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PubMed2004

Serological survey of selected pathogens of free-ranging foxes in southern Argentina, 1998--2001.

A serological survey was conducted in the Patagonia region of Argentina to estimate the prevalence of nine disease agents within the populations of free-ranging culpeo (Dusicyon culpaeus) and grey (Dusicyon griseus) foxes. The disease agents were Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), Brucella, canine adenovirus (CAV), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Leptospira, Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii. A total of 84 foxes were sampled (28 culpeo and 56 grey), and 73% of the sera had antibodies against one or more pathogens. Among these seropositive sera, 47% of them reacted to only one antigen, while the other 53% reacted to multiple antigens. The presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma (20%), Neospora (44%), Leptospira (30%) and Brucella (18%) suggests that these organisms actively circulate in the area. Antibodies against CDV, CAV and CPV were detected in 2%, 5% and 5% of foxes, respectively. Regarding Encephalitozoon cuniculi and ADV, no evidence of either was found.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Normoglycemia after reflux of islet-containing pancreatic fragments into the splenic vascular bed in dogs.

Canine pancreata obtained at total pancreatectomy were cannulated via the ducts and perfused with collagenase to prepare a tissue suspension that was isografted into the spleen (preparation congruent to 2 h, mean graft vol = 10 +/- 1 ml containing 24% of the B-cell mass/pancreas). In 13 dogs the tissue was implanted by reflux into terminal splenic veins: two died postoperatively, and in two the intrasplenic vein wall was inadvertently punctured during cannulation. In the remaining nine, mean fasting blood glucose (BG) was less than or equal to 150 mg/dl initially; one was killed at 2 wk (distemper) and one at 6 wk (sepsis, diabetes), and one died at 9 wk (intestinal obstruction). Mean BG was 94 +/- 4 mg/dl at 1 mo and remained in this range until the dogs were killed at 5 mo (91 +/- 13 mg/dl). During glucose-tolerance testing 1 wk preimplantation and 1 mo and 2-3 mo postimplant, mean values were: K (decline in glucose concentration, %/min), 3.4 +/- 0.2, 1.4 +/- 0.1, and 1.5 +/- 0.1; peak insulin (microU/ml), 50 +/- 5, 12 +/- 1, and 11 +/- 2; fasting serum glucagon (pg/ml), 33 +/- 3, 59 +/- 12, and 53 +/- 9, with no change in the glucagon response. Histologically, the spleens contained prominent islets. In five other dogs, the tissue was injected into the splenic pulp: mean BG rose to greater than or equal to 250 mg/dl at 2 wk (compared with initial series, P less than 0.001) and remained elevated until death at 6 wk, when histologic examination of the spleens showed severe fibrosis and no islets. Apancreatic controls (N = 4) survived 10 +/- 3 days; BG was 343 +/- 11 mg/dl terminally. We conclude that this modified method for collagenase perfusion of a single large-mammal pancreas via the ducts provides sufficient viable islets to induce prolonged normoglycemia (5 mo) and preserve the response to glucose challenge. Reflux of pancreatic fragments into splenic veins appears more efficient than intrapulp implantation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of vaccination on experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine comparative efficacy of vaccines administered IM and intranasally, used alone or sequentially, to protect puppies from infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica and determine whether systemic or mucosal antibody response correlated with protection. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS: 50 specific-pathogen-free Beagle puppies. PROCEDURE: In 2 replicates of 25 dogs each, 14-week-old puppies that were vaccinated against canine distemper virus and parvovirus were vaccinated against B bronchiseptica via intranasal, IM, intranasal-IM, or IM-intranasal administration or were unvaccinated controls. Puppies were challenge exposed via aerosol administration of B bronchiseptica 2 weeks after final vaccination. Clinical variables and systemic and mucosal antibody responses were monitored for 10 days after challenge exposure. Puppies in replicate 1 were necropsied for histologic and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS: Control puppies that were seronegative before challenge exposure developed paroxysmal coughing, signs of depression, anorexia, and fever. Vaccinated puppies (either vaccine) that were seronegative before challenge exposure had fewer clinical signs. Puppies that received both vaccines had the least severe clinical signs and fewest lesions in the respiratory tract. Vaccinated dogs had significantly higher concentrations of B bronchiseptica-reactive antibodies in serum saliva before and after challenge. Antibody concentrations were negatively correlated with bacterial growth in nasal cavity and pharyngeal samples after challenge exposure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Parenterally and intranasally administered vaccines containing B bronchiseptica may provide substantial protection from clinical signs of respiratory tract disease associated with infection by this bacterium. Administration of both types of vaccines in sequence afforded the greatest degree of protection against disease.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2004

