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PubMed2004

[Zinc salts in dermatology].

Zinc is an essential trace element for the human organism. It acts like cofactor for the metalloenzymes involved in many cellular processes. Its anti-inflammatory activity, which is the basis of therapeutic use, other than acrodermatitis enteropathica, is not well known: production of cytokines, antioxidant activity. Its toxicity is very low, but marked at high doses during chronic administration by the risk of hypocupremia. It is not teratogenic and can be given during pregnancy. Its absorption, through the duodenum, is inhibited by excessive phytate intake. Maximum concentration is reached after 2 to 3 hours. It is widely distributed in the organism, mainly in muscles and bone. Excretion is predominantly digestive. Its spectacular effect in acrodermatitis enteropathica, through compensation of genetically determined malabsorption was discovered in 1973. Its usefulness in acne is based on the anti-inflammatory action and was first described with zinc sulfate, then with better tolerated gluconate. Many controlled studies have shown an efficacy on inflammatory lesions. Doses varied from 30 to 150 mg of elemental zinc and studies against cyclines have shown that minocycline has a superior effect; but zinc might be an alternative treatment when cyclines are contraindicated. To date we don't have convincing data for its use in other indications (leishmaniosis, warts, cutaneous ulcers). Tolerance at usual doses (200 mg of zinc gluconate or 30 mg of elemental zinc) is good. Major side effects are abdominal with nausea, vomiting, but are fleeting and dose dependent.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2005

[Erosive pustulosis of the scalp: 3 cases].

BACKGROUND: Erosive pustulosis of the scalp is a rare entity of unknown etiology mainly affecting elderly people. It is often triggered by local trauma and features chronic pustules of the scalp evolving toward scarring alopecia. Its treatment is not yet codified. OBSERVATIONS: Two patients (66 and 87 years old) presented with crusted and erosive pustules of the scalp following surgical removal of actinic keratosis and total skin graft. In a third patient, similar lesions appeared after hair grafting. Clinical features were consistent with the clinical pattern of erosive pustulosis of the scalp. In all three patients, oral zinc gluconate in combination with topical steroids associated resulted in significant improvement. CONCLUSION: An association of topical steroids and oral zinc gluconate might be an interesting therapeutic option in this chronic, often disabling affection.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1994

Intravenous magnesium in the treatment of hydrofluoric acid burns in rats.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To gather preliminary data on the safety and efficacy of IV magnesium in a rat model of hydrofluoric acid burns. MODEL: Forty-seven anesthetized male rats (200 to 300 g) received a standardized burn with 52% hydrofluoric acid. INTERVENTIONS: Animals were anesthetized with 30 to 50 mg/kg ketamine IM and 1 to 3 mg/kg xylazine IM. A standardized chemical burn was created by topical application of 52% hydrofluoric acid. The rats were divided into four treatment groups: group 1 received no treatment; group 2 received intradermal injection of 10% calcium gluconate; group 3 received 80 mg/kg MgSO4 IV; and group 4 received 160 mg/kg MgSO4 IV. After the rats were killed, the burn lesions were excised and examined by a pathologist to determine the grade of burn (which was equal to the clinical degree of burn). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Microscopic examination of the burns revealed differences among the four groups. Five of 13 group 1 rats (37%) died within 24 hours of burn initiation. Of group 1 survivors, 50% had grade 2 burns, and the other 50% had grade 3 burns. In group 2, eight of 11 rats (73%) had grade 3 burns. Twenty-five percent of group 3 rats (three of 12) had grade 3 burns, and only 9% of group 4 rats (one of 11) had grade 3 burns. Only the difference in the rates of grade 3 burns for groups 2 and 4 was statistically significant. Although not statistically significant, burns in groups 3 and 4 tended to be smaller in diameter than burns in groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSION: High-dose IV magnesium sulfate reduces the severity of hydrofluoric acid burn compared with conventional intradermal calcium gluconate therapy. Early deaths appeared to be prevented by both calcium and magnesium therapies.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Chemical mechanism of beta-xylosidase from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414: pH-dependence of kinetic parameters.

The variation of kinetic parameters of beta-xylosidase from Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 with pH was used to elucidate the chemical mechanism of the p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside hydrolysis. The pH-dependence of V and V/K(m) showed that a group on the enzyme with a pK value of 3.20 must be unprotonated and a group with a pK value of 5.20 must be protonated for activity and both are involved in catalysis. Solvent-perturbation studies indicated that these groups are neutral acid type. Temperature dependence of kinetic parameters suggested the stickiness of the substrate at lower temperatures than the optimum and the calculated ionization enthalpies pointed to carboxyl groups as responsible for both pKs. Chemical modification with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate and protection with the substrate studies demonstrated essential carboxyl groups on the enzyme. Profiles of pK(i) for D-gluconic acid lactone indicated that a group with a pK value of 3.45 must be protonated for binding and it has been assigned to the carboxyl group of D-gluconic acid formed by lactone ring breakdown in solution.

Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1998

Impaired growth of an Escherichia coli rpe mutant lacking ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase activity.

We present evidence that ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase, a central metabolic enzyme acting in the non-oxidative branch of the pentose-phosphate pathway, is encoded by a gene in the dam containing operon of Escherichia coli. Enzymatic assays confirm that this gene encodes ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase activity. Disruption of the gene (rpe) causes loss of enzymatic activity and renders the rpe mutant unable to utilize single pentose sugars, indicating that rpe supplies the only ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase activity in E. coli. Growth of the rpe mutant is impaired in complex LB medium and severely impaired in minimal medium containing glycolytic carbon sources or gluconate. Enrichment with casamino acids abolishes or strongly relieves growth suppression in minimal medium. Aspartate counteracts the impaired growth in glycolytic carbon sources but not in gluconate. We suggest that the absence of the Rpe enzyme causes changes in the pentose-phosphate levels which alter the regulation of (a) metabolic enzyme(s) and thereby cause growth suppression and that the severity of growth suppression is related to the internal concentration of pentose-phosphates. Target enzymes for negative regulation may be located in the early parts of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and/or of carbohydrate transport systems feeding sugars into these sections of central metabolic pathways.

Aspartic Acid↗
PubMed2001

99mTc-labeling experiments on CCK(4) by a direct method.

99mTc-labeling studies have been performed on CCK(4) fragment of cholecystokinin, starting from 99mTc-pertechnetate, by using tin(II)pyrophosphate or tin(II)gluconate as reducing agents, together with NaBH(4) acting as a stabilizing agent of tin(II). Gluconate has been used as exchange ligand in the carrier added experiments and in the syntheses of 99Tc-CCK(4) and Re-CCK(4) complexes to be able to reproduce at macroscopic level the same chemical reactions occurring at non carrier added conditions. 99mTc-labeling yields higher than 95% have been achieved depending on Sn(II) concentration, CCK(4)/gluconate ratio, reaction time and applied temperature. The species produced with 99mTc, 99Tc, and cold rhenium nuclides have been compared by means of HPLC measurements, which showed similar retention times and thus probably the same species in the three situations.

Borohydrides↗
PubMed2000

Kinetics of release of heparin from alginate hydrogel.

PURPOSE: Injected sodium alginate may be a useful perivascular drug delivery vehicle. This study was performed to determine the release rates of heparin from sodium alginate hydrogels cross-linked with varying amounts of calcium gluconate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six hydrogels, composed of 0.16 mEq sodium alginate and 4,000 units unfractionated heparin, were cross-linked with calcium gluconate to yield ion equivalence (IE) ratios (calcium:alginate) of 0.2, 0.4, 0.58, 0.8, 1.0, or 1.2. Two milliliters of normal saline was placed on top of each gel and allowed to remain in contact for up to 10 days. At set time intervals, the amount of heparin in the eluent was determined with use of high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Gels with 0.2 and 0.4 IE were partially liquid at 24 hours; the other gels solidified within 10 minutes. The 0.58 IE gel was slowest to solidify but immobilized the most heparin and released heparin slowest over 10 days. At 10 days, between 5.5% and 9.8% of the heparin immobilized was retained in the gel. CONCLUSION: This hydrogel shows promise as a vehicle for in vivo perivascular heparin delivery. The 0.58:1 IE ratio hydrogel has slowest release rate and the greatest immobilization despite its longer cross-linking time.

Alginates↗
PubMed2002

Functional activities of the colon of the desert gerbil (Gerbillus cheesmani).

