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At least 1,459 records · Page 81Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Proportion of ground-glass opacity on high-resolution computed tomography in clinical T1 N0 M0 adenocarcinoma of the lung: A predictor of lymph node metastasis.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with clinical T1 N0 M0 lung adenocarcinoma, we investigated whether the proportion of ground-glass opacity area measured on high-resolution computed tomography was valuable for predicting the existence of lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, or vascular invasion. METHODS: Between 1994 and 1999, 111 patients with clinical stage IA adenocarcinoma underwent surgical resection of the lung at our hospital. Of these, 96 patients received high-resolution computed tomography of the chest, and they constituted the study population. The tumors were semiquantitatively classified into 5 groups on the basis of the proportion of ground-glass opacity area to whole tumor shadow on high-resolution computed tomography: group I, 0%; group II, 1% to 25%; group III, 26% to 50%; group IV, 51% to 75%; and group V, 76% to 100%. Correlations of computed tomographic findings, pathologic results of lymph node metastasis and lymphatic and vascular invasion, and the histologic subtype according to the new World Health Organization classification were examined. We also investigated the characteristics of the patients with ground-glass opacity areas on high-resolution computed tomography and their value for predicting lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: Among the 96 patients, 15 (15.6%) had mediastinal lymph node metastases, and 3 (3.1%) had hilar node metastases. Regarding the proportion of the ground-glass opacity area of the tumors, 15 (15.6%) tumors were classified as group V, 11 (11.5%) as group IV, 9 (9.3%) as group III, 22 (22.9%) as group II, and 39 (40.6%) as group I, respectively. Of the 18 patients with lymph node metastases, no patients were found in groups IV and V, 2 (22.2%) were found in group III, 4 (18.2%) were found in group II, and 12 (30.8%) were found in group I (trend P =. 003), respectively. Twenty-six patients classified into groups IV and V also showed neither lymphatic invasion nor recurrence. All the smaller tumors (< or =2.0 cm) in group IV or V were histologically proved to be bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Adjusted for smoking status and other characteristics, patients without ground-glass opacity on high-resolution computed tomography had a significantly increased risk of concurrent lymph node metastasis compared with those with ground-glass opacity. CONCLUSION: In patients with clinical T1 N0 M0 adenocarcinoma, the proportion of ground-glass opacity area on thin-section computed tomography scans was a strong predictor for tumor aggressiveness and thus could be a useful index for planning limited surgical resection for these patients.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Ensemble quantum computing by NMR spectroscopy.

A quantum computer (QC) can operate in parallel on all its possible inputs at once, but the amount of information that can be extracted from the result is limited by the phenomenon of wave function collapse. We present a new computational model, which differs from a QC only in that the result of a measurement is the expectation value of the observable, rather than a random eigenvalue thereof. Such an expectation value QC can solve nondeterministic polynomial-time complete problems in polynomial time. This observation is significant precisely because the computational model can be realized, to a certain extent, by NMR spectroscopy on macroscopic ensembles of quantum spins, namely molecules in a test tube. This is made possible by identifying a manifold of statistical spin states, called pseudo-pure states, the mathematical description of which is isomorphic to that of an isolated spin system. The result is a novel NMR computer that can be programmed much like a QC, but in other respects more closely resembles a DNA computer. Most notably, when applied to intractable combinatorial problems, an NMR computer can use an amount of sample, rather than time, which grows exponentially with the size of the problem. Although NMR computers will be limited by current technology to exhaustive searches over only 15 to 20 bits, searches over as much as 50 bits are in principle possible, and more advanced algorithms could greatly extend the range of applicability of such machines.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2002

Can negative appendectomy rate be decreased by using spiral computed tomography without contrast material?