Duration of serologic response to five viral antigens in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether vaccinated dogs either remained seropositive or responded serologically to revaccination for 5 key viral antigens after extended periods since their last vaccination. DESIGN: Serologic survey. ANIMALS: 322 healthy client-owned dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were > or = 2 years old and vaccinated against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1), canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), and canine parvovirus (CPV). On day 0, dogs were revaccinated with a vaccine from the same vaccine line as they had historically received. Antibody titers were measured in sera collected at day 0 (prevaccination titer) and 5 to 7 days later (postvaccination titer). Dogs were considered to have responded serologically if they had a day-0 serum neutralization titer to CDV > or = 1:32; a serum neutralization titer to CAV-1, CAV-2, or CPIV > or = 1:16; a hemagglutination inhibition titer to CPV > or = 1:80; or a > or = 4-fold increase in antibody titer after revaccination. RESULTS: The percentage of dogs that had titers at or greater than the threshold values or responded to revaccination with a > or = 4-fold increase in titer was 98.1% for CDV, 98.4% for CAV-1, 99.0% for CAV-2, 100% for CPIV, and 98.1% for CPV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In most dogs, vaccination induced a response that lasted up to and beyond 48 months for all 5 antigens. Although not equivalent to challenge-of-immunity studies as a demonstration of efficacy, results suggest that revaccination with the same vaccine provides adequate protection even when given less frequently than the traditional 1-year interval. The study provides valuable information for clinicians to help determine appropriate revaccination intervals.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Immunologic specificity of lymphocyte cell lines from dogs exposed to beryllium oxide.

We have reported that dogs exposed twice to aerosols of beryllium oxide (BeO) developed Be-specific immune responses within the lung, along with granulomatous and fibrotic lung lesions. To evaluate the specificity of the immune response, lymphocytes from lungs and blood of BeO-exposed dogs were co-cultured over an irradiated blood monocyte layer, alternately with interleukin 2 and BeSO4. Resultant cell lines were then tested for their response to different metal cations, common canine recall antigens, and BeSO4 in an in vitro cell proliferation assay. The cell lines responded to BeSO4 in a dose-dependent fashion, with mean stimulation indices of 7, 58, 119, and 112 at concentrations of 0.01, 1.0, 10, and 100 microM BeSO4 respectively. Cells not proliferate when incubated with ZnSO4 or NiSO4, or with canine distemper, leptospira, adenovirus 2, parvovirus, or parainfluenza antigens. Lymphocytes from normal vaccinated dogs proliferated markedly when cultured with these antigens. Cells from the cultured cell lines (91%) stained with Thy-1 (a pan T-cell marker) and 96% stained with DT2 (a helper T-cell marker). Furthermore, the Be-induced proliferative response was restricted by major histocompatibility (MHC) class II antigens. These data reinforce the premise that inhalation exposure of dogs to BeO produces lung lesions and MHC class II restricted immunologic responses mediated by Be-specific, helper T-Cells. These data further confirm the hypothesis that antigen localized to the lung results in the recruitment of T-cells to the lung, followed by localized antigen-specific, cell-mediated immune responses.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1982

Pseudorabies virus infection in raccoons: a review.

Pseudorabies is a rarely reported disease of raccoons. Laboratory and field evidence of PRV infection suggests the raccoon is a "dead end" host with little opportunity for raccoon-to-raccoon spread of virus. All reported field cases have been associated closely with infected swine and swine have been considered the source of the raccoon infection. The clinical signs of PRV in raccoons closely resembles those of canine distemper and rabies virus infections. Infection with the latter viruses are considered more prevalent and likely to be mistaken for PRV infection. Both CD and rabies virus may be maintained in raccoon populations with raccoon-to-raccoon transfer while PRV may not. Differentiation of PRV, CD and rabies infections is best achieved by histopathologic analysis of lung and brain tissue, together with virus isolation. It is of utmost public health importance that wildlife authorities recognize the similarities between these diseases, together with the different epidemiologic behavior of the viruses and the means to differentiate clinical cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Pneumonia in Ottoman vipers (Vipera xanthena xanthena) associated with a parainfluenza 2-like virus.

