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PubMedDate not supplied

An approach to automated particle picking from electron micrographs based on reduced representation templates.

Reduced representation templates are used in a real-space pattern matching framework to facilitate automatic particle picking from electron micrographs. The procedure consists of five parts. First, reduced templates are constructed either from models or directly from the data. Second, a real-space pattern matching algorithm is applied using the reduced representations as templates. Third, peaks are selected from the resulting score map using peak-shape characteristics. Fourth, the surviving peaks are tested for distance constraints. Fifth, a correlation-based outlier screening is applied. Test applications to a data set of keyhole limpet hemocyanin particles indicate that the method is robust and reliable.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1969

Correlated morphometric and biochemical studies on the liver cell. I. Morphometric model, stereologic methods, and normal morphometric data for rat liver.

The basic morphological properties of liver cells are defined in the form of a morphometric model to permit integrated quantitative characterization of functionally important parameters. Stereologic methods which allow efficient and reliable quantitative evaluation of sectioned liver tissue are presented. Material, obtained by a rigorous three-stage sampling procedure from five normal rat livers, is systematically subjected to this analysis at four levels of magnification. This yields quantitative data which are expressed as "densities," i.e. content per 1 ml of tissue, as "specific dimensions" related to 100 g body weight, and as absolute dimensions per average "mononuclear" hepatocyte. Base line data relating to the normal rat liver are presented for the entire spectrum of parameters. As examples, 1 ml of liver tissue contains 169 x 10(6) hepatocyte nuclei, some 90 x 10(6) nuclei of other cells, and 280 x 10(9) mitochondria. Hepatocyte cytoplasm accounts for 77% of liver volume, and the mitochondria for 18%. The surface area of endoplasmic reticulum membranes in 1 ml of liver tissue measures 11 m(2) of which are (2/3) of the rough form carrying some 2 x 10(13) ribosomes. The surface area of mitochondrial cristae in the unit volume is estimated at 6 m(2). The validity and applicability of the method are discussed, and the data are compared with available information from other studies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neural population structures and consequences for neural coding.

Researchers studying neural coding have speculated that populations of neurons would more effectively represent the stimulus if the neurons "cooperated:" by interacting through lateral connections, the neurons would process and represent information better than if they functioned independently. We apply our new theory of information processing to determine the fidelity limits of simple population structures to encode stimulus features. We focus on noncooperative populations, which have no lateral connections. We show that they always exhibit positively correlated responses and that as population size increases, they perfectly represent the information conveyed by their inputs regardless of the individual neuron's coding scheme. Cooperative populations, which do have lateral connections, can, depending on the nature of the connections, perform better or worse than their noncooperative counterparts. We further show that common notions of synergy fail to capture the level of cooperation and to reflect the information processing properties of populations.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1986

Relevance of the lariat model to the splicing of the H-2 gene family.

We examined the splicing of the H-2 gene family, taking the H-2Kd as a prototype, in the framework of the lariat model. We mainly investigated the mechanism described by Konarska et al. [Nature (Lond.) 313, 552-557 (1985)] who propose a direct interaction between the 5' splicing site and the branching region. We also checked each of the H-2 introns for the presence of patterns resembling the published consensus for the branching region. The known splicing events in the H-2 gene family are not always consistent with the current models, and our results indicate that slightly different mechanisms govern the splicing of different introns. A tentative explanation of the alternative splicing of the first and last intron, previously described, is given. The removal of the large third intron is not easily rationalized unless new rules for an additional multistep processing are postulated.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The experiences of one divisional group of GPs in introducing computers into clinical practice.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the experiences of GPs who have introduced computers into their practices, particularly for clinical use. METHODS: GPs who have introduced computers into their practice for clinical use were identified by a telephone survey of the membership of the Monash Division, Melbourne, Victoria. Eleven 'clinical users' participated in semi-structured interviews to elucidate their experiences of installing computers in their consulting rooms, including their beliefs on how this process could have been given more support. RESULTS: Sixty-two of 67 practices participated in the initial telephone survey. Sixteen percent of responding practices were using computers for clinical purposes, with 11% issuing computerised prescriptions. Interviews with clinical users revealed that most had learned about computer hardware and software through their own independent enquiries. However, the GPs believed that divisions have an increasing role in providing training, education, and offering independent advice about the purchase of appropriate computer systems. DISCUSSION: This group of GPs adopted computers for clinical purposes without much assistance from the medical profession. Their experience of the process of computerisation illustrated that lack of training posed problems as did lack of support. Half of the sample felt that divisions may be able to provide training and education, independent advice and act as a forum to discuss and develop ideas, and thus ease some of the problems associated with adopting new technologies. CONCLUSION: Several suggestions are made for GPs and divisions to assist in the process of computerisation.

