed. Many complications have been documented, some of them, particularly involving tongue piercing, can be life threatening. There appears to be fewer problems associated with lip piercing; however this case study illustrates the damage that a lip stud can cause to previously healthy gingival tissue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Dental and oral complications of lip and tongue piercings.

Piercing of the tongue and perioral regions is an increasingly popular expression of body art, with more patients coming in for a routine check-up with tongue and/or lip piercings. Several complications of oral piercing have been reported, some of which are life-threatening. In the present clinical survey the prevalence of both tongue and lip piercing complications in oral health was assessed in a group of 50 patients. The most common dental problem registered was chipping of the teeth, especially in association with tongue piercing. Gingival recession was seen as a result of lip piercing with studs. Post-procedural complications included oedema, haemorrhage and infection. Therefore, dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons should be given more authority to advise patients with oral and facial piercings or those who plan to acquire this type of body art.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Interferon regulatory factor-6: a gene predisposing to isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Belgian population.

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is the most frequent craniofacial malformation in humans ( approximately 1/700). Its etiology is multifactorial; some are a result of a genetic mutation, while others may be due to environmental factors, with genetic predisposition playing an important role. The prevalence varies widely between populations and the mode of inheritance remains controversial. The interferon regulatory factor-6 (IRF6) gene has been shown to harbor mutations in patients with van der Woude syndrome, a dominant form of clefts associated with small pits of the lower lip. Moreover IRF6 has been associated with nonsyndromic cleft of the palate (CL/P) in two separate studies. We investigated the role of IRF6 in a set of 195 trios from Belgium. Cleft occurred as an isolated feature. We studied association of the IRF6 locus using two variants: one in the IRF6 gene and the other 100 kpb 3' of the gene. Our independent study group confirms that the IRF6 locus is associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate. This result, with previous studies performed in the United States and Italy, shows for the first time the implication of IRF6 in isolated CL/P in northern Europe. It is likely that association to this locus can be identified in various populations and that the IRF6 locus thus represents an important genetic modifier for this multifactorial malformation.

Belgium↗
PubMed1989

Lower anterior face height and lip incompetence do not predict nasal airway obstruction.

The controversy regarding nasal obstruction and malocclusion has been largely due to the inability to quantitate nasal airway function and hence objectively determine the mode of breathing. The purpose of this study was to measure the nasal airway resistance of patients before and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME), to compare them to a control group of subjects not receiving RME, and to measure oral/nasal airflow ratios (respiratory mode). An evaluation of the statistical associations between anterior facial height, lip posture, oral/nasal airflow ratios, and nasal resistance was undertaken. The effects of RME on nasal resistance have been reported elsewhere. We found that variation, for resistance values, was very high, and thus the median response for the group was not an adequate estimation of individual response. In this paper we describe associations between lip posture, lower anterior facial height, and nasal resistance. No significant correlations could be established between respiratory and morphologic features. Lower anterior facial height was greater in the lips apart posture group. However, there was no significant correlation between percent nasality and lower anterior facial height. A small negative correlation (r = -0.47) existed between nasal resistance and percent nasality, but this relationship was not linear. Thus, it was not possible to predict percent nasality from nasal resistance data. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the amount of expansion and changes in nasal resistance. This paper was originally submitted June 1986, and revised October 1988.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A prospective study of lip adaptation during six months of simulated mandibular dental arch expansion.

The stability of dental arch expansion with conventional orthodontic treatments is disappointing. An increase in labial soft tissue pressure resulting from the expansion may contribute to this instability. An 8-month study of lip pressure changes resulting from lip bumper wear has been conducted, but no long-term studies have been conducted on pressure changes resulting from conventional expansion using fixed appliances. The purpose of the current study was to investigate changes in labial soft tissue pressures when conventional expansion was simulated. Twenty-two subjects wore a stent simulating mandibular dental arch expansion. They were instructed to wear the stent full-time. Lip pressure was recorded initially at 1 week, and monthly for 6 months. A repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. A statistically significant (P < or = 0.05) increase in pressure was documented after initial insertion of the expansion-simulating stent. The increase was not maintained, suggesting an adaptation of the labial soft tissues.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Craniofacial morphology in children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate: a comparison of two surgical protocols.

