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[Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in patients with benign and malignant tumors of the colon and rectum].

There are many epidemiological papers on the relation of lipids especially of cholesterol, and the incidence of colorectal adenoma and cancer. In the studies of pathogenesis of the cancer of the large intestine attention is paid to the role of certain lipoproteins of bile acids and certain gastrointestinal hormones. We examined 30 patients: 10 were healthy subjects (the control group), 9 with colorectal adenoma, 2 with villous adenoma and 9 with adenocarcinoma of the colon and the rectum. The study concerned: total lipids, total cholesterol, total triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, phospholipids, gastrinaemia and insulinaemia. Statistical analysis of the obtained results showed that hypocholesterolemia followed the incidence of adenocarcinoma. This is in accordance with the most frequently quoted literature. The incidence of hypergastrinaemia, however, was found primarily in the patients with villous adenoma, which indicates possible secretory function of the studied tumours.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Reduction in blood pressure after meals in the elderly. A review article].

It has been known for several years that blood pressure in the elderly may fall after a meal. Although the mechanism is not fully understood, postprandial blood pressure reduction seems to be related to glucose related factors, since blood pressure only falls after oral glucose loading, but not after oral fructose, fat or protein loading. Vasoactive gastrointestinal hormones may play a role in the glucose induced vasodilation of splanchnic vasculature, but attempts to identify such hormones were unsuccessful. Therefore we suggest that interference of insulin with a sympathetic response diminished by age or disease to splanchnic vasodilation, may be responsible for the postprandial fall in blood pressure in the elderly. However, vasodilator effects of insulin or a baroreflex response diminished by insulin do not seem to be involved. Although the clinical significance of postprandial blood pressure reduction remains uncertain, several advises can been given. Treatment of hypertension, small carbohydrate meals, use of caffeine before a meal or treatment with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 may have a beneficial effect.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Defense mechanisms of the gastroduodenal mucosa: the role of mucus and bicarbonate in the development of peptic ulcer].

The existing knowledge of the mucus and bicarbonate production of the gastroduodenal mucosa is reviewed. Mucus and bicarbonate are produced in the surface epithelium of both duodenum and ventricle. The production is regulated by neural stimuli, gastrointestinal hormones and local synthesis of prostaglandins. Several of the factors suspected of being of importance to the development of peptic ulcers also have a negative influence on the production of mucus and bicarbonate. This indicates that mucus and bicarbonate are important in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. Two newly registered so-called mucosaprotective anti-ulcer drugs (De-Nol, Succralfat) both exert positive influences on the production of mucus and bicarbonate.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1986

Mucosal blood flow and gastric protection--effect of neurohormonal and pharmacological agents.

The role of mucosal blood flow in the protection of gastric mucosa is now well recognized. While impairment of local blood supply promotes mucosal injury, an increase in mucosal blood flow protects against experimental damage. In fact gastric microcirculation supplies both nutrients and bicarbonate to the gastric mucosa and provides removal of back-diffused hydrogen ions. In order to protect the mucosa against acid excess, blood flow normally increases when acid secretion is stimulated by gastric secretagogues. In contrast, most antisecretory agents induce local vasoconstriction secondary to gastric acid inhibition. The effect of various substances (neural transmitters, gastrointestinal hormones, anti-ulcer drugs, prostaglandins) on mucosal blood flow is reviewed and discussed.

Gastric Mucosa↗
PubMed1986

Effects of somatocrinin and a somatostatin antiserum on body and organ growth in the rat.

Chronic treatment with rGRF for 14 days with or without a specific antibody against somatostatin-14 were performed on 24-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Serum GH concentrations were significantly increased at the time of sacrifice while growth was not affected. rGRF, possibly through its effect on GH release, stimulated lung and kidney weights, increasing water content of the latter. Muscle and testes remained insensitive to GRF while the heart showed signs of reduced growth. Liver growth responded positively to the combined rGRF and ASS treatments whereas the pancreas exhibited loss of weight; on both of these organs, GH may act directly. The increased weights of gastric fundus and duodenum may result from an indirect action of GH on serum levels of gastrointestinal hormones such as gastrin. The results of this study stress the specific response of each organ to increased GH serum levels and indicate that their respective growth control factors cannot be generalized.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Fibre and the diabetic diet. An evaluation of the metabolic response to standardized meals.

