Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Hunger”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,459 records · Page 81Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Eating behavior following biliopancreatic diversion for obesity: study with a three-factor eating questionnaire.

The eating behavior of obese patients and of subjects who had normalized their body weight following biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) was assessed by a three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ), constructed to measure cognitive dietary restraint, the tendency to disinhibition, and susceptibility to hunger. In the obese patients higher values of both disinhibition and hunger score were found than in normoweight persons. In BPD subjects a negative association between the time elapsed from the operation and both the disinhibition and hunger score values was observed. In patients operated more than 2 years before, the eating behavior, as assessed by the TFEQ, was similar to that of normoweight persons. After BPD the operated subjects do not have to respect any dietary advice, the loss of weight and the maintenance of a normal body weight occurring in spite of an absolutely free food consumption. Similarity to the control values of disinhibition and hunger score following BPD suggests that in the long term, when the preoccupation with food and diet is abandoned, a normal eating pattern can be achieved.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Behaviour plasticity without learning: phenotypic and genetic variation of naïve Daphnia in an ecological trade-off.

The swimming behaviour of adult Daphnia largely governs their depth, which has a direct effect on both individual foraging success and predation avoidance. We treated individual swimming behaviour as a threshold character and used directional changes in average clonal depth within experimental tubes as a test for character plasticity. We compared the swimming behaviours of two cohabiting, phenotypically similar Daphnia (Daphnia galeata and Daphnia galeata-Daphnia rosea hybrid) to determine (1) whether there is inherited variation (H(2)) for different traits (responses to hunger and predator cues); (2) whether changes in genetic parameters (norm of reaction and character state) across four environments could be simulated by combinations of the presence or absence of a predator cue and high or low hunger levels; and (3) whether these Daphnia would respond to directional selection, particularly in a trade-off environment (high hunger and predator cue treatments). Responses of both D. galeata and the D. galeata-rosea hybrid to hunger and a predator cue and the trade-off environment were plastic. Daphnia galeata expressed significant genetic variation within (H(2)) and between environments (heritability of plasticity). Both the character state and norm of reaction estimates of heritable variation in the hybrid were close to zero. Genetic correlations were positive and stable across six environmental pairs in Daphnia galeata. Most hybrid genetic correlations were not significant. The phenotypic distributions of both D. galeata and the hybrid were bimodal in the trade-off environment. The D. galeata distribution was partly due to between-clone variation and the hybrid distribution was almost entirely due to within-clone variation. Genetic variation expressed by D. galeata in the trade-off environment appears to depend on both clone by environment interactions and stable inherited differences. These results indicate that while plastic phenotypic responses cause a similar opportunity for selection in D. galeata and the hybrid, their responses to selection would be different in the trade-off and in related environments. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Rostromedial hypothalamic monoamine changes in response to intravenous infusions of insulin and glucose in freely feeding obese Zucker rats: a microdialysis study.

We have shown previously that intravenous infusions of insulin, known to induce glucoprivic hunger, and of insulin combined with glucose, known to induce satiety, produce in the VMH and PVN of Wistar rats monoaminergic changes that differ from those related to spontaneously occurring hunger and satiety, while the genetically obese Zucker rat is totally resistant to the behavioural effects of insulin and insulin + glucose infusions. In the present study, the impact of these infusions on VMH and PVN monoamines in obese Zucker rats was assessed using microdialysis. Monaminergic changes (increase in DOPAC and 5-HIAA and decrease in DA and 5-HT) were quite similar in obese rats to those we found in normal rats when insulin was infused. In contrast, changes in 5-HT or DA in response to insulin and glucose were quite different in the Zucker rat. Monoaminergic changes related to meals were more dramatic in the Zucker rat and so were able to reverse the background changes produced by the insulin infusion. These data confirm the idea that the effect on monoamines of spontaneously occurring hunger and satiety is different from the effect on monoamines by insulin and glucose-induced hunger and satiety. The results show disturbances of the obese Zucker rat related both to insulin and to hypothalamic monoamines that may be involved in the hyperphagia and obesity of this model.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1987

Separation of the motivational and motor consequences of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the mesolimbic or nigrostriatal system in rats.