A paramyxovirus related to parainfluenza 2 (PI2) virus was recovered from the lungs of two dead Ottoman vipers from a zoological collection. Snakes of other species in the collection were unaffected. Histologic examination of the vipers' lungs revealed interstitial pneumonia, and degeneration and hyperplasia of bronchial and atrial epithelia. Scattered vacuoles, some of which contain eosinophilic inclusion bodies, were seen in the cytoplasm of several cells of affected epithelial tissues. The virus recovered from pulmonary tissues of the snakes replicated optimally at 30 C in a variety of cell cultures and hemagglutinated chicken erythrocytes. Viral hemagglutination was inhibited by PI2 virus antiserum, but not by antisera to PI1, PI3, respiratory syncytial, and canine distemper viruses. Indirect immunofluorescence with PI2 antiserum specifically stained inclusions in the epithelial cells of respiratory tissues and infected cell cultures.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Acute disseminated toxoplasmosis in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes).

A red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with signs of neurological disease was captured in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA). The animal died in captivity and was examined because of suspected rabies. The liver had pale foci up to 4 mm in diameter. Foci of necrosis were associated with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in several organs including liver, lungs and adrenal glands. Rabies antigen and distemper virus inclusions were not detected. The diagnosis of acute disseminated toxoplasmosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Concomitant cryptosporidia, coronavirus and parvovirus infection in a raccoon (Procyon lotor).

A juvenile raccoon (Procyon lotor) was found moribund near Fort Collins, Colorado (USA). Upon examination, the raccoon was dehydrated, had a mucopurulent oculonasal discharge and diarrhea, and was euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed emaciation, severe fibrinous gastroenteritis and a small, firm liver. Histopathological findings included blunting of villi, infiltration of lamina propria with neutrophils and plasma cells, and mild bronchopneumonia. Cryptosporidium sp. was demonstrated on intestinal villi and coronavirus and parvovirus were identified in feces. Fluorescent antibody test for rabies was negative and no evidence of canine distemper was found.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prerequisites for oral immunization of free-ranging raccoons (Procyon lotor) with a recombinant rabies virus vaccine: study site ecology and bait system development.

A model baiting system suitable for the delivery of an oral rabies vaccine to free-ranging raccoons (Procyon lotor) was developed and tested on barrier islands in South Carolina (USA). Features of barrier island physiography and ecology were studied relative to selective bait deployment and site biosecurity. Capture-mark-recapture data were obtained from 228 raccoons. Raccoon density estimates, using a modified census assessment technique, were one raccoon per 1.8 to 2.7 ha. Mean (+/- SE) and range home area estimates of radio-collared raccoons were 84 (+/- 15.6) ha (27 to 176 ha) by a minimum convex polygon method and 138 (+/- 22.8) ha (43 to 241 ha), by a harmonic mean transformation method. Habitat utilization determinations of radio-collared raccoons were conducted to identify study areas to potentially maximize selectivity of bait towards raccoons and to reduce the absolute number of baits deployed. Island raccoons showed a habitat preference for maritime forest, maritime shrub and marsh areas. Additionally, there was no evidence of inter-island or mainland exchange of ear-tagged or radio-collared raccoons. A disease and mortality survey was conducted to identify baseline pathology and incidental lesions in the target raccoon population, prior to actual vaccination initiation. Thirty-eight percent of 30 clinically suspect raccoons sampled had intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions diagnostic of canine distemper; no other lesions suggestive of viral etiologies were found. Serological surveys for raccoon poxvirus and rabies virus antibodies were negative. Antibody titers to canine adenovirus 1 and 2 indicated a moderate level of exposure (approximately 10 to 16%) in the raccoon population. Overall, 93 to 100% of placebo baits were consistently disturbed by 7 days post-bait deployment, and bait acceptance rates by raccoons ranged from 49 to 85%, by using a modular systems approach to select the optimum combination of bait attractant, biomarker, matrix, density, and distribution. These results suggest that a large proportion (up to 85%) of a free-ranging island raccoon population can be selectively and safely targeted, marked and monitored utilizing a proposed oral bait delivery system for recombinant or other rabies vaccines.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

A morbillivirus antibody survey of Atlantic walrus, narwhal and beluga in Canada.

