Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Genotypes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,459 records · Page 81Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Genotypes of Helicobacter pylori in children with upper abdominal pain.

BACKGROUND: Studies related to genotypes of Helicobacter pylori infection and upper abdominal pain (UAP) in children are scarce all over the world. We prospectively analyzed the association between H. pylori infection and UAP in our study group of children and evaluated the vacA genotypes associated with this disorder. METHODS: We investigated 34 children with UAP (group I) and another 110 children as controls without UAP (group II) for H. pylori infection, using antral biopsies by culture, rapid urease tests, histopathology and ureA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genotyping was performed using specific cagA and vacA primers on 52 H. pylori strains (group I = 21; 18 boys, mean age 10.33 +/- 2.47 years; group II = 31; boys 21, mean age 9.63 +/- 2.51 years). RESULTS: A significant association between H. pylori infection and UAP was observed when compared to controls (21/34; 61.8%vs 31/110; 28.2%; P = 0.0004). cagA positive H. pylori strains were detected in 20 (95.2%) children with UAP and in 28 (90.3%) controls. Mixed infection was detected in 25% of children with no significant difference between the groups. On univariate regression analysis, s1a, m1 alleles and s1a/m1 genotype of vacA had significant associations with UAP (P = 0.018, 0.015 and 0.007, respectively), while s2 and m2 alleles and the s2/m2 genotype were significantly more frequent in controls (P = 0.034, 0.001 and 0.034, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori infection is strongly associated with UAP in children and a significantly higher proportion have s1a, m1 alleles and s1a/m1 genotype. The negative associations of vacA s2, m2 alleles and s2/m2 genotype with UAP indicate that they are unlikely to have an important role in this disorder.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2000

ACE genotype and ACE inhibitors induced renoprotection in chronic proteinuric nephropathies1.

UNLABELLED: ACE genotype and ACE induced renoprotection in chronic proteinuric nephropathies. BACKGROUND: Whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism affects disease progression and response to ACE inhibitor therapy in nondiabetic proteinuric nephropathies is not clearly established. METHODS: The relationship between insertion/deletion (I/D) genotypes and proteinuria, rate of glomerular filtration rate decline (DeltaGFR)-centrally evaluated by repeated measures of iohexol plasma clearance-and incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was prospectively evaluated in 212 patients with nondiabetic proteinuric chronic nephropathies enrolled in the Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy (REIN) trial, where patients were randomly assigned to ramipril or conventional treatment. RESULTS: The DeltaGFR +/- SEM (-0.38 +/- 0.09 vs. -0.50 +/- 0.08 vs. -0.36 +/- 0.06 mL/min/1.73 m2 per month) and incidence of ESRD (19 vs. 22 vs. 25%) in the three subgroups with the II, ID, and DD genotypes, respectively, were comparable. Of note, DeltaGFR (-0.28 +/- 0.07 vs. -0.43 +/- 0.09 mL/min/1.73 m2 per month) and incidence of ESRD [14% vs. 36%, P = 0.04, RR (95% CI), 2.62 (1.02 to 6.71)] were lower in ramipril than in conventionally treated patients in the DD genotype, but not in the II and ID genotype. Either at univariate (P = 0.04) or at multivariate (P = 0.01) analysis, ramipril significantly predicted a lower incidence of events in DD, but not in II and ID patients. At three months, ramipril decreased proteinuria more effectively in DD (-38.2%) than in the II (-26.7%) or ID (-19.2%) genotype. In DD (but not in II or ID) ramipril-treated patients, a short-term reduction in proteinuria correlated with DeltaGFR over the entire follow-up period (P = 0.02, r = -0.41). CONCLUSIONS: In nondiabetic proteinuric nephropathies, the ACE I/D polymorphism does not predict disease progression, but is a strong predictor of ACE inhibition-associated renoprotection in that proteinuria, DeltaGFR, and progression to ESRD are effectively reduced in patients with the DD, but not in those with the II or ID genotype.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed2002

Role of the alpha-adducin genotype on renal disease progression.

