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PubMed1987

A proposal for more informative abstracts of clinical articles. Ad Hoc Working Group for Critical Appraisal of the Medical Literature.

Medical journals are a principal source of new knowledge for clinicians. Unfortunately, articles containing valid and valuable information are often buried among others of less value. Innovations are needed to assist clinicians in finding articles that are both scientifically sound and applicable to their practices. An easily implemented, although partial, solution is for authors of articles that have clinical implications to structure their abstracts so that key aspects of purpose, methods, and results are reported with a partly controlled vocabulary and in a standardized format. This would assist clinical readers to select appropriate articles more quickly, allow more precise computerized literature searches, and facilitate peer review before publication.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1981

Continuing education in general practice. 2. Impact of education activities.

Should continuing education for doctors be compulsory? Our study of General Practitioners in Queensland evaluated the usefulness of and preference for various types of educational activities. Lectures and consultants' letters were considered the most useful while pharmaceutical company evenings and visiting lecturers were most regularly attended. These latter activities were a useful source of medical knowledge: patient management skills were gained at weekend conferences; and procedural skills were obtained through hospital training courses.

Australia↗
PubMed1978

[Ecology and psychiatry].

Psychiatry, with a recent history as to a pragmatic discipline and a progressive development from the individual to the social, finds a holistic perspective of singular heuristic value in the ecological proposition. Ecopsychiatry is a general approach in which the diverse sources of psychiatric knowledge are grouped in order to get a view of macro-reality emerging from a methodological integration of behavior sciences and a unified theory orientating to a realistic praxis in the normative. This paper reviews the rationale, notion and historical development of the ecological principle in psychiatry. After a superficial analysis of the first contributions in this field, it is intented to outline the real of the actual psychiatric ecology mentioning their methods and contents. Following Bateson's postulation it is emphasized that ecological principles cannot be isolated from their own ideological contents--the ecological system necessarily involves science's ideas for their concepts need a constant evaluation.

Ecology↗
PubMed1995

[Patient admission to a child and adolescent psychiatric polyclinic. Referral, patient information, preparation, concepts, expectations and fears of children, adolescents and their parents].

This study investigates 77 families i.e. their children, aged 7-17, and their parents, who attended the out-patient clinic of the child psychiatric department for the first time. It was intended to examine and outline the subjective situation on entering the clinic. A structured verbal interview was conducted with the children before the start of the actual examination procedure, while a written questionnaire was submitted to the parents. Among the questioned items were modes of referral, references, sources of information, knowledge and preparedness, ideas, expectations and apprehensions about the institution and its treatments. The answer that were obtained reflected a lack of self-determination on the part of the children and the strength of influence exerted by the parents along with other relevant authorities. The children were often taken to the clinic without any active consent on their part. When asked about hopes of improvement they did not often confirm. Similarly fears about the impending examination were at first denied by most children but subsequently conceded, when concrete suggestions were made. Strikingly the better informed and prepared, children were able to admit to their fears more often. The results of the parental questionnaire illustrate an extensive lack of information about the institution that the families were actually attending. It may be concluded that the parents had also been little assertive when preparing their children for the examination. When asked about their expectations the parents primarily quoted "help" and "advice". Scepticism about the examination came only at the bottom of the list.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Information needs of rural health care practitioners in Hawaii.

Rural health care workers need a wide range of specialized information but have difficulties locating and accessing information resources. The information needs of Hawaii's rural health care practitioners and their methods of accessing information were studied through interviews and mailed questionnaires. The following barriers to information access were identified: lack of funds, inadequate hardware, infrastructure problems, and insufficient knowledge about information sources and how to use them. Although many (85%) reported having computers, only a minority (30%) have modems, and even fewer use online resources or the free electronic databases at public and university libraries. Most reported that journal articles were the information source that best met their needs and that personal files or a colleague's collection were the most common places for accessing needed materials. Recommendations for solving some of the information problems include development of a State of Hawaii rural health information clearinghouse; better identification, training, and use of available services; and, most importantly, the establishment of rural health care information agents (modeled on agriculture extension agents) on each major island.

Hawaii↗
PubMed1994

Patients talk about their postanesthesia shaking experiences.

Postanesthesia shaking is a frequent complication developing for unknown reasons during emergence from general anesthesia. The sources of primary knowledge concerning how patients describe their postanesthesia shaking experiences are sparse. This study presents data to expand the body of PACU nursing knowledge through patients offering information about the shaking phenomenon. In an attempt to categorize ways patients talk about their shaking experience, the research question guiding this study was this: How do patients talk about the postanesthesia shaking phenomenon? This descriptive research used an interview design. Telephone interviews were conducted with 103 subjects. Tape recorded interviews with the 43 subjects who remembered their shaking experience are included in the presentation of data. These data show that when patients were asked to talk about their shaking experience, they not only had memory of the postanesthesia shaking phenomenon, but they talked about their shaking experience in various ways. Further research is needed to promote a greater understanding of patient responses to this postanesthesia complication.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed1993

An ergonomic approach for the evaluation of health risk in drug research and production.