The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or substantia nigra, pars compacta (SN/pC) on the behaviour of hungry rats were examined in a Columbia obstruction box test. The lesions of dopaminergic neurones in the VTA as well as in the SN/pC decreased the number of crossings of an electric obstruction for food. After the lesion in the VTA the reaction of rats became independent of the level of hunger--the number of their crossings was similar at different levels of hunger. In contrast, no effect of the lesion was found when the animals were trained and tested in the absence of shock. The 6-OHDA lesion in the SN/pC also decreased the number of crossings, but the animals remained sensitive to motivational hunger stimuli: they were still crossing the obstruction in a hunger-dependent manner. Lesions in neither the VTA nor the SN/pC significantly altered the spontaneous food intake and sensitivity to painful electric stimuli. In the Rotarod test only the SN/pC-lesioned rats showed a substantial motor impairment; lesions in the VTA had no effect in that test. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the role of the dopaminergic mesolimbic and nigrostriatal systems in mediation of the motivational arousal and motor performance of an instrumental food response.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Diagnostic, treatment and aftercare approaches to cocaine abuse.

The general public feels that cocaine is not particularly dangerous because it does not produce a well defined physical dependency and abstinence syndrome. However, when addiction is defined as compulsion, loss of control and continued use in spite of adverse consequences, cocaine drug hunger can be seen as an agent of addictive disease. Withdrawal from cocaine dependence usually involves depression, anxiety and lethargy. These usually clear within a week, leaving only the "drug hunger" to contend with. Medication is rarely needed. When cocaine is the primary addiction, after withdrawal the most effective treatment is group therapy with other recovering cocaine abusers. We incorporate the principles of recovery and define positive and constructive alternatives in dealing with cocaine hunger. Recovery programs should be flexible and involve individual and family education on recovery and the nature of addictive disease. Exercise that produces cardiopulmonary stimulation is a helpful means of reducing drug hunger and anxiety during recovery therapy.

Aftercare↗
PubMed2006

Oral exposure and sensory-specific satiety.

Satiety has been shown after oral exposure to food that was chewed but not eaten (Modified Sham Feeding (MSF)). The aim of the study was to explore the role of sensory-specific satiety (SSS) in satiety development with MSF. Subjects were studied on three test days in a randomized crossover design; they received, in random order, water, MSF, or a meal. At the start and the end of each course of the lunch condition subjects evaluated appetite sensations, taste perception and pleasantness of taste using Visual Analogue Scales. SSS was present when eating soup and salad. SSS also occurred with MSF of salad. When eating the soup no significant changes in appetite ratings occurred. Hunger decreased and satiety increased while the salad was eaten (p<0.0004). In this condition taste perception did not change significantly and a decrease in pleasantness coincided with an increase in satiety. During the MSF salad taste perception changed, i.e. creaminess and intensity increased (p<0.05 and p<0.02, respectively). When the salad was eaten satiety increased and hunger and desire to eat (DTE) decreased. Chewing the salad resulted only in a decrease in DTE. In this experiment merely chewing a salad produced SSS. We conclude that when SSS takes place during feeding, it is related to an increase in satiety, and a decrease in hunger and DTE. With SSS during MSF, satiety does not increase, nor does hunger decrease, yet DTE decreases. Thus MSF is sufficient for a sensory decrease in DTE despite of lack of satiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Peripheral administration of GLP-2 to humans has no effect on gastric emptying or satiety.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are secreted in parallel to the circulation after a meal. Intravenous (IV) GLP-1 has an inhibitory effect on gastric emptying, hunger and food intake in man. In rodents, central administration of GLP-2 increases satiety similar to GLP-1. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of IV administered GLP-2 on gastric emptying and feelings of hunger in human volunteers. In eight (five men) healthy subjects (age 31.1+/-2.9 years and BMI 24.1+/-1.0 kg m(-2)), scintigraphic solid gastric emptying, hunger ratings (VAS) and plasma concentrations of GLP-2 were studied during infusion of saline or GLP-2 (0.75 and 2.25 pmol kg(-1) min(-1)) for a total of 180 min. Concentrations of GLP-2 were elevated to a maximum of 50 and 110 pmol l(-1) for 0.75 and 2.25 pmol kg(-1) min(-1) infusion of GLP-2, respectively. There was no effect of GLP-2 on either the lag phase (29.5+/-4.4, 26.0+/-5.2 and 21.2+/-3.6 min for saline, GLP-2 0.75 or 2.25 pmol kg(-1) min(-1), respectively) or the half emptying time (84.5+/-6.1, 89.5+/-17.8 and 85.0+/-7.0 min for saline, GLP-2 0.75 or 2.25 pmol kg(-1) min(-1), respectively). The change in hunger rating after the meal to 180 min was also unaffected by infusion of GLP-2. GLP-2 does not seem to mediate the ileal brake mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Ultrasound examination shows disturbed proximal gastric function in symptomatic gallstone patients with dyspepsia and improvement after cholecystectomy--gallstones and gastric emptying.

