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PubMed2001

The role of viruses in the induction and progression of asthma.

Viral respiratory infections have been related to asthma in several ways. It is well established that viral common colds precipitate exacerbations of asthma. Severe bronchiolitis in early life is related to subsequent wheezing and therefore may represent a marker of susceptibility to asthma; alternatively, it could be involved in the initiation of the disease. Finally, it is possible that some infections may protect from the development of asthma and allergies by promoting a type-1 host response. However, whether respiratory or other viruses could mediate such a protective effect is debated. The design and implementation of novel anti- or proviral strategies targeting asthma depends on the resolution of these questions. This review presents current evidence on the epidemiologic correlations and proposed mechanisms for the involvement of viral infections in the development and progression of asthma.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Reversal of malignancy by the adenovirus E1a gene.

Tumor suppressor genes such as Rb and p53 usually kill tumor cells when overexpressed ectopically. This is a consequence of their normal cell cycle regulatory functions. By contrast, the E1a gene of adenovirus, a common cold virus, converts tumor cells into viable normal cells. This has advantages for investigation and control of cancer. In particular, E1a is a master programmer of the epithelial phenotype. This provides a new tool for understanding the molecular basis of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and how it goes awry in cancer cells. Furthermore, epithelial cells are sensitive to a form of apoptosis - 'anoikis' - that is induced by detachment from extracellular matrix. This property confers strict anchorage-dependence. Transcriptional programming, by E1a or the formation of cell-cell junctional complexes, programs epithelial cells to be sensitive to anoikis.

Adenovirus E1A Proteins↗
PubMed1992

Diagnosis of sinusitis in adults: history, physical examination, nasal cytology, echo, and rhinoscope.

The symptoms of sinusitis are common and overlap other diseases ranging from common colds to perennial rhinitis. When symptoms are prolonged and interfere with daily living, an appropriate set of investigations are indicated. The workup is designed to detect both the presence and extent of any disease in the paranasal sinus cavities. In chronic sinusitis, a constellation of nonspecific symptoms such as facial pressure, headache, nasal obstruction, and drainage may occur. Physical examination is important to exclude anatomic causes of symptoms. A negative physical examination does not rule out the diagnosis. Adjunctive tests in selected cases include nasal cytologic studies, ultrasound studies, and the use of flexible or rigid nasal endoscopes, in addition to imaging tests such as radiology and computed tomography.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

A cell adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, is the major surface receptor for rhinoviruses.

Rhinoviruses, which cause common colds, possess over 100 serotypes, 90% of which (the major group) share a single receptor. Lymphocyte function associated molecule 1 (LFA-1) mediates leukocyte adhesion to a wide variety of cell types by binding to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). We demonstrate identity between the receptor for the major group of rhinoviruses and ICAM-1. A major group rhinovirus binds specifically to purified ICAM-1 and to ICAM-1 expressed on transfected COS cells, and binding is blocked by three ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) that block ICAM-1-LFA-1 interaction, but not by an ICAM-1 MAb that does not block ICAM-1-LFA-1 interaction. This suggests that the ICAM-1 contact site(s) for LFA-1 and rhinoviruses is proximal or identical. In addition, ICAM-1 MAb block the cytopathic effect in HeLa cells mediated by representative major but not minor group rhinoviruses. ICAM-1 is induced by soluble mediators of inflammation, suggesting that the host immune response to rhinovirus may facilitate spread to uninfected cells.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1987

A 'new' generation of more potent synthetic antirhinovirus compounds: comparison of their MICs and their synergistic interactions.

A 'new' generation of synthetic antirhinovirus compounds has recently become available for in vitro evaluation. Thus a new group of compounds from Janssen was found to be 10-fold more active than enviroxime or 57-fold more active than dichloroflavan (DCF), against human rhinovirus 9 (HRV-9). In addition, they were also some 5- and 10-fold more potent than enviroxime and DCF, respectively, against HRV-2. Similarly, a 'new' series of antirhinovirus compounds from Roche, although as active as enviroxime against HRV-9, were found to be 4-fold more potent than DCF against the same virus. Moreover, they were 45- and 90-fold more active than enviroxime and DCF, respectively, when tested against HRV-2. We found that generally HRV-2 was more sensitive to these new compounds than HRV-9. In this study we also report on the synergistic interaction between these new synthetic substances and also with some of the earlier compounds such as DCF and enviroxime and we discuss the possible implication of this synergistic activity regarding the future prevention and treatment of common colds caused by rhinoviruses.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1992

Cyclosporine in psoriasis: a multicenter dose-finding study in severe plaque psoriasis. The German Multicenter Study.