The effects of starvation and undernourishment on the potential differences (pd in mV), basal short-circuit current (Isc in microA/cm(2)), resistance (R in omega) and glucose-dependent short-circuit current (Isc in microA/cm(2)) across stripped sheets of proximal, mid and distal colon of the gerbil (Gerbillus cheesmani) were investigated. The effects of replacing sodium chloride by lithium chloride, replacing chloride in Krebs buffer by gluconate and removing bicarbonate from bathing buffers were also investigated. Starvation (4 days, water ad lib) and undernourishment (50% control food intake for 21 days) had no significant changes on pd and R of the three regions of stripped colon. Starvation increased the basal Isc in the proximal and the mid-colon only while undernourishment increased the basal Isc of three regions of the colon. In addition, starvation and undernourishment increased the glucose-dependent Isc in the three regions. Replacing sodium chloride by lithium chloride caused a slight decrease in the basal Isc of proximal and mid colon taken from starved animals. In undernourished gerbils, although there was a slight decrease in basal Isc of proximal and mid colon the big decrease was observed in Isc of the distal colon. Replacing chloride by gluconate had no effect on the Isc of the different regions of colon taken from fed and starved animals but decreased the Isc of the three regions of undernourished animals. The absence of bicarbonate reduced the Isc of proximal and mid colon taken from starved gerbils and those of three regions taken from undernourished animals. The results of the present study suggest that the Isc of proximal and mid colon from starved gerbils could result from active sodium transport together with bicarbonate secretion while the Isc of the three regions taken from undernourished gerbils results from active sodium absorption together with both chloride and bicarbonate secretion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phenol degradation and toxicity assessment upon biostimulation to an indigenous Rhizobium Ralstonia taiwanensis.

This study provides a first attempt from a toxicological perspective to put forward, in general terms and explanations, combined toxic interactions and biostimulation strategy upon nutrient medium to Ralstonia taiwanensis for bioremediation. Dose-response analysis clearly revealed that most of the supplemented nutrients tested (except for gluconic acid) synergistically interact with chronic toxicity to phenol, especially at low doses. Acute toxicity based upon adaptation lag is a more appropriate indicator for comparative analysis of toxicity due to similar toxic ranking at almost all effective concentrations. In addition, comparison upon acute and chronic toxicity for various nutrient media also suggests in parallel that acute toxicity is more significant than chronic toxicity possibly as the result of a more sensitive response of adaptation lag to growth in different media. Feasibility of adding extra nutrient substrates (e.g., phenol, gluconic acid, yeast extract, pyruvic acid, acetic acid, and glycerol) to stimulate proliferation of phenol degraders for better phenol degradation performance was also assessed. The results show that using acetic acid as the augmented nutrient source might be the most feasible biostimulation strategy for phenol degradation.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2002

Influence of various phosphopeptides of caseins on iron absorption.

The influence of the origin and kind of caseinophosphopeptide (CPP) on iron absorption was assessed by comparing a commercially available CPP mixture (CPPs) and derived chromatographic fractions with the purified, chemically phosphopeptide of beta-casein [beta-CN(1-25)] using a perfused rat duodenal loop system; gluconate iron was used as control. Only iron complexed to beta-CN(1-25) displayed a better bioavailability than gluconate iron. The results obtained with various chromatographic fractions indicated that phosphopeptides of different origins (alpha(s)- versus beta-caseins) display specific effects. These findings contribute to the explanation of the discrepancy about the role of caseinophosphopeptides on mineral bioavailability in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Incorporation of a high concentration of mineral or vitamin into chitosan-based films.

Mineral or vitamin E was incorporated into chitosan-based films: 10-200% (w/w chitosan) Gluconal Cal (GC), a mixture of calcium gluconate and lactate; 5-20% zinc lactate (ZL); and 5-20% alpha-tocopheryl acetate (VE) with acetylated monoglyceride (AM). The functionality of film-forming solutions and dried films was analyzed with standard procedures, and mathematical equations were developed to coordinate selected film functionality with the type and concentration of incorporated mineral or vitamin E. GC incorporation significantly increased pH and decreased viscosity of film-forming solutions, but not the addition of ZL or VE. The water barrier property of the films was improved by increasing the concentration of mineral or vitamin E in the film matrix. The tensile strength of the films was more significantly affected by GC or VE addition than film elongation, puncture strength, and puncture deformation. While a major endothermic peak around 200 degrees C was observed in DSC thermograms of chitosan-based films, only 200% GC incorporation altered this endothermic peak. This study demonstrated the capability of chitosan-based film matrix to carry a high concentration of mineral or vitamin E. Such films may be used for wrapping or coating to enhance the nutritional value of foods.

Calcium Gluconate↗
PubMed2000

Hyperproduction of polyesters consisting of medium-chain-length hydroxyalkanoate monomers by strain Pseudomonas stutzeri 1317.