AIM: The aim of our study was to examine gastric function, gallbladder emptying, and dyspepsia in symptomatic gallbladder stone patients (SGBS) to see if a motility disorder, expressed by gastric function and gallbladder emptying, may cause dyspepsia in SBGS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gastric function and gallbladder emptying in 21 SGBS referred for surgical treatment were measured by ultrasound after ingestion of 500 ml of a meat soup (bouillon). Dyspeptic symptoms were simultaneously recorded on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The patients were re-examined 10 months after cholecystectomy. Hospital staff (n = 14) served as control subjects (C). RESULTS: In SGBS, the frontal diameter of the proximal stomach was wider than in C at both 10 minutes (55.7 vs. 48.3 mm; p = 0.053) and 20 minutes (49.3 vs. 39.5 mm; p = 0.002), and the sagittal area of the proximal stomach was larger at 10 minutes (25.0 vs. 20.9 cm (2); p = 0.03). The postprandial frontal diameter decreased significantly after cholecystectomy (immediately after the meal: 51.3 mm; p = 0.03, at 10 minutes: 47.6 mm; p = 0.05, and at 20 minutes: 39.1 mm; p = 0.004). Twenty minutes after meal ingestion, gallbladder emptying was significantly less in SGBS than in C with a mean (SD) emptying of 20 % (17) versus 33 % (18); p < 0.04. In the fasting state, SGBS felt more hunger than C (VAS 67 mm vs. 39 mm; p = 0.03). After cholecystectomy, the feeling of hunger decreased (VAS 27 mm; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: SGBS had a wider proximal stomach and more hunger in the fasting state than C. After cholecystectomy the proximal stomach function and the hunger score improved. Our results suggest a physiological link between symptomatic gallstone disease and dyspepsia expressed by impaired proximal gastric function.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Eating behavior and weight change in healthy postmenopausal women: results of a 4-year longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: The association of psychological eating behavior constructs with overweight and obesity during early adult life and middle age has been documented in several studies. However, the association of eating behavior with unexplained weight change in old age is relatively unexplored. METHODS: Body weight, eating behavior (dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger as assessed by the Eating Inventory), reported dietary intake, and physical activity level were assessed at baseline in 36 nonobese postmenopausal women aged 61.3 +/- 3.1 years (mean +/- standard deviation). Measurements were repeated 4.4 +/- 0.9 years later, and changes in body weight were examined in relation to baseline and follow-up eating behavior scores, reported dietary intake, and physical activity level. RESULTS: Participants had no major changes in health or lifestyle characteristics over the study interval. Weight change ranged from -7.5 to +5.8 kg (mean -0.3 +/- 3.5 kg), and there were no significant changes in reported dietary intake. Mean hunger score (calculated as the mean of baseline and follow-up hunger score) predicted weight change per year over the study period (bivariate r = 0.386, p =.020), even in statistical models adjusted for mean dietary intake variables (partial r = 0.658, p =.003). Restraint, disinhibition, and physical activity level did not predict weight change. CONCLUSIONS: Reported hunger assessed by the Eating Inventory was associated with unintentional weight change in healthy postmenopausal women. The Eating Inventory questionnaire may provide a clinically useful tool for identifying older individuals at risk of undesirable weight change, and particularly unintentional weight loss, a factor strongly associated with increased morbidity and premature death in this population.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women.