BACKGROUND: A genetic susceptibility to hypertension may predispose to the development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and promote a more rapid loss of renal function in patients with renal diseases. The alpha-adducin (ADD) gene, alone or in combination with the angiotensinogen (AGT) and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a candidate for abnormal blood pressure regulation and thus for increased susceptibility or faster progression to ESRD. METHODS: Genotyping for the G460W-ADD, M235T-AGT and the insertion/deletion (I/D)-ACE gene polymorphisms was performed in 260 control subjects and 260 ESRD patients using polymerase chain reaction, gel analysis and appropriate restriction digest. RESULTS: The frequencies of the ADD, AGT and ACE genotypes in ESRD patients did not differ from observed frequencies in control subjects. The average (+/-SE) time from diagnosis to the onset of ESRD tended to be shorter in the presence of the ADD-460WW (5.1 +/- 1.1 years, N = 10) than with the GW (9.9 +/- 0.7 years, N = 81) and GG (11.3 +/- 1.0 years, N = 164) genotypes (F-ratio=2.71, P = 0.068; WW vs. GW P < 0.06 and vs. GG <0.03). In the 167 patients homozygous for the ADD-G allele, a more rapid progression with the ACE-DD genotype as compared to ACE-DI and II was found (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The ADD genotype is predictive of the course of renal function loss in an unselected renal population and influences the effect of the ACE genotype to modulate the rate of progression to ESRD. Thus, the ADD genotype may play a role for the understanding of interindividual differences in the course of renal diseases.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in hemophiliacs in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand RNA virus composed of at least 10 genotypes and dozens of subtypes. Six major genotypes can be distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified 5' noncoding region (NCR) of the genome. The genotypes are unequally distributed throughout the world. Types 1 and 3 are most common in Europe and the United States. Although fewer studies have been performed in Brazil, the pattern seems to mirror that in the other areas. HCV infection is highly prevalent among hemophiliacs and is a major cause of chronic liver disease. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study investigated a sample of the hemophiliac population in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, by RFLP analysis of the 5' NCR. RESULTS: It was observed that 84.1 percent were of genotype 1 and 13.6 percent of genotype 3. Sequence analysis of nine isolates confirmed the RFLP results and determined that all of the type 1 isolates belonged to subtype 1a. Phylogenetic analysis by parsimony and distance revealed that lineages of genotypes 1, 2, and 3, and 4 could be separated. The isolates of type 3 from this study were distinct from published sequences, which possibly indicated their different geographical origin. CONCLUSION: Although the frequency of genotypes observed (types 1 and 3) among hemophiliacs in the state of Minas Gerais was higher than that in the southern part of the country, these frequencies were not different from those in other groups of patients in Brazil and other countries studied. Further investigation is needed of the evidence that the type 3 isolates observed in these studies are significantly different from other isolates previously characterized by sequence analysis.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Rapid and reliable genotyping of human platelet antigen (HPA)-1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 a/b and Gov a/b by melting curve analysis.

BACKGROUND: The probability for occurrence of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (NAITP) depends largely on the frequency of each individual phenotype in various populations. In caucasians, antibodies to human platelet antigen (HPA)-1a are the major cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, whereas in the Japanese population, antibodies to HPA-4b is most frequently involved in NAITP. Conventional PCR techniques for platelet antigen genotyping rely on sequence-specific primers (SSPs) and detection by gel electrophoresis, a method which is laborious and time consuming. New PCR technology, measuring the match of a hybridization probe with its target and thereby allowing simultaneous detection of both alleles, provides an efficient tool for genotyping of the HPA systems. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 105 healthy blood donors were genotyped for HPA-1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 a/b and Gov a/b with new primers and probes designed for mutation detection by melting curve analysis (using LightCycler technology). Donor DNA was independently genotyped by an allele-specific assay, using SSPs, in a reference laboratory. RESULTS: There was full concordance between the two genotyping methods, and genotype frequencies were comparable with previous studies in caucasians. CONCLUSION: We present rapid and reliable detection systems for HPA-1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 a/b and Gov a/b based on mutation detection of both alleles simultaneously by melting curve analysis. As the Gov system has been reported to have similar frequency of involvement in alloimmune thrombocytopenia as HPA-5, the opportunity for genotyping should aid the diagnosis of such patients.