Australia↗
PubMed1995

Vital statistics in the United States: preparing for the next century.

"This paper outlines the development of U.S. national vital statistics based on the local registration of vital events in the United States during the twentieth century, including the organization of the National Vital Statistics System. Current data developments and selected publications of the National Center for Health Statistics are presented as they relate to vital statistics. The paper concludes with an overview of ongoing efforts at the local, state, and federal levels to improve the timeliness and quality of vital statistics through the redesign and automation of data collection, processing, and dissemination systems."

Americas↗
PubMed2003

Medicare program; electronic submission of cost reports. Final rule.

This final rule amends regulation by requiring that, for cost reporting periods ending on or after December 31, 2004, all hospices, organ procurement organizations, rural health clinics, Federally qualified health centers, community mental health centers, and end-stage renal disease facilities must submit cost reports currently required under the Medicare regulations in a standardized electronic format. This rule also allows a delay or waiver of this requirement when implementation would result in financial hardship for a provider. The provisions of this rule allow for more accurate preparation and more efficient processing of cost reports.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed1999

High-throughput DNA sequencing: a genomic data manufacturing process.

The progress trends in automated DNA sequencing operation are reviewed. Technological development in sequencing instruments, enzymatic chemistry and robotic stations has resulted in ever-increasing capacity of sequence data production. This progress leads to a higher demand on laboratory information management and data quality assessment. High-throughput laboratories face the challenge of organizational management, as well as technology management. Engineering principles of process control should be adopted in this biological data manufacturing procedure. While various systems attempt to provide solutions to automate different parts of, or even the entire process, new technical advances will continue to change the paradigm and provide new challenges.

Automation↗
PubMed1986

CFO's role changes in systems planning and operations.

In this commentary on the changing role of the CFO in information systems planning, the author hypothesizes that the recent trend has been to separate data processing from finance; hence, the CFO no longer has direct line responsibility for the data processing area. Still, the CFO's contribution to this area is critical as this individual has knowledge of all areas of the hospital.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed2002

Value of electronic data for model validation and refinement: bacteremia risk in children with fever and neutropenia.