Dietary fibre has a beneficial influence on glucose homeostasis, varying for different fibre sources. Fruit, wheat, rye and beet fibre were studied in isoenergetic meals for NIDD patients and healthy volunteers. The effects of extrusion cooking and flaking were also evaluated. The metabolic response was followed by continuous glucose monitoring and by analyses of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones as well as plasma lipid concentrations, For NIDD patients the effects, reflected in the area and the shape of the glucose curve, were greater for the more soluble fibre types, but the insulin and C-peptide responses were largely unaffected by dietary fibre. Beet fibre gave increased somatostatin concentrations also in age-matched healthy controls. They showed, however, unchanged plasma glucose responses and markedly decreased insulin and C-peptide levels. These changes were associated with less pronounced postprandial glycerol reduction, but otherwise none of the fibre preparations affected the postprandial lipemia. Extruded bread, based on wholegrain wheat flour, with high availability of in vitro starch, elicited a greater glucose response than wholegrain wheat bread, associated with a modest increase of GIP and insulin and with a stimulated early glucagon secretion. Flaked rye seemed to contain both faster and slower carbohydrates than the corresponding rye bread of similar fibre content. Analyses of the glucose curves suggested that the effect of fibre might be mediated by an effect on glucose absorption and parallel experiments in rat indicated that a delayed rate of gastric emptying might contribute. Further, the liver glycogen content was higher in rats given a slowly absorbed gastric load. A realistic increase in fibre content, given in long-term treatment, improved the metabolic control in NIDD patients, by decreasing the fasting blood glucose and LDL-cholesterol levels, as well as the LDL/HDL ratio. Hypothetically, slower absorption achieved with dietary fibre increases the proportion of glycogen in the liver. This postprandial improvement may cause the long-term trend to normalization of the fasting blood glucose level.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)--possible importance in diseases of childhood].

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), first isolated from the gut, was originally considered a candidate gastrointestinal hormone. Since about 1975, however, it has become increasingly clear that it is primarily a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator and that it exerts its functions mainly by local release from nerve endings. VIP plays a hormonal role only when it is released in large amounts from a tumor, with a consequent overflow into the circulation and grossly elevated plasma concentrations of the peptide. Moderately increased VIP plasma and tissue concentrations that cause mainly local effects are found in intestinal ischemia. Crohn's disease and some other chronic inflammatory diseases of the bowel. VIP is also measured in increased amounts in the normal fetus and neonate, where it may play an important physiological role. Such an increase of VIP levels in the circulation could enhance perfusion and metabolic activity of tissues during their rapid-growth period. On the other hand, disorders with a disturbed VIP function such as achalasia and Hirschsprung's disease and possibly also asthma and cystic fibrosis seem to be characterized mainly by a derangement of smooth muscle activity and/or exocrine secretion. Considering this list of disorders where VIP has either a proven or suspected role, it is easy to imagine the significance of this peptide in pediatric pathophysiology.

Asthma↗
PubMed1987

Dietary fibre: mechanisms of action.

Actions of dietary fibre in the gut may be important in the control of energy intake and energy digestibility. These include effects on gastric emptying, upper small gut motility, rates and completeness of carbohydrate, fat and protein absorption in the gut. The ileal brake, whereby fat in the terminal ileum slows upper gut motility and inhibits ad-lib food intake, demands further investigation. Energy digestibility may be important, but large changes of fibre intake result in only small changes in digestibility. Gastrointestinal hormone release which may be affected by fibre is another topic for further investigation, and the effect of some types of fibre in reducing postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels, and thereby increasing insulin sensitivity, may be important for lipolysis and lipogenesis.

Dietary Fiber↗
PubMed1988

Acute diarrhea.

Acute diarrhea can be life-threatening in the very young, the elderly and the malnourished. Osmotic diarrhea is produced by unabsorbed solutes in the intestinal lumen, while exudative diarrhea is caused by infection and inflammation. Secretory diarrhea results from enterotoxins, oversecretion of gastrointestinal hormones and the action of bile acids. Rapid intestinal transit also may cause diarrhea.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Pharmacological manipulation of peritoneal transport in CAPD.