A longitudinal serologic survey was conducted for morbillivirus antibodies in Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus), narwhal (Monodon monoceros), and beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and the St. Lawrence estuary (Canada). Sixty-five of 131 (50%) walruses sampled between 1984 and 1993 had detectable morbillivirus neutralizing antibodies. Positive walrus were identified from four of five Arctic sampling sites, to as far back as 1984. Prevalence of morbillivirus neutralizing antibodies in walruses from Foxe Basin ranged from a high of 76% (n = 21) in 1993 to a low of 22% (n = 28) in 1984. Limitations in sample acquisition may have produced underestimates for the 1984 data. There are no reports of clinical morbillivirus infection in walruses. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a morbillivirus similar or identical to phocine distemper virus (PDV) has circulated among walrus populations of the eastern Canadian Arctic, at least since the early 1980s. No narwhal (n = 79) or beluga (n = 445) from Arctic waters were identified as having antibodies to dolphin morbilivirus (DMV) above the threshold serum dilution of log2 4. Also, none of the beach-cast cetacean carcasses (n = 28) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence estuary were positive for antibodies to DMV. This indicates that Gulf of St. Lawrence, St. Lawrence estuary, and Arctic cetaceans either have not been exposed to DMV or an antigenically related morbillivirus, or are not susceptible to infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Viral and bacterial serology of free-ranging Pacific walrus.

Serum or heparinized plasma samples were obtained between 1994 and 1996 from 20 male and 20 female adult free-ranging Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) from St. Lawrence Island and Round Island, Alaska. Samples were screened for antibodies to some potentially pathogenic bacteria and viruses. No sample had detectable antibody to Brucella spp. Three of 40 (8%) had low antibody titers to Leptospira interrogans serovars. Phocine distemper virus antibodies were not detected. Serologic responses to one or more caliciviruses (San Miguel sea lion virus 12 or vesicular exanthema of swine serotypes E54, F55, G55, 1934B) were detected in 18% (seven of 40) walrus. Antibodies to one or more subtypes of influenza A virus (H10, N2, N3, N5, N6, N7) were detected in 21% (eight of 38). Periodic screening of free-ranging populations for exposure to infectious diseases has become an important component of bio-monitoring programs to facilitate understanding and detecting trends in marine mammal populations.

Alaska↗
PubMed2002

Serologic survey for viral and bacterial infections in western populations of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis).

A serologic survey for exposure to pathogens in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in western North America was conducted. Samples from 215 lynx from six study areas were tested for antibodies to feline parvovirus (FPV), feline coronavirus, canine distemper virus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus, Yersinia pestis, and Francisella tularensis. A subset of samples was tested for feline immunodeficiency virus; all were negative. For all other pathogens, evidence for exposure was found in at least one location. Serologic evidence for FPV was found in all six areas but was more common in southern populations. Also, more males than females showed evidence of exposure to FPV. Overall, prevalences were low and did not exceed 8% for any of the pathogens tested. This suggests that free-ranging lynx rarely encounter common feline pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Exposure to feline and canine pathogens in bobcats and gray foxes in urban and rural zones of a national park in California.

Exposure of bobcats (Lynx rufus) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) to a range of common canine and feline pathogens was assessed in urban and rural zones of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, a National Park in the San Francisco Bay Area, (California, USA) from 1992 to 1995. Testing included serology for canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus, Leptospira interrogans, feline calicivirus (FCV), feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus, feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Bartonella henselae. Testing was also performed for Dirofilaria immitis. Significantly more gray foxes were seropositive for CPV in the urban zone than in the rural zone. In addition, radio-tracking of gray foxes in the rural zone indicated that all three of the rural CPV-seropositive foxes had traveled into adjoining small towns, whereas only one of the 11 seronegative animals had done so. Significantly more bobcats were seropositive for FCV in the rural zone than in the urban zone. Individual bobcats with positive FCV antibody titers had patterns of movement that intercepted park inholdings where domestic cats lived. Bobcat samples were seronegative for all five of the other viral feline pathogens, with the exception of a FECV-seropositive bobcat. High seroprevalence was detected for B. henselae and T. gondii in both zones. Variation in the seroprevalence for different pathogens might be related to differences in the exposure of bobcats and foxes to domestic animals: in the urban zone, gray foxes were located in residential areas outside the park, whereas bobcats were not. Although for most of the pathogens examined there was no relationship between urbanization and exposure, our results for CPV in foxes and FCV in bobcats indicated that proximity to urban areas or contact with humans can increase the risk of disease exposure for wild carnivore populations. Combining behavioral information from radio-tracking with data on pathogen exposure or disease incidence can provide valuable insights into the ecology of wildlife disease that might be missed with broad-scale, population-level comparisons alone.