The facial morphology of 2 groups of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate children (n = 75), ranging in age from 4 to 7 years old, were retrospectively studied cephalometrically before the beginning of the orthodontic treatment. Each group was submitted to a different surgical protocol. The control group was comprised of 53 children (33 males and 20 females) and was treated according to the surgical protocol of the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA) from the University of São Paulo, in Bauru, Brazil. Lip repair was performed between 3 months and 27 months of age (mean age of 9 months) and palate repair between 12 months and 44 months of age (mean age of 19 months). The experimental group was comprised of 22 children (12 males and 10 females). They were treated with Malek's surgical protocol, modified at the HRCA, with lip and soft palate repair at 5.5 months of age on average and hard palate repair at 20 months of age on average. The cephalometric results did not show any difference, suggesting that both surgical protocols have the same influence on facial growth, at least during the age range studied. Therefore, palate repair in 2 surgical times with earlier closure of the soft palate (Malek's protocol) did not cause greater restriction to the midface growth.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Midfacial morphology in adult unoperated complete unilateral cleft lip and palate patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine lateral cephalometric radiographs of adult unoperated cleft lip and palate patients for the purpose of clarifying whether maxillary deficiencies observed in treated cleft patients result from intrinsic defects or surgical intervention early in life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study examined lateral cephalograms of 30 adult patients with nonsyndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (CUCLP). The lateral cephalograms were traced and evaluated for size and position of the cranial base, maxilla, maxillary dentition, mandible, and mandibular dentition as well as for vertical relationships. Comparisons with 30 adult noncleft individuals were made. RESULTS: In unoperated adult cleft lip and palate patients, the cranial base angle was increased with the anterior cranial base reduced in length. The maxilla was found to be normal in size and somewhat prognathic in position. Both the maxillary and mandibular incisors were relatively upright. The mandible was smaller in size and posteriorly positioned. CONCLUSIONS: The potential for normal growth of the maxilla exists in patients with CUCLP. It is likely that disturbances of maxillary growth in surgically operated cleft patients are related primarily to the surgical intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Developmental change in variability of lip muscle activity during speech.

Compared to adults, children's speech production measures sometimes show higher trial-to-trial variability in both kinematic and acoustic analyses. A reasonable hypothesis is that this variability reflects variations in neural drive to muscles as the developing system explores different solutions to achieving vocal tract goals. We investigated that hypothesis in the present study by analyzing EMG waveforms produced across repetitions of a phrase spoken by 7-year-olds, 12-year-olds, and young adults. The EMG waveforms recorded via surface electrodes at upper lip sites were clearly modulated in a consistent manner corresponding to lip closure for the bilabial consonants in the utterance. Thus we were able to analyze the amplitude envelope of the rectified EMG with a phrase-level variability index previously used with kinematic data. Both the 7- and 12-year-old children were significantly more variable on repeated productions than the young adults. These results support the idea that children are using varying combinations of muscle activity to achieve phonetic goals. Even at age 12 years, these children were not adult-like in their performance. These and earlier kinematic studies of the oral motor system suggest that children retain their flexibility, employing more degrees of freedom than adults, to dynamically control lip aperture during speech. This strategy is adaptive given the many neurophysiological and biomechanical changes that occur during the transition from adolescence to adulthood.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Recruitment thresholds of lower-lip motor units with changes in movement direction.

Recruitment threshold may provide a useful measure for understanding the functional organization of speech muscles. The objective of the present study was to describe the recruitment thresholds of orbicularis oris inferior ( OOI ) and mentalis ( MENT ) motor units with changes in the direction of lower lip movement. Three subjects produced slow ramp displacements of the lower lip in three directions while simultaneous single motor unit recordings were obtained. Analysis was performed on 28 OOI units and 20 MENT units. The OOI motor units had their lowest recruitment thresholds for anterior lip movement, and the MENT units had their lowest thresholds for superior movements. In general, motor unit recruitment order was fixed and recruitment thresholds remained proportional with changes in the direction of movement. There was one instance of a recruitment order reversal in a pair of MENT motor units.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Lower-lip EMG and displacement during bilabial disfluencies in adult stutterers.