Scientists and workers engaged in the study and production of drugs may be exposed to harmful events not yet adequately evaluated. An ergonomic approach to this problem with a view to defining projects of primary prevention, based on the respect for organizational congruences and on the knowledge of risk sources and dynamics, can represent an important measure of security and also a way to promote scientific advancement.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1993

[Superstructure or foundation? On metapsychology and the metapsychology debate].

In the sixties and seventies the value (or otherwise) of Freud's metapsychology was the subject of animated discussion. Today the subject seems to have lost its power to excite controversy. The author reconstructs the criticism of metapsychology and shows that the problems posed by the "witch" metapsychology can by no means be regarded as shelved. If we locate metapsychology in the boundary area between psychic and somatic and regard it as an attempt to conceptualise the unity of body and mind/soul, then the author feels it necessary to hold on to metapsychology as a crucial source of psychoanalytic knowledge. Further, she calls for a research programme with a historical perspective to establish an archeology of the argumentative structures underlying metapsychological discourse since Freud.

Freudian Theory↗
PubMed1995

A trial bank model for the publication of clinical trials.

Clinical trials constitute one of the main sources of medical knowledge, yet trial reports are difficult to find, read, and apply to clinical care. Reasons for these difficulties include the lack of a common, standardized, structure for trial reports; the restricted length of reports; and limited computer support for use of the literature. We propose a new model of reporting clinical trials, in which trials are published as both prose commentary and as data in electronic "trial banks." The prose will allow authors to discuss their trials in writing; the electronic database will allow readers easy access to well-defined data about the trials. We are developing a formal conceptual model of the clinical trials domain for integrating the use of multiple trial banks. We will then focus on validating this conceptual model with clinical literature users.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Introduction: human pathology within the broad scope of comparative pathology.

Pathologic integration is the basic phenomenon of comparative pathology. Since man evolved as earth's most influential species, he was unequally influenced the progression and prevention of diseases in himself and other species. This has both positive and negative ramifications. Positive influences have been life-style, the prolongation of life under healthy conditions and medical progress as seen in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, dental hygiene and other factors, such as the decrease of infectious and parasitic diseases, which are still dominating factors in developing nations. Negative influences are side effects of medical treatments, the appearance of occupational, and certain recreational diseases. These are the pathologic effects of man's life-style to which car accidents, smoking and other factors can be added. Different species are affected by environmental changes such as pollution, ozone, acidic rain, polluted food, and transmission of different diseases from one species to another. Interspecies-specifically the direct influence of man in the extermination of other species, or the indirect influence such as through pollutants in the environment producing chain reactions in different species, can be distinguished. The physical environment has been changed as can be seen in air pollution in large cities, the damage to the ozone layer and the increase of malignant melanoma in certain regions of western Australia. The industrialized nations are dominated by non-infectious diseases such as atherosclerosis and neoplasms, whereas in the developing nations parasitic and infectious diseases stand in the fore-front. Particular diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome increase in both types of nations. These diseases may have developed from other species, e.g. the plague which was originally a disease of rodents, especially rats where it was transmitted by the flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, Rothschild. The principle of foremost importance is the disruption of biologic integration of normal processes leading to different types of pathologic progression. A typical problem affecting man and many other fellow species is crowding. Man's pathology and the pathology of other species exhibit continued integration which is the central problem for understanding diseases where similar functions are performed by various structures, such as is the case in gaseous exchange, or differences in size and life span. The broad spectrum of comparative pathology which centers around human pathology provides a source of increased knowledge for a better understanding of diseases. The present issue is based on the two symposia organized by the International Society for the Study of Comparative Ongology during the Fifth International Conference of Anticancer Research, 17-22 October 1995, Corfu, Greece.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perception about AIDS among residents of a Calcutta slum.

A study was carried out in a slum area of South Calcutta to assess the impact of the current mass education programme against AIDS. Two hundred and six residents, mainly of lower middle class, aged 18-60 years of both sexes were selected at random. They were interviewed to know their perception and sources of information about AIDS. Two-third of them had their own TV and radio, which they watched/heard for about three and half hours each day. Another 28% watched TV outside for about one and half hours a day. About 46% were daily readers and 20% occasional readers of newspapers. Fifty nine percent knew about persons vulnerable to get AIDS, but most of them associated it to promiscuity only. Avoiding it was the main means known to them for preventing AIDS. The role of condom in it was known to only 2.5% residents. The source of their knowledge was mainly TV, either alone or with other mass media (67%). Such knowledge was related to higher education. To make perception about AIDS more effective, it is suggested that local health and voluntary agencies should involve the community in the AIDS education programme along with the back-up of mass media. An apex agency solely responsible for AIDS education should be set up for each big city to co-ordinate the activities of local agencies.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

[Information and technological development in the clinical laboratory].