Antigens, Human Platelet↗
PubMed2004

Increase in CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 genotype in multiple sclerosis.

Chemokines and their receptors participate in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) by guiding immune cells into the brain tissue. A CCR5 Delta32 deletion mutation abolishes functional CCR5 on the cell surface and may reduce cell entry into the lesion sites. To analyse the significance of this mutation in MS, we compared the frequencies of CCR5 genotype in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 89 MS patients and 119 healthy controls. The CCR5 genotype was further compared with the CCR5 RNA and surface protein expression in 48 MS patients and their controls. In all MS patients, the Delta32/32 genotype was found with 6.7% frequency, whereas it was present only in 0.8% of the controls (6/89 vs 1/119, P = 0.01). Specifically, the Delta32/Delta32 genotype was increased (11.5%, P = 0.05) among primary progressive MS patients, whereas it was present only in 4.8% in other MS subtypes and only in 0.8% of the controls. The amount of CCR5 protein on CD4(+) cells analysed in 48 MS patients (nine primary progressive MS, 18 secondary progressive MS, 21 relapsing-remitting MS) and 13 controls decreased with genotype, being 8.9% in wt/wt, 7.7% in wt/Delta32 and 4.3% in Delta32/Delta32. CCR5 surface expression analysed on these 48 MS patients and 13 controls was significantly decreased in Delta32/Delta32 MS patients as compared with that in wt/wt genotype individuals (P = 0.004). The significantly increased number of Delta32/Delta32 individuals among our MS patients suggests that this genotype could contribute as a general risk factor for MS. However, neither the levels of RNA or surface protein correlated with MS subtype, neurological disability as expressed by expanded disability status scale, or disease progression index. Our results suggest that the lack of CCR5 does not protect from MS, but rather it may predispose to the chronic course of the disease. This would further imply that in view of the redundancy in the chemokine system, CCR5 ligands must be assumed to function through other closely related chemokine receptors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

G-protein beta 3 subunit 825 CC genotype is associated with unexplained (functional) dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In patients with functional dyspepsia, altered alpha-adrenoreceptor function and depression are prevalent, features that are linked to a G-protein beta 3 (GNB3) subunit gene polymorphism (C825T). We aimed to assess the association of specific G-protein beta 3 subunit genotypes with functional dyspepsia. METHODS: In study A, abdominal symptoms were assessed in 67 patients with unexplained, upper abdominal symptoms and 259 consecutive blood donors with and without abdominal symptoms. In study B, a further 56 patients with functional dyspepsia and 112 age- and sex-matched healthy controls from a blood donor population study were evaluated. Genomic DNA was isolated from buccal swabs and genotyping of the C825T polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis. RESULTS: In the blood donors with no abdominal symptoms in study A (controls, n = 161), genotype distribution was 17 TT, 77 TC, and 67 CC. In blood donors and patients with unexplained abdominal symptoms, genotype distribution was 22 TT, 54 TC, and 89 CC (P = 0.007 vs. controls). In study B, the genotype distribution in functional dyspepsia patients was 4 TT, 18 CT, and 34 CC compared with 4 TT, 62 CT, and 46 CC in the controls (P < 0.02). Combining studies A and B, the odds ratio (OR) adjusted for age and sex for upper abdominal symptoms associated with the CC genotype was 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-3.3), compared with subjects with TC and TT genotype carrying an allele. CONCLUSIONS: Homozygous GNB3 825C carrier status is associated with unexplained predominantly upper abdominal symptoms.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1997

Lack of correlation between hepatitis C virus genotypes and clinical course of hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis.