Various endogenous compounds and drugs influence different determinants of peritoneal transport. Catecholamines affect vascular diameter and mesenteric blood flow. Several gastrointestinal hormones were found to induce splanchnic vasodilation and to augment the effective vascular surface. Different prostanoids, histamine, and bradykinin influence peritoneal mass transfer by increasing vascular permeability. Vasodilative acting drugs, diuretics and surface active compounds were found to augment peritoneal solute clearances and water efflux by acting on peritoneal vessels or the serosal surface of the peritoneal membrane. Hyperosmolar dialysis solutions increase ultrafiltration and contribute to total peritoneal clearance by convective transport. The present paper aims to summarize the current knowledge on pharmacological and physiological manipulation of peritoneal transport function and to show some ways of its clinical use.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1988

The human sphincter of Oddi. Physiology and pathophysiology.

The sphincter of Oddi (SO) is critically located at the junction of the common bile duct (CBD), main pancreatic duct, and the duodenum. It is a high-pressure zone with phasic contractions that regulate bile and pancreatic juice flow. The SO is probably regulated by several gastrointestinal hormones, and its basal pressure and phasic contractions can be elevated or decreased significantly by exogenous drugs. Its role in gallstone formation is probably negligible, but severing the SO allows one to extract CBD stones with an endoscope. Abnormal function of the SO can cause biliarylike pain. Of patients with persistent pain after cholecystectomy, 14% have abnormal SO manometric findings. Endoscopic or surgical sphincterotomy can cure these patients of their pain. The SO may play a significant role in the development of pancreatitis in certain patients, either because of the relationship of the CBD orifice to the pancreatic duct orifice created by the SO or because of the response of the SO to exogenous agents, such as alcohol.

Ampulla of Vater↗
PubMed1986

[Various enzymatic activities in gastric carcinoma and intestinal metaplasia].

Blood enzymatic activities in gastric carcinoma depend on the release from carcinomatous tissues, surrounding non-neoplastic tissues, increased permeability and necrosis of carcinomatous tissues. However, those enzymatic activities did not parallel the extent and macroscopic appearance of the tumor. Various enzyme proteins and gastrointestinal hormones concerning gastric carcinoma and intestinal metaplasia including pepsin, LDH, AFP, beta-glucuronidase, rGTP, lysozyme, ferritin, sialic acid, polyamine, CEA, Ca 19-9, collage, gastrin, immunoglobulin are discussed in this paper. The variation of enzymes and proteins occurring in gastric carcinoma and intestinal metaplasia are well documented. Some of them would be a useful indicator of diagnosis and treatment as a tumor marker.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1988

Antiproliferative effects of gastrin receptor antagonists and antibodies to gastrin on human colon carcinoma cell lines.

The gastrointestinal hormone gastrin has been shown to stimulate the growth of normal colonic mucosa. To examine for a possible role of gastrin in the proliferation of cultured colon tumor cells, we have studied the effects of two gastrin receptor antagonists, proglumide and benzotript, and of antibodies to gastrin. We find that proglumide (50% effective concentration, 2 to 5 mM) and benzotript (50% effective concentration, 0.4 to 0.8 mM) inhibit the monolayer growth of six human colon cancer cell lines. Addition of exogenous gastrin abrogated the growth-inhibitory effect of proglumide. The anchorage-independent growth of colon carcinoma cells was also inhibited by the two gastrin antagonists. Also, a dose-dependent increase in carcinoembryonic antigen secretion was observed upon treatment with proglumide and benzotript in three cell lines examined. Half-maximal inhibition of labeled gastrin binding was observed at concentrations of 0.4 mM benzotript and 8.6 mM proglumide. In addition, antigastrin antiserum added to HCT 116 cells adapted to growth in serum-free medium resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation. These data suggest that gastrin may function as an autocrine growth factor in colon carcinoma.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1987

[Effects of cyclosporin on blood gastrin after kidney transplant].

Fifteen patients who underwent kidney transplant were studied in order to evaluate the effects of CyA on the gastrointestinal hormonal pattern. Eight patients followed traditional therapy while seven were treated with CyA. The basal gastrinemia values were high only in those patients treated with CyA. This might be due to: an increase in hormone secretion and/or release; a decreased hormone elimination probably due to nephro-hepatic toxicity of CyA; an increase in prostaglandins, caused by CyA, which inhibit secretion of gastri acids.

Adult↗