The purpose of this study was to describe the temporal patterns and spectral characteristics of antagonist lip muscle EMG and lip displacement during bilabial disfluencies in adult stutterers. Selective EMG recordings were obtained in five adult stutterers of mentalis and depressor labii inferior motor units (MENT and DLI) that were activated in a reciprocal manner during fluent speech. During disfluencies (N = 91) these same motor units were activated primarily in a reciprocal manner or DLI was not activated. These findings are not consistent with previous reports that stutterers' disfluencies involve cocontraction and overall increases in the activation levels of antagonist muscles. Spectral analysis of bilabial disfluencies revealed peaks at 5-9 Hz in the MENT EMG spectra of the five subjects and at 5-6 Hz in the displacement spectra of two subjects. A refinement in the classification of stutterers' disfluencies is suggested on the basis of individual differences in lip EMG and displacement spectra, and the mechanisms of stuttering tremor are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of perioral reflex modulation in the upper and lower lip.

The spatiotemporal organization and specificity of the mechanically evoked, short latency perioral response (R1) was sampled from a group of normal adult humans. Perioral reflex activity was sampled during passive and active static force conditions in the presence of servo-controlled mechanical inputs to lip vermilion. Results confirmed that the sensorimotor apparatus of the lower face is very responsive to low level mechanical inputs and highly dependent on several factors including input site (upper vs. lower lip), amount of glabrous tissue stimulated (contactor array size), and task dynamics (passive vs. active subject-generated lip force). Arguments are presented to support the idea that several features of the peripheral sensory environment encoded by primary trigeminal afferents, including afferent gain, specificity, locus, and spatial summation, collectively provide inputs vital to higher order sensory relays in the development of a central representation and dynamic conformational map of perioral space. These sensorimotor features encoded by trigeminal afferents are presumed important for motor learning and maintenance of oromotor control during speech, suck, mastication and swallow, and gesture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Lip EMG activity during vowel production in apraxia of speech: phrase context and word length effects.

This investigation examined the timing relationships of EMG activity underlying vowel production in 2 normal individuals and in 2 individuals with marked-to-severe apraxia of speech of approximately two-and-one-half years duration. The timing of lip muscle activity was investigated in monosyllabic words embedded in phrases and in syllable word stems as a function of changes in word length. Specifically, the onset and offset of EMG activity of lip muscles used for production of /u/ in the monosyllables and word stems were examined. The results revealed that the relative amounts of time devoted to onset and offset of EMG activity for lip rounding are disorganized in apraxia of speech. Word length appeared to affect the timing of the onset of muscle activity for both the normal speakers and the speakers with apraxia of speech. Word length also influenced the offset of muscle activity, but its effect was less systematic for the speakers with apraxia of speech. The findings suggest that termination of EMG activity may be at least as disturbed as the initiation of EMG activity in apraxia of speech.

Apraxias↗
PubMed2000

A protocol for safe anasthesia for cleft lip and palate surgery in developing countries.

A project to perform surgical correction of cleft lips and palates was carried out in Uganda in 1998. Twenty centres were visited and 336 cleft lips and 41 cleft palates were repaired. The age of the patients ranged from 2 weeks to 60 years. Many of the centres visited were remote and lacked even the most basic equipment. Patients were anasthetised using ketamine, ether or halothane according to a protocol that we developed. There was no anasthetic mortality and only one case of significant morbidity. We report our experience and discuss recommendations regarding the provision of anasthesia in remote circumstances based on our outcome. An additional benefit of the project was that we provided training to local medical personnel in anasthesia and surgery for cleft lips and palates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Intranasal tooth as a complication of cleft lip and alveolus in a four year old child: case report and literature review.