The influence of the hepatitis C virus (HCV)-genotype on liver disease severity was evaluated in 429 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C, including 109 with cirrhosis who were followed up prospectively, allowing for the assessment of the role of the HCV-genotype on disease outcome and on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV-1 was detected in 147 (46%) patients without cirrhosis and in 47 (43%) with cirrhosis (P: not significant), being mainly HCV-1b. HCV-2 was found in 103 (32%) cases without cirrhosis and in 30 (27.5) with cirrhosis (P: not significant), being mainly HCV-2a. HCV-3 was detected in 32 (10%) patients without cirrhosis and in 2 (2%) with cirrhosis (P < 0.005). Infection with more than one genotype (HCV-1/HCV-2 and HCV-1/HCV-3) was observed only in cirrhotic patients (6 of 109; 5.5%). During a mean follow-up of 67 +/- 22 months, 21 (19%) patients with cirrhosis showed worsening in Child's stage, 5 (4.5%) underwent liver transplantation, 23 (21%) developed HCC, and 24 (22%) died of complication of liver disease; the overall incidence of at least one of these events was 38.5%. By the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, the cumulative probability of developing each or at least one of the above events did not differ in relation to the genotype of infecting HCV, apart from patients with mixed genotype infection who showed a significantly higher incidence of death (P < .05). These data indicate that HCV-genotypes do not have a significant effect on the severity and outcome of liver disease in patients with chronic HCV-infection. Patients with cirrhosis who are also infected by HCV-1 and HCV-2 had a similar prognosis and progression to HCC, while patients infected by more than one genotype showed the most unfavorable course of disease.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Usefulness of genotyping with microsatellite markers to investigate hospital-acquired invasive aspergillosis.

To assess whether invasive aspergillosis (IA) was hospital acquired, Aspergillus fumigatus isolates, obtained during a one-year study from inpatients with haematological diseases and IA and from their environment, were genotyped using microsatellite markers. The analysis of 62 environmental isolates showed an extremely diverse A. fumigatus population with 43 genotypes represented only once. Eight genotypes were found more than twice at different times and/or at different locations showing that a given isolate can persist over time and is not dependent on a specific location. Twenty-seven isolates were obtained from 12 patients with IA. Of eight patients with multiple isolates, four were infected with isolates of different genotypes. Five patients (42%) had hospital-acquired IA according to the following definitions: patients infected with an isolate found in the environment, or patients infected with the same genotype. Although genotyping results are highly suggestive of hospital-acquired IA, this cannot be proved definitively because of the high diversity of the A. fumigatus population and the limited environmental sampling. A better knowledge of the A. fumigatus population outside hospitals is needed. For this purpose, genotyping using microsatellite markers seems appropriate.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Changes in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol subfractions with exercise training may be dependent on cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) genotype.

We sought to determine if a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene locus variation contributes to the variability in the responses of plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and its subfractions to endurance exercise training. Middle- to older-aged men and women with at least 1 lipoprotein-lipid risk factor underwent 6 months of endurance exercise training while on a low-fat diet. Plasma lipid levels were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Initial age, body composition, lipoprotein-lipid profiles, and VO(2)max did not differ between the 2 CETP genotype groups (B1B1, n = 16; B1B2, n = 14). With exercise training, VO(2)max increased, and body weight, total body fat, and computed tomographic (CT) intra-abdominal visceral fat decreased similarly in both CETP genotype groups. Plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels did not change significantly with training in either genotype group. HDL(2NMR)-C levels increased with exercise training in CETP B1B1 (P <.05), but did not change in CETP B1B2 genotype individuals. HDL(3NMR)-C levels tended to decrease with training in CETP B1B1 persons and HDL(4NMR)-C levels tended to increase with training somewhat more in CETP B1B2 individuals, but these differences were not significant. HDL(5NMR)-C levels increased similarly with exercise training in the 2 groups. The integrated HDL(3-5NMR)-C levels increased with exercise training in CETP B1B2 (P <.05), but did not change in CETP B1B1 genotype individuals. Apolipoprotein E (APO E) or lipoprotein lipase (LPL) PvuII genotype did not associate with HDL-C subfraction changes with training. Thus, CETP genotype may contribute to the interindividual differences in plasma HDL-C subfraction changes occurring with endurance exercise training in sedentary middle- to older-aged men and women.

Apolipoproteins E↗
PubMed2003

A CYP2D6 phenotype-genotype mismatch in Japanese psychiatric patients.