Approximately 15-20% of error in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis argues for new diagnostic methods. In recent years it has been proposed that Computed Tomography be used in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis with high sensitivity and specificity. In our study, the effect of Computed Tomography on the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and on negative appendectomy was investigated on patients with suspected acute appendicitis. In the last 18 months, spiral Computed Tomography without contrast material has been used for 65 patients. The history, physical findings, laboratory results and Computed Tomography images of patients were compared and the final decision to operate was always made by an attending surgeon. The results of Computed Tomography have been correlated with the reports of pathology and operation findings. Other patients who have not been operated on have been followed up clinically. Correlating Computed Tomography results with operation findings revealed; 42 true positive, 3 false positive, 17 true negative and 3 false negative results. The sensitivity and specificity of CT have been found to be 93.3% and 85% respectively. Forty-eight out of 65 patients have been operated on for acute appendicitis and the negative appendectomy rate has been calculated as 6.25%. As a consequence, it was thought that in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis the use of Computed Tomography could decrease the negative appendectomy rate when used together with clinical follow-up.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Evaluating computer-assisted memory retraining programmes for people with post-head injury amnesia.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to perform theory-driven empirical work that might contribute to a better understanding of computer-assisted training effects adopting theoretically different memory retraining strategies for people who had amnesia as a result of a brain injury. RESEARCH DESIGN: A pre-test and post-test control group quasi-experimental design was adopted to test the differences in effectiveness of four different computer-assisted memory training strategies, which were hypothesized to improve different memory skills of persons with brain injury. METHOD AND PROCEDURES: Twenty-six persons with brain injury were randomly assigned to four age- and gender-matched memory training groups (self-paced, feedback, personalized, visual presentation) and they were trained using the related computer software, evaluated by the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), self-efficacy scale and built-up computer performance records. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: All the four memory training methods showed positive among the persons with brain injury as compared with a control group, although there was no statistically significant difference among the four training methods. However, clinical improvement was found in all four methods and the Feedback group showed significant improvement in self efficacy, in comparison with the other groups. CONCLUSION: This attempt to develop and evaluate different computer applications for memory retraining was made and the effectiveness of applying customized computer technology in memory rehabilitation was critically evaluated. Results of the present study showed that the unique customized therapeutic characteristics of computer-assisted memory retraining (e.g. self-paced practice, performance feedback, salient visual presentation and personalized training contents) are positive attributes of memory skill retraining outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Computation of DNA backbone conformations.

We present an algorithm for the computation of 2'-deoxyribose-phosphodiester backbone conformations that are stereochemically compatible with a given arrangement of nucleic acid bases in a DNA structure. The algorithm involves the sequential computation of 2'-deoxyribose and phosphodiester conformers (collectively referred to as a backbone 'segment'), beginning at the 5'-end of a DNA strand. Computation of the possible segment conformations is achieved by the initial creation of a fragment library, with each fragment representing a set of bond lengths, bond angles and torsion angles. Following exhaustive searching of sugar conformations, each segment conformation is reduced to a single vector, defined by a specific distance, angle and torsion angle, that allows calculation of the O(1)' position. A given 'allowed' conformation of a backbone segment is determined based on its compatibility with the base positions and with the position of the preceding backbone segment. Initial computation of allowable segment conformations of a strand is followed by the determination of continuous backbone solutions for the strand, beginning at the 3'-end. The algorithm is also able to detect repeating segment conformations that arise in structures containing geometrically repeating dinucleotide steps. To illustrate the utility and properties of the algorithm, we have applied it to a series of experimental DNA structures. Regardless of the conformational complexity of these structures, we are able to compute backbone conformations for each structure. Hence, the algorithm, which is currently implemented within a new computer program NASDAC (Nucleic Acids: Structure, Dynamics and Conformation), should have generally applicability to the computation of DNA structures.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Computer professionals and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS).

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is an important problem among computer professionals. Hence the prevalence of CTS among computer professionals and risk factors were studied. 648 subjects were selected from 4,276 computer professionals from 21 companies by with simple random sampling method. CTS was diagnosed based on clinical features. The prevalence of CTS was found to be 13.1% (95% CI 10.5-15.7%). Subjects with over 8 years of computer work, over 12 hrs of work per day and system administrators were at a higher risk for CTS (OR 3.3, 4.9 and 2.5 respectively). Flexed or extended hand position had higher risk for CTS. Higher risk for CTS was found with higher exposure to computer work. Ergonomic considerations are important in facilitating proper positioning of hand while working with a computer. Further studies on CTS risk factors among computer professionals are essential for planning prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Highly sensitive and efficient computer-assisted system for routine surveillance for surgical site infection.