Interim results of a randomized, controlled, dose-finding study conducted in 24 dermatology centers on 217 patients with severe chronic plaque psoriasis (entry psoriasis area and severity index of at least 15) are presented. Patients were first treated with cyclosporine either 1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg/day (Sandimmune); in case of inadequate response the dosage was increased to a maximum of 5 mg/kg/day. Cyclosporine was given for 12 to 36 weeks. Treatment was classified as "successful" if the psoriasis area and severity index was reduced to 25% or less of the baseline value or below 8. At the end of the treatment period 18% of patients had improved their psoriasis area and severity index "successfully" with the initial dose of 1.25 mg/kg/day. "Successful" improvement with the initial dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day was achieved in 56% of the cases. In the 1.25 mg group, 44 patients had to increase their dose to 2.5 mg/kg/day and 31 patients to 5 mg/kg/day. In 29 patients whose dosages were started at 2.5 mg/kg/day the dosage was subsequently increased to 5 mg/kg/day. Although 1.25 mg/kg/day proved to be effective in some cases, 2.5 mg/kg/day of cyclosporine is the optimal starting dose. Adverse events were observed in 10% of the patients taking 1.25 mg/kg/day, in 20% taking 2.5 mg/kg/day, and in 32% taking 5 mg/kg/day. The most common were gastrointestinal complaints, followed by the common cold and other viral infections. An increase of serum creatinine level above 130 mumols/L occurred in five patients who could continue therapy after reducing the dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Health in the early contact period: a contemporary example from Papua New Guinea.

In 1984 a rare opportunity arose to document the effects of contact on a previously isolated population in Papua New Guinea. The Hagahai, a small group of hunter-horticulturalists, remained hidden from government and mission influence until the early 1980s. Prior to that time, indirect contact through trade with neighboring peoples facilitated the entry of introduced infectious diseases. In late 1983 the Hagahai sought medical aid at a mission station, an event which accelerated their contact with the common epidemic diseases of the highlands. A wide variety of genetic, linguistic, ethnographic and medical data have been collected which document the historical sequence of events contributing to the current rapid demographic decline among the Hagahai. Serological evidence demonstrates the endemicity of Bancroftian filariasis, malaria, C. diphtheriae, cytomegalovirus, HTLV-1, the Ross River arbovirus and several viruses associated with the common cold. Recent epidemics include mumps, influenza A, and hepatitis B. They have not yet been affected by TB or measles, among others. Infanticide contributes to an estimated infant mortality rate of 568/1000. With a crude birth rate of 38 and a crude mortality rate of 51, the Hagahai appear to be dying out. The provision of adequate health care to these people is extremely problematic and beyond the capacity of the existing system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Menstrual pain, health and behaviour in girls.

Prevalence of menstrual pain, use of medication and school absenteeism due to the pain were studied by means of a mailed questionnaire in a sample representing 12-18-year-old girls in Finland (n = 3370, response rate 87%). Prevalence of menstrual pain was 48% among 12-year-old post-menarcheal girls and 79% among 18-year-olds. Thirty percent of the 16-year-old girls had used medication and 21% had stayed at home due to menstrual pain in the last 6 months; 3% had both been absent and used medication several times. Three types of factors were associated with menstrual pain: (1) physiological (gynaecological age, duration of menstrual flow); (2) indicators of poor self-rated health (not feeling active in the morning, bad physical condition, number of common colds); (3) unhealthy practices (consumption of alcohol, low physical activity, smoking). The prevalence of menstrual pain did not correlate with the variables describing the place of residence or the socio-economic status of the family. The determinants of menstrual pain are supposed to lie more in the biological construct and micro-environment of the girls than in macro-level structures of the society. The experience of pain seems to be related to self-rated health as a whole and to lifestyle rather than to specific disorders and health practices.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1992

An occupational health programme for adults and children in the carpet weaving industry, Mirzapur, India: a case study in the informal sector.