Pseudomonas stutzeri strain 1317 was found to grow on various fatty acids, alcohols, diols, as well as glucose and gluconate for the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) with various monomer units. The PHA monomer structures were dependent on the type of fatty acids and alcohols, as well as the diols in the culture media. Only even number monomers, such as 3-hydroxyhexanoate (HHx), 3-hydroxyoctanoate (HO) and 3-hydroxydecanoate (HD), were accumulated when even numbered fatty acids, alcohols, glucose and gluconate, as well as diol were used as carbon sources. Odd numbered fatty acids and odd numbered alcohols led to the formation of odd numbered monomers, such as 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV), 3-hydroxyheptanoate (HHp), 3-hydroxynonanoate (HN) and 3-hydroxyundecanoate (HU). The strain tolerated up to 1.5% of ethanol and made 8.3% of PHA when growth was conducted in 1.2% of ethanol. PHA formed up to 77% of cell dry weight when the strain was grown in tridecanoate. PHA synthesis was highly dependent on the nitrogen source. A depletion in nitrogen supply immediately resulted in PHA accumulation in cells grown in the glucose mineral medium.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2000

Zinc, copper and manganese enhanced keratinocyte migration through a functional modulation of keratinocyte integrins.

The migration of keratinocytes plays an important role in the re-epithelialization of cutaneous wounds. Zinc, copper and manganese are used in vivo for their healing properties and their mechanism of action is still only partially known. Thus, they have been shown both to promote keratinocyte proliferation and to modulate integrins expression. The aim of this study was to determine if trace elements induce an increase of the migration of keratinocytes and if this effect is related to the modulation of integrins. Two independent migration assays were used to study keratinocyte migration: the scratch assay using normal human keratinocytes and the modified Boyden chamber using HaCaT cells. Inhibition studies using function-blocking antibodies directed to alpha3, alpha6, alpha(v) and beta1 subunits were performed to investigate the modulator effect of trace elements on integrin function. In this way, zinc and copper gluconates increased alpha3, alpha(v) and beta1 function whereas manganese gluconate seems mainly able to modulate the function of alpha3 and beta1. The stimulating effect of these trace elements on keratinocyte migration does not appear related to alpha6 subunit. Thus, zinc, copper and manganese enhanced keratinocyte migration and one of the mechanisms was going through a modulation of integrin functions.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2002

The oral anti-volatile sulphur compound effects of zinc salts and their stability constants.

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) produced in the oral cavity, are a major cause of oral malodour. Zinc (Zn) ions inhibit VSC formation. The objective of this study was to examine whether Zn salts with low stability constants were more suitable as sources of Zn in lozenges than salts with high stability constants. The former provide free Zn ions upon dissolution in water, whereas the latter provide almost no free Zn. Identical lozenges containing Zn-acetate and -gluconate, which have low stability constants, and Zn citrate and amino acid-chelated Zn, which have extremely high stability constants, were tested. All the lozenges contained 0.9% w/w Zn. Ten volunteers sucked the lozenges until dissolved, and oral VSC were measured by gas chromatography. Zn-acetate, -gluconate and -chelate had an impressive anti-VSC effect even 3 h after the lozenges were taken. Zn citrate had significantly less effect than the other lozenges except Zn acetate after 2 and 3 h. It was concluded that the anti-VSC effect was not related to the stability constants of the Zn compounds tested. Alternative ligands. with stronger affinity for Zn than the ligands in the lozenges, must be present in the oral cavity to explain these results. It is suggested that the sulphide ion may serve this function.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The clinical and microbiological effects of a novel acidified sodium chlorite mouthrinse on oral bacterial mucosal infections.

Acidified sodium chlorite mouthrinses have been shown to have equivalent anti-plaque activity to those containing chlorhexidine, the current 'gold standard'. In this study, sodium chlorite mouthrinses (ASC) acidified with either malic or gluconic acids were compared to each other and with a chlorhexidine rinse and sterile water for their effect on salivary bacterial counts. Sixteen subjects participated in the study, which had a cross-over Latin square design. In a second study, a sodium chlorite/gluconic acid rinse was compared with chlorhexidine for its clinical and microbiological effects in 36 patients with oral mucosal infections. The sodium chlorite rinses acidified with malic and gluconic acids and the chlorhexidine rinse caused significant reductions in salivary bacterial counts up to 7 h after a single rinse compared with water. There were no significant differences between the three active treatments. In the mucosal infection study, there was a significant reduction in erythema in the chlorhexidine group compared with the ASC group. Patients who received the ASC rinse reported significantly less discomfort following treatment than those receiving the chlorhexidine rinse. Staphylococcus aureus counts were significantly reduced in the group who received the sodium chlorite rinse. There were no other significant differences between the treatments. ASC appears to be an effective alternative to chlorhexidine mouthrinse.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Role of the loop segment in the urinary concentrating defect of hypercalcemia.

