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PubMedDate not supplied

Microscopic postmortem changes in adrenal glands of the domestic fowl.

Eighty-four male white leghorn chickens were killed by CO2 gas to determine the type, rate, and sequence of microscopic postmortem changes in the adrenal glands of dry and wet intact carcasses. They were held at 29 or 18 C with 50% relative humidity for different times postmortem. The sequence of microscopic postmortem changes was similar in all chickens except at 18 C, when karyorrhexis of cortical and medullary cells was observed. Cellular changes occurred earlier at 29 C than at 18 C and in dry chickens but not in chickens wet with detergent solution before storage, although slight quantitative and qualitative differences between wet and dry chickens were noted. Medullary cells underwent postmortem changes earlier than cortical cells. Nuclei of medullary cells decreased in size, with chromatin clumping leading to pyknosis, followed by cytoplasmic vacuolation, cellular shrinkage, and finally karyolysis and cell dissociation. Cortical cells had nuclear chromatin marginated, nuclei reduced in size initially, and some nuclear fading, followed by pyknosis and karyolysis. Karyorrhexis was not a prominent feature of cortical and medullary cells, although it occasionally occurred before pyknosis. Cytoplasm of cortical cells remained eosinophilic, granular, and vacuolated, but vacuoles became finer later. Pyknotic medullary cells with vacuolated cytoplasm were observed as early as 3 hr postmortem, regardless of the temperature. Diffuse pyknosis of medullary cells was noted at 18 hr in chickens held at 29 C and at 48 hr in chickens held at 18 C. Marked cortical pyknosis was noted only at 36 hr in wet chickens held at 29 C, when bacterial invasion started. Dry chickens held 36 hr at 29 C had diffuse cellular dissociation, karyolysis and cytoplasmic acidophilia, and marked bacterial invasion. Erythrocytes were pyknotic and had cytoplasmolysis. It was concluded that adrenal glands may still be useful for histopathological examination before 18 hr at 29 C and before 48 hr at 18 C.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1980

[The effect of nitrovin on the kinetics of sulphadimidine in domestic fowl of different ages].

In experiment on cockerels, the interaction of sulphadimidine with nitrovin manifested itself in an effect on the distribution of sulphadimidine, and particularly on its bloodlevel; this depended, among other factors, on the age of the animals. At nitrovin medication, the bloodlevels of sulphadimidine were higher, mainly soon after administration, and their drop was quicker than in untreated animals. This effect on the levels of sulphadimidine in the blood was pronounced in three-week-old chickens, whereas in older birds it was feeble or absent. Except the higher level 30 min. after application to.five-week-old chickens given feed with 120 g t-1 of nitrovin, the differences were statistically insignificant. The changes in the concentration of sulphonamide in the liver and kidneys corresponded with the changes observed in the blood; the concentration in muscle was not affected by nitrovin under the given conditions. The favourable effect of nitrovin on weight gains, demonstrated in principle during the experiment, was directly dependent upon the concentration of nitrovin in feed. As to the effect of the length of its administratiion, the three-day administration of nitrovin (before weighing) to cockerels up to five weeks of age had a better influence on gains than administration from the sixth day after the medicated of the chickens. In older cockerels the gains were better in the groups treated for a longer time, i. e. from the sixth day from hatching.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Effects of dietary corticosterone on peripheral blood lymphocyte and granulocyte populations in immature domestic fowl.

Four-week-old chickens were fed on diets containing 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg corticosterone per kg for eight days. Packed cell volume (PCV), the numbers of granulocytes (G) and lymphocytes (L), the G:L ratio and plasma corticosterone concentration were measured. Plasma corticosterone concentration was increased by dietary corticosterone from day 2 onwards. The number of lymphocytes was increased by serial bleeding but dietary corticosterone depressed the response and caused a dose-related lymphocytopenia from day 1. There was a dose related increase in granulocytes from day 4 and a dose-related increase in G:L ratio from day 1. A dose-related increase in PCV was evident only on days 2 and 4. Correlation coefficients showed little evidence of relationships between plasma corticosterone concentrations and the recorded blood variables.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

Effect of Escherichia coli O78 endotoxin on plasma lipids in the domestic fowl.

The injection of fasting nine- to 10-week-old chickens with endotoxin from a pathogenic avian strain of Escherichia coli (1 mg/kg iv) reduced the triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid content of the plasma 2 to 5 h afterwards. This effect was similar to that of an E coli infection and opposite to that produced in mammals. There was a transient rise in the cholesterol level within the first hour.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The influence of Escherichia coli O78 endotoxin on carbohydrate metabolism in the domestic fowl.