Animal Identification Systems↗
PubMed2004

Serosurvey of viral infections in free-ranging Namibian cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).

Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in captivity have unusually high morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, a trait that could be an outcome of population homogeneity or the immunomodulating effects of chronic stress. Free-ranging Namibian cheetahs share ancestry with captive cheetahs, but their susceptibility to infectious diseases has not been investigated. The largest remaining population of free-ranging cheetahs resides on Namibian farmlands, where they share habitat with domestic dogs and cats known to carry viruses that affect cheetah health. To assess the extent to which free-ranging cheetahs are exposed to feline and canine viruses, sera from 81 free-ranging cheetahs sampled between 1992 and 1998 were evaluated for antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV), feline coronavirus (feline infectious peritonitis virus; FCoV/ FIPV), feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV1), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and feline calicivirus (FCV) and for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigens. Antibodies against CDV, FCoV/FIPV, FHV1, FPV, and FCV were detected in 24, 29, 12, 48, and 65% of the free-ranging population, respectively, although no evidence of viral disease was present in any animal at the time of sample collection. Neither FIV antibodies nor FeLV antigens were present in any free-ranging cheetah tested. Temporal variation in FCoV/FIPV seroprevalence during the study period suggested that this virus is not endemic in the free-ranging population. Antibodies against CDV were detected in cheetahs of all ages sampled between 1995 and 1998, suggesting the occurrence of an epidemic in Namibia during the time when CDV swept through other parts of sub-Saharan Africa. This evidence in free-ranging Namibian cheetahs of exposure to viruses that cause severe disease in captive cheetahs should direct future guidelines for translocations, including quarantine of seropositive cheetahs and preventing contact between cheetahs and domestic pets.

Acinonyx↗
PubMed2005

A serological and fecal parasitologic survey of the critically endangered pygmy raccoon (Procyon pygmaeus).

The pygmy raccoon (Procyon pygmaeus) of Cozumel Island, Mexico, is among the most endangered carnivores in the world, and causes of its decline are unclear. During 2002 and 2003, we sampled approximately 10% of the remaining population to survey exposure to viral and parasitic pathogens that may have contributed to population decline. We found evidence of exposure to infectious canine hepatitis, canine distemper, feline panleukopenia virus, and Toxoplasma gondii. The latter is suggestive of spillover from domestic cats, which have only recently been introduced to the island. Additional parasites identified include Eimeria nutalli, Placoconus lotoris, Capillaria procyonis, Physaloptera sp., a mite in the family Listrophoridae, and a trematode in the family Heterophyidae. Several of these are typical of the parasite community of the common raccoon (Procyon lotor).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A serosurvey of viral infections in lions (Panthera leo), from Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda.

Serum samples from 14 lions (Panthera leo) from Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, were collected during 1998 and 1999 to determine infectious disease exposure in this threatened population. Sera were analyzed for antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus 1 (feline rhinotracheitis: FHV1), feline/canine parvovirus (FPV/CPV), feline infectious peritonitis virus (feline coronavirus: FIPV), and canine distemper virus (CDV) or for the presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigens. Ten lions (71%) had antibodies against FIV, 11 (79%) had antibodies against CDV, 11 (79%) had antibodies against FCV, nine (64%) had antibodies against FHV1, and five (36%) had antibodies against FPV. Two of the 11 CDV-seropositive lions were subadults, indicating recent exposure of this population to CDV or a CDV-like virus. No lions had evidence of exposure to FeLV or FIPV. These results indicate that this endangered population has extensive exposure to common feline and canine viruses.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Observations on the pathology of canine microsporidiosis.

The available literature on canine microsporidiosis indicates that this disease, primarily of young dogs, is a distinct clinicopathological entity. It has been confused with canine distemper and rabies, and must be differentiated from toxoplasmosis. Information available on the spectrum of pathological change associated with this disease is incomplete but a distinct pattern emerges from a study of the reports. The aetiological agent appears to have a predilection for the central nervous system and kidneys, but other tissues and organs, and especially the liver, may also be infected. Vasculitis and perivasculitis, which may include fibrinoid necrosis, seem to be a basic lesion. Cellular inflammation ranges from polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in areas of necrosis to focal granulomas. There may be no cellular reaction to compact groups of organisms. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of this case augment our knowledge of the pathological changes seen with canine microsporidiosis.

Animals↗