Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Communication Disorders”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,459 records · Page 81Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Communicating with the aphasic dental patient.

A significant proportion of older adults has communication impairments. Language disorders involve problems with the use of learned symbol systems, including numbers, pictures, and words. Aphasia is one of the most common types of language disorders experienced by the elderly and is usually caused by a cerebrovascular accident or stroke, but can also be caused by head trauma and tumors. The growing number of dental patients with this language disorder will challenge the dental team to understand and evaluate aphasia and develop effective communication strategies. This paper describes the language impairments commonly experienced by stroke victims, and discusses assessment and communication strategies specifically for the aphasic dental patient.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Functional communication training for the treatment of multiply determined challenging behavior in two boys with autism.

Functional communication training was used to replace multiply determined problem behavior in two boys with autism. Experiment 1 involved a functional analysis of several topographies of problem behavior using a variation of the procedures described by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman. Results suggested that aggression, self-injury, and disruption were multiply determined (i.e., maintained by both attention and access to preferred objects). Experiment 2 involved a multiple-baseline design across subjects. The focus of intervention was to replace aggression, self-injury, and disruption with functionally equivalent communicative alternatives. Both boys were taught alternative "mands" to recruit attention and request preferred objects. Acquisition of these alternative communication skills was associated with concurrent decreases in aggression, self-injury, and disruption. Results suggest that multiply determined challenging behavior can be decreased by teaching an alternative communication skill to replace each assessed function of the problem behavior.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1987

[Total communication in aphasia therapy].

Total Communication Therapy is based on the possibilities which aphasic patients have left to communicate. All aspects of language are trained. The environment stimulates the patient and uses all possible means of communication in order to achieve an optimal level of communication. An evaluation test is being prepared at the moment.

Aphasia↗
PubMed2004

Autism spectrum disorder in fragile X syndrome: communication, social interaction, and specific behaviors.

The present study extends our previous work on social behavior impairment in young males with fragile X syndrome (FraX). Specifically, we evaluated whether the autistic phenomenon in FraX is expressed as a range of behavioral impairments as in idiopathic autism (Aut). We also examined whether there are behaviors, identified as items of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), that in FraX predispose to or differentiate subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. Finally, regression models were utilized to test the relative contribution of reduced communication and socialization skills to ADI-R scores and diagnoses. A cohort of 56 boys (3-8 years) with FraX was examined in terms of scores on measures of cognition (IQ was a co-variate in most analyses.), autistic behavior, problem/aberrant behavior, adaptive behavior, and language development. We found that, indeed, in terms of problem behavior and adaptive skills, there is a range of severity from FraX + Aut to FraX + PDD (Pervasive Developmental Disorder) to FraX + none. ADI-R items representing "Play" types of interaction appear to be "susceptibility" factors since they were abnormal across the FraX cohort. Integrated regression models demonstrated that items reflecting complex social interaction differentiated the FraX + ASD (Aut + PDD) subgroup from the rest of the FraX cohort, while abnormalities in basic verbal and non-verbal communication distinguished the most severely affected boys with FraX + Aut from the milder FraX + PDD cohort. Models incorporating language, adaptive communication, and adaptive socialization skills revealed that socialization was not only the main influence on scores but also a predictor of ASD diagnosis. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that the diagnosis of ASD in FraX reflects, to a large extent, an impairment in social interaction that is expressed with variable severity in young males with FraX.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Risk assessment of forensic patients: nurses' role.

One of the unique roles of forensic nurses is to conduct risk assessments. Establishing a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship helps forensic nurses perform accurate and useful risk assessments. Accurate risk assessments can facilitate formulation of individualized risk management plans, designed to meet patients' needs and ensure public safety. The importance of forensic nurses' knowledge and application of appropriate communication and proper documentation cannot be overemphasized.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1998

[Learning disorders after ruptured aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery].

The aim of this study was to reevaluate short term and long term memory disorders after anterior communicating artery rupture, then to more specifically assess the importance and the role of forgetting, proactive and retroactive interferences, impaired memory for temporal order, attention disorders and dysexecutive syndrome, and finally MRI-defined brain lesions. Twenty one patients presenting with selective anterior brain injury, were assessed at the secondary and late post stroke phases. The short term memory analysis showed the digit span was reduced at the secondary stage, but that mean performances were preserved in the Peterson and Sternberg paradigms. Verbal and visuospatial learning in long term memory showed a severe deficit in free recall, chiefly serial, and associative recall. Recognition was mildly impaired at the secondary phase, and later normalized. A definite and lasting increase of proactive and retroactive interferences and an impairment in discriminating the temporal order of word presentations were observed. Amnesic impairment was relatively well correlated with forgetting, severity of interferences and temporal order amnesia, so as with disorders of attention and executive functions (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). However, intrusions in free recall and false recognitions were not clearly related with the dysexecutive syndrome. The severity of amnesia was associated with lesions of the left anterior cingulate cortex, and of the corpus callosum. These results suggest that these patients mainly had a deficit in information retrieval, mostly compromising long term memory, but also to a lesser degree short term memory. Forgetting, interferences and the dysexecutive syndrome probably play an important role in the decline of mnemonic performance, but do not clearly explain intrusions in recall and errors in recognition.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