The injection of endotoxin isolated from a pathogenic avian strain of Escherichia coli (1 mg/kg intravenously) accelerated the depletion of liver glycogen in fasting nine- to 10-week-old chickens within the first hour and concurrently reduced their plasma inorganic phosphate levels. These changes were attributed to increased glycogenolysis and were followed by hypoglycaemia and a large increase in the lactate content of the plasma which appeared to be caused by enhanced glucose oxidation and reduced gluconeogenesis. The plasma glucose level returned to normal within three hours and simultaneous changes in the plasma urate and albumin content indicated that glucose was being synthesised from amino acids and that albumin was being catabolised to provide them.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Regional blood flow in the domestic fowl immediately following chronic acceleration.

In order to examine the effects of chronic low G acceleration on blood flow distribution and cardiac output, chickens (N=10) were centrifuged at +2Gz for 30-61 d. Controls (N=12) were not centrifuged. The animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital after removal from the centrifuge and surgically prepared in order to measure cardiac output and regional blood flows by the reference sample method with 85Sr labeled microspheres (15 +/- 5 mum diam.). Both brachial arteries were cannulated to withdraw timed, paired blood samples at a known rate. The chest was opened and a cannula inserted into the left ventricle for administration of microspheres. Tissue samples were taken after completion of experimental procedures and their radioactivity was determined. The cardiac outputs in the two groups were not significantly different. Regional blood flows to the kidney, eyes, and skeletal muscle were significantly increased in the animals subjected to chronic +2Gz. While the mechanism by which these increases in blood flow occurred is not known, results indicate that chronic exposure to hyperdynamic gravitational fields can alter circulatory dynamics. We conclude that the cardiovascular system is directly involved in the process of adaptation to chronic positive acceleration.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1982

Ovotransferrin (conalbumin) polymorphism and economic characters in the domestic fowl.

1. The possible association between transferrin genotypes and the economic traits, age at maturity, egg number, egg weight and body weight at different ages, was studied in four successive hatches of chickens of the Light Sussex breed. 2. No regular correlation was found between transferrin genotypes and age at maturity. 3. The transferrin locus had no additive effect on the egg number and egg weight. 4. For body weight the transferrin locus had an additive effect, the TfB allele being associated with a body weight superior to that associated with the TfA allele. This influence on body weight was found to be significant at all ages.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Production of Heinz body anaemia in the domestic fowl after ingestion of dimethyl disulphide: a haematological and ultrastructural study.

Dimethyl disulphide, a breakdown product of the amino acid S-methylcysteine sulphoxide present in high concentrations in the Brassica family, was fed to a group of adult fowls and the effects were studied haematologically and ultrastructurally. By the seventh day of the experiment Heinz bodies had appeared in most of the red blood cells and between the eighth and 12th days the birds showed leg weakness, feather ruffling and lethargy. The Heinz bodies were divided into two different morphological forms and many vacuoles were also present in these cells. The haemoglobin levels and packed cell volumes were significantly lower that those of the controls and in turn the mean cell haemoglobin and especially the mean cell haemoglobin concentration values were reduced.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1981

Intercalated discs, nexuses, sarcoplasmic reticulum and transitional cells in the heart of the adult domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Intercalated discs usually consisted of three or four transverse steps of folded cell membrane connected by straight parts running longitudinally. The transverse folded parts contained a variable number of interlocking processes from contiguous cells. Large processes were frequently flanked by smaller ones. Nexuses appeared to be better developed on the straight parts of intercalated discs than on the folded parts. They varied in size, shape and particle-packing density. The largest nexus observed was almost perfectly circular. It covered an area of 0.087 micron2, contained 530 particles and had a particle-packing density of 6078 particles/micron2. The sarcoplasmic reticulum formed a uniform mesh of fine tubes which was distributed in sheets between bundles of myofilaments and longitudinally aligned mitochondria. Neither extended junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum nor fenestrations in the sarcoplasmic reticulum were observed. Peripheral couplings were numerous and widespread. They were not restricted to the sarcolemma in the regions of the Z-line, H- or I-bands. Transitional cells combine the characteristics of contractile and conducting cells in varying proportions. There is some speculation about the mechanism of nexus formation and the interconvertibility of contractile and conducting cells via the intermediary of the transitional cell.

Animals↗