Food insecurity, the limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, may be associated with disordered eating and a poor diet, potentially increasing risk for obesity and health problems. Patterns of food insecurity in California women are described and relationships between food insecurity and obesity (body mass index > or = 30 kg/m(2)) are evaluated using data from the 1998 and 1999 California Women's Health Survey. A total of 8169 women aged > or = 18 y were randomly selected and interviewed by telephone. Food insecurity was evaluated by use of four questions adapted from the U.S. Household Food Security Module. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between food insecurity and obesity, controlling for income, race/ethnicity, education, country of birth, general health status and walking. Food insecurity without hunger affected 13.9% of the population and food insecurity with hunger, 4.3%. Almost one fifth (18.8%) of the population was obese. Obesity was more prevalent in food insecure (31.0%) than in food secure women (16.2%). Food insecurity without hunger was associated with increased risk of obesity in whites [odds ratio (OR) = 1.36] and others (OR = 1.47). Food insecurity with hunger was associated with increased risk of obesity for Asians, Blacks and Hispanics (OR = 2.81) but not for non-Hispanic Whites (OR = 0.82). Food insecurity is associated with increased likelihood of obesity and risk is greatest in nonwhites.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Interstitial glucose level is a significant predictor of energy intake in free-living women with healthy body weight.

The relative contribution of circulating glucose to meal-to-meal variability in energy intake is not known. In 8 free-living young (median age 26.5 y) women with healthy body weight (median BMI 22.2 kg/m(2)), we measured glucose in the interstitial space by an automated monitoring procedure (continuous glucose monitoring system, CGMS) for up to 3 consecutive days (mean 706 glucose readings per subject). We examined the association between interstitial glucose (which lags blood glucose by approximately 10 min), self-reported hunger, satiety, desire for a meal, and nutrient intakes. Participants reported consuming a typical Western diet (59% carbohydrate, 27% fat, 14% protein). Median (interquartile range) interstitial glucose was 5.2 mmol/L (4.7-5.8). Using repeated-measures techniques in univariate analyses, desire for a meal (r = 0.45, P < 0.0001), hunger (r = 0.37, P = 0.0002), satiety (r = -0.40, P < 0.0001), low interstitial absolute mean glucose up to 25 min before eating (r = -0.23, P = 0.02), and a large decline in glucose between 40 and 5 min before eating (r = -0.17, P = 0.08) were all associated with meal energy intake. In multivariate regression analyses, desire for a meal (P < 0.0001) and hunger (P = 0.02) were the strongest independent contributors to meal energy intake, whereas absolute mean glucose measured in the period 15 to 0 min before eating was marginally significant (P = 0.08). In conclusion, absolute glucose level is a significant predictor of energy intake in nonobese women. However, desire for a meal and hunger are quantitatively more important, emphasizing the importance of both glucose signals and nonglucose (internal or environmental) factors in within-subject variability in energy intake. In addition, the CGMS may have utility in understanding the role of circulating glucose in energy regulation in free-living subjects under a wide range of different nutritional conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The Dutch famine of 1944-45: mortality and morbidity in past and present generations.

