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PubMed2001

Comparing apples and oranges--model-based assessment of different tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis control strategies.

The current control strategies for tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis in cattle (trypanocidal drugs, tsetse control and trypanotolerant cattle) are briefly reviewed and their adoption rates in different geographic regions of sub-Saharan Africa are presented. The impact of these control strategies and the potential use of vaccines, should they be developed, on trypanosomosis transmission were compared using a mathematical model. The relative trypanosomosis prevalence compared with no control was estimated across a range of control coverages (from none to complete control coverage) by varying the change in specific model parameters influenced by individual control measures. Based on this comparison, the relative rankings of the effect of control strategies on reducing disease prevalence were: vector control, vaccination, and drug use, in that order. In this model, trypanotolerance was assumed to decrease disease prevalence, but not to influence transmission. Differences in the predicted impact of control measures on the transmission of human sleeping sickness are discussed. Finally, the role of transmission model outputs as inputs for economic models to guide investment decisions for trypanosomosis control is emphasised.

Africa South of the Sahara↗

PubMed2001

Molecular tools and triatomine systematics: a public health perspective.

Triatomines, or kissing bugs, are vectors of Chagas disease to humans. This disease is a substantial public health problem affecting up to 12 million people throughout the Americas, and its control relies mainly on the insecticide treatment of triatomine-infested houses within villages. In this article, Fernando Monteiro, Ananias Escalante and Ben Beard review how molecular markers have been used to clarify triatomine systematics, and give examples of how our understanding of triatomine population structure and accurate vector identification can be used to optimize vector control.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effect of delayed toxicity of chemical barriers to control Argentine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Brief exposures of Argentine ants to four different insecticide treatments, bifenthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin + beta-cyfluthrin, and fipronil, were conducted to determine Kaplan-Meier product limit survivorship percentiles (SPs) at 21-23 and 27-29 degrees C. Bifenthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, and bifenthrin + beta-cyfluthrin provided rapid kill at 21-23 degrees C with SP10 values ranging from 11.2 to 33.7 min. Fipronil provided delayed toxicity at 21-23 degrees C with SP10 values ranging from 270 to 960 min. At 27-29 degrees C, all of the SP10 values significantly decreased. Field tests in which Argentine ants were induced to forage across insecticide-treated surfaces were used to determine the effect that speed of action has on foraging and recruitment ability, and whether these insecticides are repellent. The slower-acting fipronil allowed a greater amount of foraging and consequently a greater fraction of the colony to be exposed, whereas fast-acting bifenthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, and bifenthrin + beta-cyfluthrin inhibited recruitment, resulting in fewer ants being exposed and killed. Implications for controlling ants by using perimeter barrier treatments are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Modification of the behavior of Glossina palpalis palpalis linked to the swine fever epizootic of 1982 in a Congolese village].

A swine fever epizootic decimated the pig herds in villages within the Yamba focus of human trypanosomiasis. Ecological studies of Glossina palpalis palpalis populations were carried out in one of the villages for four years following the disappearance of the pigs, which had been the principal nutritive host of the Glossina in the area. One important behavioural modification occurred, namely the establishment of a small peridomestic tsetse population. The flies deserted the patches of residual forest to settle around the periphery of the village. This probably occurred in numerous other villages where the epizootic had destroyed the herds of pigs. The modified behaviour has increased the man-fly contact, but, on the other hand, facilitates vector control.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

What do community-based dengue control programmes achieve? A systematic review of published evaluations.

Owing to increased epidemic activity and difficulties in controlling the insect vector, dengue has become a major public health problem in many parts of the tropics. The objective of this review is to analyse evidence regarding the achievements of community-based dengue control programmes. Medline, EMBASE, WHOLIS and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched (all to March 2005) to identify potentially relevant articles using keywords such as 'Aedes', 'dengue', 'breeding habits', 'housing' and 'community intervention'. According to the evaluation criteria recommended by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Review Group, only studies that met the inclusion criteria of randomised controlled trials (RCT), controlled clinical trials (CCT), controlled before and after trials (CBA) or interrupted time series (ITS) were included. Eleven of 1091 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, two were RCTs, six were CBAs and three were ITS. The selected studies varied widely with respect to target groups, intervention procedures and outcome measurements. Six studies combined community participation programmes with dengue control tools. Methodological weaknesses were found in all studies: only two papers reported confidence intervals (95% CI); five studies reported P-values; two studies recognised the importance of water container productivity as a measure for vector density; in no study was cluster randomisation attempted; and in no study were costs and sustainability assessed. Evidence that community-based dengue control programmes alone and in combination with other control activities can enhance the effectiveness of dengue control programmes is weak.

Community Health Services↗

PubMed1999

Immunological control of ectoparasites: past achievements and future research priorities.

Recombinant vaccines are available for the control of the tick Boophilus microplus, while progress has been made in the development of vaccines against Lucilia cuprina and Chrysomya bezziana. Literature suggests that the control of other ectoparasites is feasible, either through the duplication in a vaccine of naturally acquired immunity or through 'concealed' antigen vaccines. Major deficiencies in our current knowledge however point to possible research opportunities for the future. The identification of protective antigens from all species is proceeding slowly, particularly for the antigens of naturally acquired immunity. Our capacity to produce effective recombinant antigens has progressed greatly, though there remains a major difficulty where some or all of the protective effect is due to immunogenic oligosaccharide. Our understanding of protective mechanisms is limited. The delivery of the appropriate immunological response remains difficult. Nevertheless, some of the most critical areas of ignorance are in basic biological issues: factors which affect the susceptibility of particular pest species to immunological attack and the implications of vaccine-induced effects for pest and disease control under field conditions. Increasingly too, effective pest control is likely to demand the integration of a variety of control technologies. The study of this integration is in its infancy.

Animals↗

PubMed1964