BACKGROUND: Validating published risk models in a different time and setting can be a labor-intensive process. Data in electronic format provide the potential to test the validity of risk models without labor-intensive chart reviews and data capture. The authors attempted to use readily available electronic data to find appropriate cases and to validate and refine a previously developed risk model for predicting bacteremia in children with cancer who had fever and neutropenia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: By applying a largely automated case-finding algorithm to linked, electronic clinical and administrative data systems, the authors identified and acquired data regarding 157 episodes of fever and neutropenia in children with cancer admitted to a children's hospital during an 11-month period in 1997. The authors applied a previously developed and validated risk model for bacteremia to this 1997 cohort by assessing the odds ratios among risk groups. The model assigns encounters with absolute monocyte count of 100 cells or more/mm3 to a low-risk group and encounters with an absolute monocyte count of less than 100 cells/mm3 to intermediate-risk (temperature <39.0 degrees C) or high-risk (> or = 39.0 degrees C) groups. In addition, the authors explored whether the new data would have generated the same model. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to determine whether there were additional independent predictors of bacteremia. Recursive partitioning of admission absolute monocyte count and temperature was used to assess whether similar cutpoints would be found. RESULTS: There were 12 episodes of bacteremia (7.6%) among the 157 encounters. The previously developed model correctly predicted increasing rates of bacteremia in this 1997 cohort, ranging from 2.5% in the low-risk group (one episode in a child with an infected central line) to 24% in the high-risk group. The odds ratio for the high-risk versus intermediate-risk group was 4.09 (95% confidence interval 1.05-15.91), comparable to the odds ratio of 3.96 in the previously published derivation cohort (95% confidence interval 1.4-11.1). Multivariate analysis of the new data revealed no independent risk factors for bacteremia other than admission absolute monocyte count and temperature. Recursive partitioning of absolute monocyte count and temperature generated risk categories that were somewhat different from those of the original model. The new data yielded three categories: low risk (temperature < or = 39.5 degrees C and absolute monocyte count >10/mm3), intermediate risk (temperature < or = 39.5 degrees C and absolute monocyte count < or = 10/mm3), and high risk (temperature >39.5 degrees C). CONCLUSIONS: Existing electronic data provide an efficient means for case-finding and model validation and refinement. The previously developed bacteremia model had good but not optimal predictive performance in the new data set. Admission absolute monocyte count and temperature remain significant risk factors for bacteremia. Redefining the risk categories, including a much lower cutpoint for admission absolute monocyte count, improved the model's discrimination, which suggests that predictive models need periodic updating.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1964

DIGITAL COMPUTERS IN THE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. COMPUTER PROCESSING OF DATA DURING EXPERIMENTS FACILITATES BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH.

The use of digital techniques in the biological laboratory is relatively recent (22). At present, computer equipment is extremely expensive by contrast with conventional electronic equipment. However, the costs are decreasing, and these techniques are rapidly becoming more accessible as well as more powerful. Improvement in the fabrication, size, and compactness of solid-state devices promises rapid progress in computer technology of interest to the biologist. Through the use of integrated circuits it will be possible to make general-purpose computers no larger than a laboratory oscilloscope, as compared with the present desk-size console with auxiliary cabinets. Within a decade the speed of computation will increase by an order of magnitude, and the costs will decrease significantly. Moreover, it seems likely that the parts of a computer and the laboratory "interface" will become available as modular units. An experimenter will then be able to assemble the components necessary for a particular application and change them as required. At present, one has to modify commercial equipment for the nonstandard, biological uses. However, with modular building blocks of relatively small size and more reasonable cost the digital computer may become as familiar a laboratory tool tomorrow as the cathode-ray oscilloscope or the spectrophotometer is today.

Biology↗
PubMed1991

MACSPEC--a software system for fully automatic processing and analysis of large series of NMR spectra.

In vivo NMR spectroscopy often accumulates a large number of spectra (typically 100 individual files or even more) to follow metabolic changes with high time-resolution. The analysis of these spectra is very time-consuming for the spectroscopist and, furthermore, it requires the spectrometer's computer, needed for control of experiments. Here we report the software system MACSPEC developed for automatic processing and analysis of large series of individual NMR spectra on a peripheral personal computer. With this software the spectrometer's computer is kept available for experiments, and the necessary interaction of the spectroscopist is limited to a definition of the processing conditions at the beginning of the data analysis.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed1994

Hemodynamics and oxygen transport: using your computer to manage data. A user-friendly tool for data calculation, storage, and retrieval.

Efficient calculation, storage, and retrieval of hemodynamic and oxygen transport data can be a problem in the clinical setting. A free computer program is now available to calculate commonly used hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables and to provide results in a chart-ready format or in a side-by-side comparison when serial measurements are performed. The program was developed to be easy to use, menu-driven, and usable at various institutions. The program automatically conducts error checking during the simple data entry process as well as during data calculation and retrieval.

Electronic Data Processing↗