The psychological costs of inadequate cervical smear test results: three-month follow-up.

We have previously shown that upon receipt of inadequate cervical smear test results, women have elevated levels of state anxiety and concern about their test results, similar to those of women receiving abnormal smear test results. The current paper reports data on the psychological impact three months after receiving an inadequate smear test result. Two groups of women who initially received a normal test result (n=184) or either a first or non-consecutive inadequate smear test result (n=140) responded. Women with initially received inadequate smear test results no longer had higher state anxiety than women who received normal test results. However, women who initially received inadequate smear test results were still more concerned about their test results and less satisfied with the information they had received about these initial test results, even after receiving normal results from repeat cervical smear tests. Concern was strongly predicted by dissatisfaction with information provided about inadequate smear test results. These results underscore the need to improve communication about inadequate cervical smear test results.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Research in child language disorders: what do we know and where are we going?

Advances in understanding the nature of language impairment in children over the past decade have been abundant. In this paper, several recurring hypotheses about the nature of the clinical disorder of language impairment in children and underlying etiologies are explored and the ways in which we are moving forward in our understanding of them are considered. Specifically, in the first part, the recent thinking on the nature of specific language impairment as a clinical concept is examined. Characteristics of the population are reviewed and the search for causation is considered. Literature on the relations between language and cognition and between language and social cognition is probed for contributions to our understanding of developmental disorders of language. Two areas in which we have seen marked progress and which hold promise for development in the coming decade are the focus of the second part of the paper. The focal areas are: computer-assisted language sample analyses and neurophysiological contribution to understanding language impairment in children. Thoughts about future directions for work in the area of developmental disorders of language are offered in conclusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development and decay of extra-linguistic communication.

Cognitive Pragmatics theory is concerned with analyzing the cognitive processes underlying communication. In previous works we have explained the emergence of communication in context, as revealed by very young children, and the communicative deficits shown by closed head injury patients. The aim of the present work is an extension of Cognitive Pragmatics to the emergence and the decay of extra-linguistic communication. In particular, we investigate the performance of 2- to 7-year-old children and that of Alzheimer's patients in standard and nonstandard (irony and deceit) pragmatic tasks. The predictions derived by Cognitive Pragmatics are confirmed. Comprehension of pragmatic phenomena which are more complex according to the theory emerges later in the development (Experiment 1), and their decay is most severe in Alzheimer's patients (Experiment 2). We conclude that the framework provided by Cognitive Pragmatics can accommodate both the development and the decay of extra-linguistic communication.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Chronic pain in nursing home residents--patients' self-report and nurses' assessment].

BACKGROUND: Nursing home patients who have difficulties communicating are often under-treated for painful conditions. We assessed the agreement between nurses and patients regarding pain. Furthermore, we studied nurses' assessment of pain in non-communicative patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study, including 157 patients from four nursing homes. Demographic data, diagnoses and clinical information were collected. A study nurse interviewed patients and nurses with regard to pain over the last seven days. Patients who answered this question were regarded as communicative, the others as non-communicative. Cognitive function was assessed by means of the Abbreviated Mental Test. RESULTS: A total of 109 patients (69%) were capable of answering the question of whether they had felt pain: 42% of the severely, 68% of the slightly or moderately cognitively impaired, and 97% of the cognitively intact patients. 53% of the patients indicated pain. There was agreement between nurses and patients in 77% of the cases (kappa = 0.54), among the severely impaired 33%, among the slightly or moderately impaired 69%, and among of 78% of those cognitively intact. Nurses considered pain to be less prevalent in non-communicative than in communicative patients (44% versus 52%, p = 0.39). Nurses' pain assessment was significantly related to the presence of pain-related diagnoses. INTERPRETATION: With regard to communicative patients, there was a fairly good/good agreement between patients' report and nurses' assessment of pain. A substantial proportion of the cognitively severely impaired are able to communicate their pain problems.

Aged↗