The aim of the present study was to seek a CYP2D6 genotypic-phenotypic discordance possibility in Japanese patients under psychotropic drug treatment where the CYP2D6 status and pharmacodynamic responses differ from those in Caucasian psychiatric patients. Ninety drug-free, healthy volunteers and 14 patients undergoing psychotropic drug treatment were phenotyped for their individual CYP2D6 activity using dextromethorphan as a probe, and then the metabolic ratio (MR) was calculated. For the genotyping, eight mutant alleles of the CYP2D6 genes were identified. Serum concentrations of two frequently co-medicated psychotropic drugs, biperiden and levomepromazine, were determined by GC/MS. Genotyping revealed no poor metabolizers (PMs) enrolled in our study. Healthy volunteers exhibited an identical phenotype-genotype concordance, whereas 7 of the 14 patients had significantly high (p < 0.05) MRs compared with genotype-matched volunteers. Three of the patients who had the extensive metabolizer (EM) genotype had extremely high MRs and were classified as phenotypic PMs. Five patients plus all of the seven high MR patients were treated with levomepromazine and/or biperiden, respectively. Their mean serum steady-state concentrations were 27.4 and 7.6 ng/ml, respectively. A CYP2D6 phenotype-genotype mismatch (phenocopying) can occur in Japanese psychiatric patients receiving clinical doses of some psychotropic drugs where the prevalence of PMs is low and the pharmacodynamic responses to those drugs are enhanced compared to Caucasian patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 genotypes, maternal alcohol use, and infant outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether different alleles of the ADH2 gene (ADH2-1, ADH2-2 and ADH2-3) with differing levels of enzymatic activity can alter the risk of fetal alcohol effects. STUDY DESIGN: ADH2 genotypes were performed on 404 pregnant high-risk women and 139 infants as part of a larger study of alcohol use in pregnancy. Mothers were interviewed about alcohol use during pregnancy, and their infants were examined for alcohol-related features without knowledge of the exposure status. RESULTS: The ADH2-1/3 genotype was more prevalent among black women (46%) than expected (33%); the rate among white women was low as expected (2%). More black women who reported high alcohol use during the pregnancy had the ADH2-1/3 genotype compared with those who reported no alcohol use (70% vs 44%). Sixty percent of the affected black infants had the ADH2-1/3 genotype compared with 29% of the unaffected infants (P <.045). The maternal genotype correlated with her chance of having an infant with alcohol-related physical features (odds ratio = 2.49). This association remained significant after accounting for confounders, such as smoking and maternal weight gain. Alcohol exposure was not significantly associated with infant outcome in black infants after accounting for genotype, smoking, and maternal weight gain, but this association could only be tested in 10 infants of mothers with high exposure. CONCLUSION: Women with the ADH2-1/3 genotype may be at greater risk for having an affected infant, which may be the result of greater ingestion of alcohol.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2000

SBE-TAGS: an array-based method for efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping.

Generating human single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is no longer a rate-limiting step for genetic studies of disease. The number of SNPs in public databases already exceeds 200,000, and the total is expected to exceed 1,000,000 within a year. Rather, progress is limited by the inability to genotype large numbers of SNPs. Current genotyping methods are suitable for studying individual loci or at most a handful at a time. Here, we describe a method for parallel genotyping of SNPs, called single base extension-tag array on glass slides, SBE-TAGS. The principle is as follows. SNPs are genotyped by single base extension (SBE), using bifunctional primers carrying a unique sequence tag in addition to a locus-specific sequence. Because each locus has a distinct tag, the genotyping reactions can be performed in a highly multiplexed fashion, and the resulting product can then be "demultiplexed" by hybridization to the reverse complements of the sequence tags arrayed on a glass slide. SBE-TAGS is simple and inexpensive because of the high degree of multiplexing and the use of an easily generated, generic tag array. The method is also highly accurate: we genotyped over 100 SNPs, obtaining over 5, 000 genotypes, with approximately 99% accuracy.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Interaction between genotype and dietary concentrations of methionine for immune function in commercial broilers.