OBJECTIVES: Surveillance of surgical site infections (SSIs) is effective in reducing the rates of these complications, but it is extremely time-consuming and, consequently, underused. We determined the sensitivity and specificity of a computer-assisted surveillance system, compared with a conventional method involving review of medical records, and the time saved with the computer-assisted system. METHOD: A prospective study was conducted from January 1 to December 31, 2001. With the computer-assisted method, screening for SSIs relied on identification in the laboratory database of positive results of microbiological tests of surgical-site specimens; confirmation was obtained via computer-generated questionnaires completed by the surgeon in charge of the patient. In the conventional method, SSIs were identified by exhaustive chart review. The time spent on surveillance was recorded for both methods. SETTING: A 25-bed gastrointestinal surgery unit in a tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 766 consecutive patients who underwent gastrointestinal surgery. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the computer-assisted method was 84.3% (95% confidence interval, 0.66-0.94); the specificity was 99.9%. For the 807 surgical procedures in the study, 197 had an SSI identified by culture of a surgical-site specimen. After elimination of 63 duplicate cultures with positive results, 134 questionnaires were sent to the surgeons, who confirmed 27 SSIs. The conventional method identified 32 SSIs. The computer-assisted method required 60% less time than the conventional method (90 hours vs 223 hours). CONCLUSION: Surveillance for SSIs using computer-assisted, laboratory-based screening and case confirmation by surgeons is as efficient as and far less time-consuming than the conventional method of chart review. This method permits routine surveillance for SSIs with reliable accuracy.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2004

Efficient exact p-value computation for small sample, sparse, and surprising categorical data.

A major obstacle in applying various hypothesis testing procedures to datasets in bioinformatics is the computation of ensuing p-values. In this paper, we define a generic branch-and-bound approach to efficient exact p-value computation and enumerate the required conditions for successful application. Explicit procedures are developed for the entire Cressie-Read family of statistics, which includes the widely used Pearson and likelihood ratio statistics in a one-way frequency table goodness-of-fit test. This new formulation constitutes a first practical exact improvement over the exhaustive enumeration performed by existing statistical software. The general techniques we develop to exploit the convexity of many statistics are also shown to carry over to contingency table tests, suggesting that they are readily extendible to other tests and test statistics of interest. Our empirical results demonstrate a speed-up of orders of magnitude over the exhaustive computation, significantly extending the practical range for performing exact tests. We also show that the relative speed-up gain increases as the null hypothesis becomes sparser, that computation precision increases with increase in speed-up, and that computation time is very moderately affected by the magnitude of the computed p-value. These qualities make our algorithm especially appealing in the regimes of small samples, sparse null distributions, and rare events, compared to the alternative asymptotic approximations and Monte Carlo samplers. We discuss several established bioinformatics applications, where small sample size, small expected counts in one or more categories (sparseness), and very small p-values do occur. Our computational framework could be applied in these, and similar cases, to improve performance.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1996

Computed tomography in the management of chest infections: current status.