Internet/world wide web is at the present time, one of the greatest sources of information, knowledge, reference materials, educational and training programs for the general population and specially for professionals of clinical laboratories. New equipment, methodologies and products have produced a profound change in the organization and operation of clinical laboratories. This article reviews the importance that these changes have in the efficiency and quality of clinical laboratories.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1981

Some methodologic problems encountered in occupational health research.

The sources of error encountered in occupational health epidemiology present unique and difficult problems. Knowledge of these possible sources of error is essential for the proper design of studies interpretation of study results. This article describes important sources of bias in occupational health research including healthy worker selection, information bias and the differential distribution of workplace health services. The paper emphasizes that reference groups must be chosen with extreme care in order to avoid potential problems of healthy worker selection. In addition, knowledge of the process by which diseases are diagnosed is important in planning appropriate study designs.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed2006

Learning about sex: results from Natsal 2000.

To date, the focus of sex education research has tended to be on the effect of education on behavioral outcomes. There is little data on the felt needs of young people, how well they are met, and how provision might be improved. Here we report on main source of information about sexual matters, adequacy of knowledge, further needs, and preferred source of additional information, using data from a probability sample survey of people aged 16 to 44 years in Britain (Natsal 2000). A total of 11,161 participants (4,762 men and 6,399 women) were interviewed. The response rate was 65.4%. The results show that despite the assumed worldliness and sophistication of young people about sexual matters, there is a great deal of self-perceived ignorance among them. Parents and schools are the preferred source of further information. We need to enable parents to provide information to their children, especially their sons.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Complementary therapy use by women's health clinic clients.

CONTEXT: While it is known that more women than men use complementary and alternative therapies, it is important to look at women who are pregnant or possibly receiving hormonal therapy, as side effects and consequences of these therapies may have a significant effect on their health status. OBJECTIVE: To assess women's knowledge, perceived effectiveness and use of 20 complementary and alternative therapies. DESIGN: Descriptive four-page questionnaire to obtain data on the use, reason for use, knowledge, perceived effectiveness, and sources of information of twenty complementary and alternative therapies. SETTING: Women's Health Center at a large Midwestern hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 250 women waiting to be seen by either a nurse midwife or obstetrician/gynecologist at an outpatient clinic. RESULTS: Sixty-nine percent of the participants used one or more complementary therapy. The most frequently used therapies included prayer, vitamins, massage, diet, and aromatherapy. The best predictor of use of each therapy was the participant's knowledge of the therapy. Participants generally rated the efficacy of the therapies higher than their knowledge level. Frequently cited sources of information were popular media and family. The least common information sources were nurse-midwives, drug stores, Internet, and other professional healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS: Women in this setting use complementary therapies at a rate greater than the general population. The participants obtained a great deal of their information about the therapies from popular press, media, friends, and family members rather than from licensed healthcare providers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Absolute radioassay of extended sources: an equivalent point-source coincidence-counting approach with application to the thyroid.

A general methodology is provided for the absolute assay of radioisotopes decaying with coincident photons in an extended source. In the determination of the source activity, the method requires neither the detailed consideration of the geometric and self-attenuation processes taking place between the source component points nor a knowledge of the distribution of activity across the source. It derives from the concept of the "equivalent point source," that is a fictitious point source whose activity would equal that measured for the actual extended source. It has been developed for an arbitrary number of coincident photon types displaying an arbitrary degree of mutual correlation, and for arbitrary detection geometry. A unifying formalism is developed for both point and extended sources and for single and dual detecting systems. It is found that in all cases the various instrumental and spectroscopic uncertainties appear within a composite parameter (herein called F factor) that can be determined by standard calibration procedures; this factor is in turn only weakly dependent on its own component parameters. New expressions and relationships are obtained that provide a greater physical insight into coincidence-counting methods.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

The challenge of disseminating innovations to direct care providers in health care organizations.

Innovation is the discipline of applying new knowledge gained from multiple sources, including, but not limited to, scientific research. What is known and believed about knowledge generation, sharing, and dissemination of innovative ideas is discussed, with emphasis on applications to nursing and health care. The US Department of Veterans Affairs' virtual learning center is an example of a technology-based center that provides the opportunity to nurture social learning. Expanding the understanding of the generation and spread of innovations, and applying this knowledge in health care settings are critical to rapid changes in our social systems.

Diffusion of Innovation↗