1. Growth, antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and resistance to Escherichia coli were measured in broiler female chicks received from 4 (n = 100 in each) commercial genotypes (A, B, C and D) and fed with maize-soybean-deoiled rice bran based diets containing 4 concentrations of methionine (3.91, 4.46, 5.00 and 5.54 g/kg). The diets were fed ad libitum from 1 to 49 d of age. 2. Body weight gain and weight gain/food intake at 2 week intervals, response of broilers to inoculation of 0.5 ml of SRBC (0.5 or 2.5%), 0.1 ml of E. coli (10(-4) dilutions) culture, and 100 microg phytohaemogglutinin-P (PHA-P) at 43 d of age were measured. The responses to SRBC and E. coli inoculation were recorded at 5 d post inoculation (PI), while the responses to PHA-P were recorded at 12 and 24 h PI. 3. Genotype by methionine interaction was not significant for body weight gain, but significant differences in weight gain were observed among different genotypes. Variation in methionine concentration did not influence body weight gain or weight gain/food intake at 1 to 14, or 42 d of age. At 28 d of age, chicks fed on the 3.91 g methionine/kg diet weighted significantly less than those on the other methionine concentrations. Genotype by methionine interaction was observed for food efficiency at 0 to 28 d of age but not at other ages. 4. Antibody titres against SRBC and heart and air sac lesion score to E. coli challenge were not influenced by genotype-methionine interaction. Chicks given higher concentrations of methionine had higher antibody titres and greater cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity (CBH) response than those given low levels of methionine. Also, variation was observed in expression of CBH response to PHA-P among different genotypes. 5. It may be concluded that, although the commercial broiler chicks do not require more than 3.91 g methionine/kg for optimum growth and food efficiency, the immunity in terms of CBH response and antibody production to SRBC increased with the concentration of methionine in the diet in the majority of genotypes, indicating a higher methionine requirement for immunity than for weight gain.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

Effect of high ambient temperature and naked neck genotype on performance of dwarf brown-egg layers selected for improved clutch length.

1. Two experimental lines of dwarf brown-egg layers selected on clutch length were reciprocally crossed. In total, 288 hens, from three genotypes: L1, purebred normally feathered (121 hens), F1, crossbred and heterozygous for the NA mutation (99 hens) or L2, purebred homozygous for NA (68 hens) were housed in three climatic rooms at 22 degrees C and three climatic rooms at 32 degrees C. 2. Body weight, daily egg production records, feed intake and some anatomical and physiological traits were recorded. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to examine the relationships among all measured traits and to compare the experimental groups as defined by genotype and temperature. 3. Heterosis effects were observed on body weight, feed intake, egg mass and some anatomical traits at 22 degrees C, but were negligible for most of the traits measured at 32 degrees C except for body weight at 34 weeks, clutch length and some anatomical traits. 4. Genotype by temperature interactions were observed for egg production, egg mass and feed intake. The temperature stress was severe, with a marked decrease in egg production. The naked neck gene could limit the negative effect of long-term heat stress. Egg weight was increased by the NA gene, as usually observed in layers. 5. The first three canonical variates explained altogether 97.4% of the variance. The first canonical variate was associated almost exclusively with ambient temperature. The second was associated with genotype. The third was associated with heterozygous genotype for NA mutation and genotype by temperature interaction. Stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that 12 traits out of 20 were effective at detecting the differences among the genotype and temperature combinations.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of dietary cottonseed meal and iron-treated cottonseed meal in different laying hen genotypes.