The application of computed tomography has advanced our ability to diagnose and treat chest infections. Although conventional computed tomography has been shown to be useful in diagnosing pulmonary disease, new technological developments including high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and spiral (continuous imaging) computed tomography have resulted in earlier detection and more precise characterization of parenchymal lung infections and their complications. For the immunocompetent host, computed tomographic findings are helpful in the staging of disease, in differentiating infections from tumors, and in detecting complications. For the immunocompromised host, HRCT is useful in identifying subtle infiltrates earlier than other imaging methods can. Computed tomography is also useful in guiding transthoracic biopsy, aspiration, or drainage of chest infections or abscesses. In addition, computed tomographic findings can provide guidance for surgical biopsy, bronchoscopic biopsy, and bronchoalveolar lavage.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Frequent computer-related activities increase the risk of neck-shoulder and low back pain in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Neck-shoulder pain (NSP) and low back pain (LBP) increased among adolescents in the 1990s and the beginning of 2000. A potential risk factor for this increase is the use of information and communication technology. We studied how the use of computers, the Internet, and mobile phones, playing digital games and viewing television are related to NSP and LBP in adolescents. METHODS: Mailed survey with nationally representative samples of 14-, 16-, and 18-year-old Finns in 2003 (n = 6003, response rate 68%). The outcome variables were weekly NSP and LBP. RESULTS: NSP was perceived by 26% and LBP by 12%. When compared with non-users, the risk of NSP was 1.3 (adjusted odds ratios) when using computers > 2-3 h/day, and 1.8 when using 4-5 h/day; 2.5 when using computers > or = 42 h/week, and 1.7 when using the Internet > or = 42 h/week. Compared with non-users, the risk of LBP was 2.0 when using computers > 5 h/day, 1.7 when using > or = 42 h/week, 1.8 when using the Internet > or = 42 h/week, and 2.0 when playing digital games > 5 h/day. Times spent on digital gaming, viewing television, and using mobile phones were not associated with NSP, nor were use of mobile phones and viewing television with LBP after adjusting for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent computer-related activities are an independent risk factor for NSP and LBP. Daily use of computers exceeding 2-3 h seems to be a threshold for NSP and exceeding 5 h for LBP. Computer-related activities may explain the increase of NSP and LBP in the 1990s and the beginning of 2000.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Reducing negative appendectomy: evaluation of ultrasonography and computer tomography in acute appendicitis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the sensitivity and the specificity for ultrasonography and computed tomography in patients with suspected appendicitis, and their value to the clinician. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The negative appendectomy rate and the sensitivity and the specificity for ultrasonography and computed tomography in patients with suspected appendicitis. RESULT: The diagnostic accuracy was 88% (men 95%, women 80%). Two hundred and thirty-nine patients were examined by ultrasonography preoperatively. The sensitivity for ultrasonography was 0.82 and the specificity was 0.97. Forty-nine patients were examined by computed tomography preoperatively. The sensitivity for computer tomography was 0.88 and the specificity was 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that ultrasound and computed tomography investigations on patients with suspected appendicitis are of great value. Computed tomography seems to have a higher sensitivity than ultrasound and a high specificity. In fertile women, where unnecessary surgery is best avoided, we believe that computed tomography investigation or ultrasound examination are better alternatives to surgical intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Prospective comparison of contrast-enhanced computed tomography versus magnetic resonance venography in the detection of occult deep pelvic vein thrombosis in patients with pelvic and acetabular fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of pelvic vein thrombosis following acetabular or pelvic fracture identified by enhanced computed tomography venography or magnetic resonance venography. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of computed tomography venography and magnetic resonance venography in patients with pelvic and acetabular trauma as a screening tool for deep vein thrombosis. SETTING: Level I trauma center. RESULTS: Thirty patients with pelvic or acetabular fractures and who met the study criteria were prospectively screened with magnetic resonance venography and computed tomography venography to determine preoperative presence of pelvic venous thrombosis. Pelvic deep vein thrombosis was detected by computed tomography venography in two patients (7%) and by magnetic resonance venography in four patients (13%). Invasive selective pelvic venographies were performed on the five subjects who tested positive on either one or both screening tests. Only one computed tomography venography case was validated by invasive pelvic venography. The false-positive rate for computed tomography venography was 50%, and the false-positive rate for magnetic resonance venography was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: We cannot recommend the sole use of either computed tomography venography or magnetic resonance venography to screen and direct the treatment of asymptomatic thrombi in patients with fracture of the pelvic ring because of the high false positive rates. If these studies are used as screening tools, confirmation of the presence of thrombosis with selective venography should be performed prior to initiating invasive treatment with a vena cava filter. Clinical decisions based solely on one of these imaging techniques may result in inappropriate aggressive treatment due to the high false-positive rate.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1988

Use of a computer to take booking histories in a hospital antenatal clinic. Acceptability to midwives and patients and effects on the midwife-patient interaction.