Ectopic position of teeth is not rare. The presence of teeth have been reported in ovaries, testes, anterior mediastinum, and pre-sacral regions. In the maxillofacial region, teeth have been found in maxillary sinus, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, chin, nose, and even orbit. Approximately 50 cases of a tooth in the nasal cavity have been reported in literature. However, an intranasal tooth in cases of cleft lip and palate is comparatively rare. Intranasal teeth can cause problems such as nasal obstruction, chronic rhinorrhea and speech problems. Sometimes however, they are totally symptom-free. We present here an interesting case of an intranasal tooth in a four year-old-boy, who was operated on for cleft lip and alveolus at 6 months of age. The intranasal tooth did not cause any symptoms. The tooth was extracted under general anaesthesia when it was found to be very loosely attached to the nasal mucosa. The case is discussed in the light of relevant literature on intranasal teeth in cases of cleft lip and palate.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

Description of a clinical technique for tooth extraction in the cleft lip and palate area.

Cleft lip and palate are relatively common congenital malformations, which may require specialist paedodontic treatment. In this article, the case of a 9-year-old boy with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate is presented. He attended the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRAC) for routine examination, during which the presence of pre-canine supernumeraries bilaterally in the cleft area was seen. The extraction of these dental elements was justified by extensive carious lesions and because they represented a potential problem during secondary palatoplasty. The precautions needed in tooth extraction in patients with cleft lip and palate are described, together with illustrations of the clinical procedure.

Child↗
PubMed1999

The study of jaw reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation of the lip: the importance of stimulus intensity and polarity.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether reported differences in the patterns of jaw reflexes which can be evoked by electrical stimulation of the lip might be related to the intensity or polarity of the stimuli. Constant-current stimuli were applied through bipolar electrodes clipped across the lower lip of 14 subjects while EMG recordings were made from a masseter muscle. During stimulation, the subjects sustained a level of masseter activity equivalent to 10% of their maximum. The stimuli were applied as multiples of sensory threshold. The EMGs were analysed following rectification, averaging and smoothing. A sequence of inhibitory, excitatory, inhibitory and excitatory responses could be produced in the muscle by both polarities of stimuli. The latencies of these four responses were generally in the ranges 10-20, 25-40, 40-55 and 80-100 ms, respectively. These latencies, particularly for the last two responses, tended to decrease at higher intensities of stimulation. The threshold for the long-latency inhibition was significantly lower than that for the short-latency inhibition when the cathode was outside the mouth but not when it was inside the mouth. In addition, the long-latency excitation had the lowest threshold of the four responses regardless of stimulus polarity. Since nerves are excited particularly around a cathode, we interpret these results as showing that stimulation of nerves supplying the skin outside the mouth evokes predominately long-latency jaw reflexes whereas shorter latency responses can be evoked by stimulating nerves supplying oral mucosa. Furthermore, long latency excitatory reflexes seem to be the most easily evoked by stimulation of the lip.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma of the lower lip associated with "Goza" and "Shisha" smoking.

BACKGROUND: A positive correlation between lip and buccal cancers and pipe smoking has been suggested. Various types of crude and manufactured tobacco products are consumed by smoking, chewing, and snuff dipping habits. 'Shisha" and 'Goza' smoking are widely practiced in the Middle East. The 'hubble-bubble' method and apparatus are used. These smoking habits are hazardous to health, causing obstructive lung disease, and may be important predisposing factors for the development of oral cancers. CASE REPORTS: Two cases of squamous cell carcinoma and a case of keratoacanthoma localized to the lower lip are presented in well-known 'Shisha' and 'Goza" smokers. CONCLUSIONS: "Shisha" and 'Goza' smoking have adverse effects on general health and may predispose to oral cancer. An extensive epidemiological study should be performed to determine whether this type of smoking habit is associated with a statistically increased incidence of squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma of the lips.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Isolated lichen planus of the lip.

Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory disease that may involve multiple skin sites as well as mucous membranes, hair follicles and nails. It rarely occurs on the lips and usually then in association with oral lesions. We report a 43-year-old man with a 7-month history of inflammation and erosive lesions of the lower lip. Histopathological and immunofluorescence studies showed features of LP. Local treatment with betamethasone dipropionate 0.5% ointment led to complete resolution within 1 month. Four months later, the patient developed typical cutaneous LP. Isolated LP of the lip is unusual, although this condition may be underestimated and therefore under-reported in the literature.

Adult↗