During the last months of the Second World War the Western Netherlands was affected by an acute famine, known as the Hunger Winter. Food intake from all sources was reduced to extremely low levels. The effect on mortality at all ages was very large and immediate. By making use of unpublished data from the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics, estimates could be made of the changes in mortality by cause of death and age for both sexes. Mortality due to hunger was most common in the very young and the very old whereas the effects in males were more pronounced than in females. Hunger was a contributing factor to the increased mortality due to infectious diseases and diseases of the digestive system. In several follow-up studies on selected populations, long-term consequences of the famine could be studied. They related to reproductive outcomes of women who gave birth during the Hunger Winter, to birth weight, malformations, and perinatal mortalitiy of the newborn who were exposed to the famine during gestation, and to the long-term effects of the famine on the medical and psychological situation of infants born during the famine. Several studies on reproductive outcomes in the subsequent generation are also discussed.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2004

The dopamine D1 antagonist reduces ethanol reward for C57BL/6 mice.

BACKGROUND: Dopamine D1 antagonist effects on behaviors related to obtaining and consuming ethanol remain unclear. The highly selective D1 antagonist ecopipam (SCH 39166), which has no effect on the serotonin system, was used to evaluate the role of D1 receptors in ethanol reward and its potential for treating alcohol abuse by determining its effect on several measures of ethanol reward in C57BL/6 (B6) mice. METHODS: Ecopipam (0.025-0.2 mg/kg) effects on instrumental and contingent consummatory responses and on noncontingent consummatory responses for ethanol and water reward were determined in food-restricted male mice trained to lever-respond for 12% ethanol delivered on a fixed ratio-4 reinforcement schedule. The mice were tested for 15-min sessions under preprandial (high-hunger and low-thirst) and postprandial (low-hunger and high-thirst) test conditions. RESULTS: Ecopipam dose-dependently reduced instrumental and consummatory responses for ethanol and ethanol intake when tested under hunger- or thirst-motivated conditions with free access to water. Under thirst motivation with no access to an alternate fluid source, lever responses for ethanol and water were similar; however, ecopipam reduced responding for ethanol more than responding for water reward. When given concurrent free access to the same fluid delivered for lever pressing, animals made more contacts for ethanol than for water; ecopipam reduced free ethanol but not water contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Ecopipam attenuated ethanol reward at doses that did not affect water reward, indicating an effect independent of reductions in motor system function or general motivation and arousal. Ecopipam also reduced ethanol reward to the same degree under hunger, thirst, or sated conditions, again indicating that it affected ethanol reward at doses that did not grossly affect general motivational states. These data suggest that ecopipam may reduce ethanol reward with few side effects and that it warrants further investigation as a pharmacological tool for treating alcohol abuse.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

rpoS mutations and loss of general stress resistance in Escherichia coli populations as a consequence of conflict between competing stress responses.

The general stress resistance of Escherichia coli is controlled by the RpoS sigma factor (phi(S)), but mutations in rpoS are surprisingly common in natural and laboratory populations. Evidence for the selective advantage of losing rpoS was obtained from experiments with nutrient-limited bacteria at different growth rates. Wild-type bacteria were rapidly displaced by rpoS mutants in both glucose- and nitrogen-limited chemostat populations. Nutrient limitation led to selection and sweeps of rpoS null mutations and loss of general stress resistance. The rate of takeover by rpoS mutants was most rapid (within 10 generations of culture) in slower-growing populations that initially express higher phi(S) levels. Competition for core RNA polymerase is the likeliest explanation for reduced expression from distinct promoters dependent on phi(70) and involved in the hunger response to nutrient limitation. Indeed, the mutation of rpoS led to significantly higher expression of genes contributing to the high-affinity glucose scavenging system required for the hunger response. Hence, rpoS polymorphism in E. coli populations may be viewed as the result of competition between the hunger response, which requires sigma factors other than phi(S) for expression, and the maintenance of the ability to withstand external stresses. The extent of external stress significantly influences the spread of rpoS mutations. When acid stress was simultaneously applied to glucose-limited cultures, both the phenotype and frequency of rpoS mutations were attenuated in line with the level of stress. The conflict between the hunger response and maintenance of stress resistance is a potential weakness in bacterial regulation.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1991

Psychological responses of obese type II diabetic subjects to very-low-calorie diet.