An interactive computer system was used by midwives to acquire a full patient history at the first antenatal visit. The clinical efficacy of the system had been previously established. The present evaluation examined the effects of computer use on the interview process and on midwife-patient communications, and its acceptability to midwives and patients. Data included video recordings of 32 conventional interviews and of 63 interviews in which the computer was used, each with associated questionnaires assessing patients' reactions. Midwives' views were obtained through a structured discussion session. Computer use had no effects on patients' reactions to the interview, and midwives were enthusiastic. Detailed analysis of the video recordings using established quantitative techniques did not reveal any negative psychologic effects that would preclude the use of nurse-patient interactive computers. However, midwives were inclined to give less information to patients, especially when they were new to the computer, and to use more closed questions and leading questions. The findings have important implications for the future use of similar computer systems. These are presented in the form of guidelines for future systems design and implementation.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Computer-assisted learning compared with weekly seminars for teaching fundamental electrocardiography to junior medical students.

This study was designed to assess whether a self-study interactive computer program is more effective than weekly seminars for teaching fundamental skills of electrocardiographic interpretation to junior medical students. Forty-two students were assigned to the computer and 41 to the seminar group. A test was given to each participant at the beginning and end of each rotation. The computer group used a computer-assisted learning program, and the seminar group met weekly with a cardiologist to review electrocardiograms. Attendance at a minimum of 80% of the seminars or completion of 80% of the computer-assisted learning program was required for inclusion in the statistical analysis. The mean difference in test scores before and after study was 5.69 for the computer group and 4.36 for the seminar group (P less than .02 by one-tailed t-test). These results indicate that the computer group performed significantly better than the seminar group. We believe this difference to be educationally important.

Attitude↗
PubMed1996

Arachnoiditis ossificans of the cauda equina demonstrated on computed tomography scanogram. A case report.

STUDY DESIGN: This case report illustrates a patient with arachnoiditis ossificans of the cauda equina of sufficient severity to be demonstrable on a computed tomography scout view. OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis of extensive arachnoiditis ossificans by computed tomography does not necessitate surgical intervention. The authors patient had only mild, chronic symptoms when treated expectantly. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The value of axial computed tomography in visualizing and characterizing the lesions of arachnoiditis ossificans has been well documented. Arachnoiditis ossificans involving the cauda equina is uncommon. To the authors' knowledge, this report represents the first case of arachnoiditis ossificans of the cauda equina in which the arachnoid calcifications were of sufficient density to be obvious on a computed tomography scan. METHODS: The patient was reviewed by a neurologist for paraesthesia in his right foot, occasional backaches, and urinary frequency. Physical examination revealed only a mild loss of lumber lordosis and an area of hypoesthesia in the right foot. He then was investigated with computed tomography, which showed extensive arachnoiditis ossificans. Because his symptoms were mild, surgery was not contemplated. RESULTS: The patient's symptoms remained minimal despite being treated conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: The value of computed tomography in delineating the lesions of arachnoiditis ossificans and the outcome of surgery for resection of its compressive osseous plaques have been well described. Despite extensive arachnoid calcification caused by arachnoiditis ossificans involving the cauda equina that was visible on a computed tomography scan, this patient continued to have only low-grade symptoms when treated conservatively.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Comparing traditional and computer-based training methods for standardized patients.

BACKGROUND: The use of computer-based training programs in medicine is widespread. To date, however, there has been little or no research conducted to explore how these self-delivered educational programs can be applied to the training of standardized patients (SPs). The purpose of this study was to compare a traditional SP training technique with one that was based on computer-based delivery of case materials and checklist-based scoring criteria. METHOD: Ten SPs were trained to portray 1 of 5 cases. The SPs were paired by case and then randomly assigned to either an experimental (computer-based training) or control (traditional trainer-based training) group. Forty medical students completed a 5-station clinical skills assessment where they encountered both computer- and trainer-trained SPs. Portrayal fidelity and documentation accuracy was assessed via videotape review of the individual encounters. RESULTS: With reference to checklist scoring discrepancies, documentation accuracy was significantly greater for those SPs who were trained using the computer-based delivery method. Likewise, based on a summary measure of portrayal fidelity, the performances of traditionally trained SPs were quite realistic but, nevertheless, less dependable than those for the computer-trained group. CONCLUSION: The use of computer-assisted educational programs to train SPs is effective and can lead to performance fidelity gains as well as improved accuracy with respect to the documentation of history taking and physical examination skills.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Computed tomography to assess pelvic lysis after total hip replacement.