Hypercalcemia is associated with impaired urinary concentrating ability. To explore the mechanism(s) by which hypercalcemia impairs chloride transport in the loop of Henle, we carried out in vivo microperfusion of the loop segment in Sprague-Dawley rats rendered acutely hypercalcemic (12.1 +/- 0.1 mg/dliter) by calcium gluconate infusion. Control rats were infused with sodium gluconate and had normal plasma calcium (8.0 +/- 0.2 mg/dliter). Compared to control, fractional chloride reabsorption was decreased (61 +/- 4 to 50 +/- 3%; P less than 0.05) and early distal chloride increased 74 +/- 6 to 98 +/- 3 mEq/liter (P less than 0.001) in hypercalcemia. During hypercalcemia, infusion of verapamil failed to increase fractional chloride reabsorption (49 +/- 4%; P less than 0.05) or decrease early distal chloride (95 +/- 2; P less than 0.05) toward control values. Similarly, indomethacin did not improve fractional chloride reabsorption (48 +/- 4%; P less than 0.05) or distal chloride concentration (93 +/- 7; P less than 0.05). In control rats infused with Ringers HCO3, the addition of calcium 8.0 mEq/liter to the perfusate increased early distal calcium (9.22 to 3.11 mEq/liter) but was associated with no change in fractional chloride reabsorption (-6 +/- 6%) and a slight decrease in early distal chloride (-9 +/- 3 mEq/liter; P less than 0.05). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that an elevated plasma, not luminal calcium, concentration impairs chloride reabsorption in the loop segment, primarily the ADH-stimulated component. This may have an important role in the urinary concentrating defect of hypercalcemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Sulphur utilization during growth of pseudomonas fluorescens on potassium D-glucose 6-O-sulphate.

Pseudomonas fluorescens N.C.I.B. 8248 was adapted to grow on potassium d-glucose 6-O-sulphate as the sole carbon and sulphur source. Adapted bacteria grew optimally at 37 degrees C on 1.6% (w/v) sulphate ester and growth coincided with the disappearance of the ester from the culture medium at a rate of 2.4mg/h per ml. Three sulphated compounds were detected in the culture fluid at the termination of growth. One of these was present in traces only and has not been identified. The second was present in somewhat greater amounts and was identified as the 6-O-sulphate ester of d-gluconate, and the major metabolite was identified as d-glycerate 3-O-sulphate. Sulphur utilization by the organism was not associated with the appearance of a glycosulphatase enzyme in the cells. However, a novel enzyme system (or systems) was present that liberated inorganic (35)SO(4) (2-) ions from dipotassium d-gluconate 6[(35)S]-O-sulphate and from dipotassium dl-glycerate 3[(35)S]-O-sulphate. Activity towards the latter substrate could not be detected when the adapted or parent Pseudomonas strain was cultured on d-glucose and potassium sulphate as respective carbon and sulphur sources. Some properties of the enzyme acting on the glycerate ester are recorded.

Chromatography, Paper↗
PubMed1971

Effect of point mutations in the lac promoter on transient and severe catabolite repression of the lac operon of Escherichia coli.

1. Experiments were devised to show whether the point mutations L8 and L29 in the lac promoter alleviate transient repression. 2. Several recombinants were picked from matings between a single F(-)p(+) strain and Hfr strains carrying mutations L8 and L29. All of the 19 p(-) recombinants tested proved to suffer no transient repression, whereas all of the eight p(+) recombinants tested suffered prolonged transient repression. 3. A diploid strain was constructed in which more than 90% of the thiogalactoside transacetylase is synthesized from the episome with a wild-type lac promoter, whereas 100% of the beta-galactosidase is synthesized from the chromosome with a promoter carrying mutation L8. In this diploid the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase suffered transient repression but the synthesis of beta-galactosidase did not. 4. Exactly similar results were obtained with a diploid strain in which the chromosomal promoter carried mutation L29. 5. The same diploid strains were used in experiments to show whether mutations L8 and L29 alleviate the severe catabolite repression caused by growth in glucose plus gluconate. In both strains glucose+gluconate repressed the synthesis of beta-galactosidase much less than the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase. 6. These and previously reported results can be explained by assuming (a) that both mutations L8 and L29 render the lac promoter partially, but not completely, insensitive to catabolite repression, and (b) that transient repression is an exceptionally severe form of catabolite repression.

Acyltransferases↗