OBJECTIVE: Very-low-calorie diets have been shown to produce dramatic improvements in glycemic control in obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. There have been no studies of the psychological responses of diabetic subjects to these diets. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study examined changes in hunger, depression, and anxiety in 33 obese type II diabetic subjects who were randomly assigned to behavior modification programs that used either a balanced diet of 4185-6277 J/day (1000-1500 cal/day) throughout or included an 8-wk period of a very-low-calorie diet (1674 J/day or 400 cal/day of lean meat, fish, or fowl). Subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Spielberger State Anxiety Questionnaire, and self-report measures of hunger frequently throughout the 20-wk program. RESULTS: Both groups experienced significant improvements in depressive symptomatology, anxiety, and lessening of hunger during the course of the program, with no significant differences observed between the balanced diet and the very-low-calorie diet groups. CONCLUSIONS: Very-low-calorie diets, used in the context of a behavioral weight-control program, result in reductions in hunger and improvements in mood state comparable to those observed on more moderate weight-loss regimens.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Impulsation of hypothalamic and amygdalar neurons in bilateral derivations in the state of food motivation].

The character of impulsation of single neurons in the lateral hypothalamic and amygdalar central nucleus of rabbits recorded in bilateral derivations during quiet wakefulness, after 24-h food deprivation, and after satiation was studied by plotting autocorrelation histograms and by counting the mean frequency of discharges. During the transition from hunger to satiation, the character of impulsation of neurons in hypothalamus and amygdala changed in different ways: (1) a greater number of hypothalamic than amygdalar neurons changed their mean discharge frequency (85 versus 56%, respectively); (2) in hunger, the number of hypothalamic neurons with delta-frequency oscillations decreased as compared to quiet wakefulness and satiation, and in the amyglala the number of neurons with beta2-frequency oscillations increased; (3) in hunger, the number of hypothalamic neurons with bursting and periodic discharges decreased and the number of amygdalar neurons with equiprobabilistic discharges increased. During state alternation (according to the autocorrelation histograms) the strongest changes in the character of neuronal discharges took place in the left hypothalamus and left amygdala. The maximum differences in neuronal impulsation between the left and right hypothalamus were observed in the state of hunger and between the left and right amygdala, after satiation.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1991

Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. A replication and extension.

Smokers (n = 315) who wished to quit were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to groups using either nicotine or placebo gum. Self-reported and observed symptoms of tobacco withdrawal were collected before cessation and at follow-ups of 1 to 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months. Self-reported and/or observed anger, anxiety, craving, difficulty concentrating, hunger, impatience, and restlessness were the most prominent symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. These symptoms had returned to precessation levels by 1 month except increased weight, hunger, and craving continued for 6 months in many smokers. Nicotine gum decreased most symptoms, including craving and hunger but not weight. Abstinent smokers with more intense withdrawal were not more likely to relapse. Abstinent smokers who gained more weight were less likely to relapse.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

What's driving the binge in binge eating disorder?: A prospective examination of precursors and consequences.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research, mostly using retrospective reports, indicated a relation of negative affect and dietary restraint with the occurrence of binge episodes in binge eating disorder (BED). We employed Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to better understand precursors and consequences of binge eating. METHOD: Thirty-three females with BED carried a handheld computer for 7 days, and were periodically prompted to indicate their current emotions, hunger, and binge status. RESULTS: Negative mood and hunger were significantly higher at prebinge than at nonbinge times, but negative mood was even higher at postbinge. Participants attributed binge episodes to mood more frequently than to hunger or abstinence violation. CONCLUSION: The finding that negative mood is actually heightened subsequent to a binge suggests the need to further investigate what is reinforcing about a binge, including possible escape from self-awareness. Strengths of EMA technology are discussed, as well as its broad utility in BED assessment and treatment.

Adult↗