To assess the accuracy of a computer-assisted computed tomography image analysis program in determining the location and volume of periacetabular osteolysis, we designed an osteolysis model by implanting bilateral total hip replacements in human pelvic cadavers and creating osteolytic lesions of varying sizes. The volumes of 48 defects were measured physically, and axial computed tomography scans were obtained. The computed tomography images were processed with streak artifact reduction and segmentation algorithms. The location and volume of lesions were determined from these images. Eighty-one percent (39 lesions) were identified correctly from the computed tomography scans. Detection was location-dependent. More lesions were detected in the ilium (100%) and at the rim (89%) than in the ischium (78%) or the pubis (50%). Computed tomography overestimated lesion volume by a mean of 0.5 +/- 2.3 cm. The volumetric error was unrelated to lesion location but was dependent on lesion size. As lesion size increased above 10 cm, the mean percentage error decreased to 1.8%. Computed tomography image analysis can be used more accurately than plain radiographs to investigate the effectiveness of treatment and the natural history of pelvic osteolysis.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗
PubMed2003

The accuracy of computed tomography in assessing cervical pedicle screw placement.

STUDY DESIGN: A blinded, prospective comparison of computed tomography scan accuracy for determining the location of cervical pedicle screw position in human cadavers. OBJECTIVES: To establish recommended computed tomography technique guidelines for assessing location of cervical pedicle screws. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: A small number of studies have described the accuracy of roentgenography regarding the assessment of pedicle screw position. However, a few studies have investigated the accuracy of computed tomography in this respect. Ebraheim et al evaluated the relation of lateral mass screws to the nerve roots within the intervertebral foramen on oblique radiographs. No study has been undertaken, to our knowledge, to specifically define the reliability and validity of computed tomography scans in the case of cervical pedicle screw placement. METHODS: As a pilot study, 10 cadaveric cervical spines from another study with bilateral 3.5 mm titanium pedicle screws were scanned with 1.0 mm axial slices. After the scans were interpreted by three blinded readers, each panel member was "trained" with regard to individual accuracy. Ten more cadaveric cervical spines were instrumented with 3.5 mm titanium screws in each pedicle (C2-C7). The specimens were then scanned with a variety of computed tomography techniques, including spiral acquisitions at 1.0 mm, 1.0 mm + reconstruction, 2.5 mm, 5.0 mm slices, and the three-dimensional Stealth Station recipes. The specimens were dissected, and malpositioned screws were recorded and photographed by independent raters. The same three readers from the pilot study then read each new scan in random order. RESULTS: Reader accuracies in the pretraining pilot study were 74%, 68%, and 52%, with kappa coefficients of 0.49, 0.37, and 0.07, respectively, and significant intrarater variances (P = 0.014). After training, the accuracy rate improved significantly to 89%, 88%, and 85% in posttraining study, and the kappa coefficients were 0.81, 0.78, and 0.73, respectively. Kappa statistical analysis showed negligible interreader variance on the entire pivotal study except by the three-dimensional Stealth Station format. The overall mean kappa coefficients were 0.77, 0.75, and 0.73. Assessment of pedicle screw position was statistically inferior with 5.0 mm axial slices, in contrast to slices <3.0 mm. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that reliance on computed tomography scan data in determining the misplacement of a pedicle screw is usually accurate given proper scan acquisition, presentation windows, and adequate reader training, but a clinically significant error rate remains. A conventional computed tomography scan should not be treated as a gold standard, particularly without regard to the readers' training.

Bone Screws↗