The effects of dietary screw-pressed cottonseed meal (CSM) and iron-treated CSM on laying performance and discolourations in eggs were examined in a range of hen genotypes. In experiment 1, six genotypes, obtained at point-of-lay from various sources, were fed on a non-CSM diet, a diet with 300 g CSM/kg, and a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 300 g/kg. In experiment 2, two of these genotypes were reared together from day-old and were fed from 10 to 18 weeks on a non-CSM diet or a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 250 g/kg. They were then fed on a non-CSM layer diet or a diet containing iron-treated CSM at 300 g/kg, in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design that also examined the effects of the rearing diet. 2. The effects on food intakes and egg production of including CSM and iron-treated CSM in layer diets depended on the genotype of the hens. The strongest interaction between breed and diet was on food intake, the breed Hubbard Golden Comet (HGC) being the least tolerant of CSM and iron-treated CSM. 3. Inclusion of iron-treated CSM in the rearer diet to supply approximately 70% of the dietary protein had no adverse effects on growth or age at first egg. Food intake and egg production between 18 and 26 weeks were affected by the iron-treated CSM layer diet, but there were no carry-over effects attributable to the rearing diets. 4. Genotype was not a factor in the development of the gossypol-related brown yolk discolouration in fresh or warm-stored eggs of hens fed on a CSM-based diet containing 197 mg free gossypol/kg and 52 mg cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA)/kg (experiment 1). 5. In both experiments, the susceptibility of eggs to the CPFA-related cold storage effects depended on the genotype of the hen, eggs from hens of the HCG breed being more affected than those of ISA hens. 6. Treatment of CSM with crystalline ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, at a 4:1 weight ratio of iron to free gossypol, prevented brown yolk discolourations in all genotypes tested, as assessed by subjecting egg yolks to atmospheres of ammonia, and cold storage of eggs.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2001

Helicobacter pylori genotypes are associated with clinical outcome in Portuguese patients and show a high prevalence of infections with multiple strains.

BACKGROUND: Clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with virulence-associated bacterial genotypes. This study assessed the relationships between vacA, cagA and iceA genotypes and gastric diseases in Portuguese patients. METHODS: A total of 319 patients were endoscoped and gastric biopsy specimens were studied by PCR and reverse hybridization (LiPA). RESULTS: vacA genotypes s1/m1, s1/m2 and s2/m2 were observed in 53%, 14.5% and 32.5% of the cases, respectively. The majority (93.4%) of the s1 cases were s1b and 6.6% were s1a. Multiple vacA genotypes were found in 37.3% of the cases. Gastric ulcer and gastric carcinoma were associated with the presence of vacA s1 (P = 0.008 and P < 0.001, respectively) and vacA m1 genotypes (P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively). Duodenal ulcers were associated with vacA s1 (P < 0.001) but not with the vacA m genotype (P = 0.221). cagA was present in 71.2% of the cases and was associated with duodenal ulcer (P < 0.001), gastric ulcer (P = 0.009) and gastric carcinoma (P < 0.001). iceA1 was found in 27.3% and iceA2 in 32.3% of the cases. In 36.7% of the isolates both iceA alleles were found, and 3.8% were negative for iceA. The iceA genotype was not associated with clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: vacA s1 and cagA+ H. pylori strains are associated with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or gastric carcinoma. vacA m1 is associated with gastric ulcer or carcinoma but not with duodenal ulcer. Infection with multiple H. pylori strains is remarkably high in Portugal and is more frequent in duodenal ulcer patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Frequency and distribution of group I intron genotypes of Candida albicans colonising critically ill patients.

A study is performed to examine the distribution and frequency of 25S rRNA intron genotypes of Candida albicans isolated from different anatomical sites of patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Germ-tube positive Candida isolates (n=65) from 65 patients are included and isolates are characterised by 25S intron genotyping, whereby all can be subdivided into four genotypes (A-D). Results demonstrated that there were no significant differences between the frequency and genotype distribution of the Candida isolates and the anatomical site of colonisation. Furthermore, analysis of the transposable intron region in the 25S rRNA gene demonstrated equal distribution, regardless of age and anatomical site of isolation (groin, throat, etc.). Therefore, there does not appear to be any selective pressure associated with any anatomical site, resulting in an ecological shift in the frequency of genotypes present. This suggests that C. albicans intron genotypes equally colonise those sites of the body examined in this study. Although such an ecological finding as this is interesting, it perpetuates the continued need to find a genotypic typing scheme that helps to identify the source (nosocomial or endogenous) and mode of entry of C. albicans into patients in the ICU setting, resulting in C. albicans bloodstream infection.

Adolescent↗