The Indo-Dutch Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Project under Ganga action Plan in Kanpur and Mirzapur is being executed within the framework of Indo-Dutch bilateral development cooperation. The project aims to integrate technological, social and health related improvements. It is expected that the development approach and methodology can be replicated in other urban settlements in India. The project is being supplemented by a training and institutional strengthening programme, which will facilitate the transfer of new technologies and improvements in operation and maintenance of these new technologies. One of the project's goals is to improve living conditions in the targeted areas by installing drinking water and drainage systems. A socio-economic unit (SEU) in the project supports these technical interventions by encouraging the community to participate in project activities. The Occupational Health Programme in Mirzapur was conceived by the SEU to improve the health and living conditions of child and adult weavers. At the start of the programme, 200 weavers and 60 non-weaver workers from Mirzapur city, matched for age and socio-economic status, were interviewed and underwent a physical examination. The mean age of the weavers is 27 years, reflecting the relatively large percentage of child labour (13.5%). Illiteracy among them is 73%, whereas 14% have had only a primary education. 64.5% of the carpet weavers are Muslims and 35.6% are Hindus. 61% own a loom or work in a family owned loom shed. 95% of the weavers have a monthly income of less than 600 Rs. Complaints of a persistent cough and cough with expectoration, backache, the common cold and joint pains occurred more often in the weaver population than in the comparison group and have been identified as 'occupational hazards'. An intervention programme has been implemented based on the results of the occupational health survey. These interventions include awareness camps, installment of plexiglass tiles for light improvement in the loom sheds, training of community health volunteers and house-to-house health education. Another essential part of the programme is the provision of functional literacy classes for child and adult labourers in the carpet weaving industry. Occupational health as an entry point proved to be a successful approach in this segment of the informal sector, where child labour plays an important role.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Novel strategies for clinical drug analysis with new column technology in liquid chromatography.

Clinical drug analysis has been the focus of much attention and controversy because of the increase in substance abuse testing of addicts, patients, employees and others, in addition to the rapidly growing fields of therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical toxicology. This review focuses on the latest methodological and technological advances in liquid chromatography (LC) as it is applied to clinical drug analysis. Based on the author's experience, key chromatographic parameters such as carbon load, functionalities and temperature are proposed for the separation of structurally similar metabolites and for resolving chromatographic interferences by other drugs and metabolites. Novel sample preparation for cyclosporine and gradient elution of its metabolites are reviewed, followed by an update on monitoring of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine with emphasis on automated sample preparation. Various approaches of direct sample analysis are advocated for increased efficiency as a result of minimal sample preparation and potential advantages such as decreased exposure of personnel to infectious samples. An update of microbore LC indicates that 2-mm columns may be readily used for clinical paediatric and neonatal analysis without dedicated chromatographs. Potential applications of multidimensional-multimodal chromatography include analyses of a cocaine impurity, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and five ingredients of a common cold medication.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1995

Studies on photoinactivation by various phthalocyanines of a free or replicating non-enveloped virus.

The non-enveloped picornaviruses, which are particularly resistant to physicochemical inactivation, include the aetiological agents of poliomyelitis, hepatitis A and E and infectious common cold (rhinovirus). In this work we used human rhinovirus type 5 (RV-5) cultivated in VERO cells to study the photoinactivating effects of several phthalocyanines and naphthobenzoporphyrazines. Free RV-5 was photoinactivated by aluminium trisulphonated naphthobenzoporphyrazine at 5 x 10(-8) M concentration. This photosensitizer was also active on replicating virus when the infected VERO cells were treated with 5 x 10(-6) M concentration followed by a very short illumination period. On the other hand, the ZnPc(3-MeO-Py)4 phthalocyanine, which possesses four positive charges, does not photoinactivate free rhinovirus, but this molecule protects VERO cells against RV-5 infection when added to the cultures before virus inoculation, in the presence or absence of subsequent illumination, and may therefore be considered as an antiviral agent in itself.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A climatologic investigation of the SARS-CoV outbreak in Beijing, China.

The first cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were identified in November 2002, in Guangdong Province, China. The epidemic spread rapidly within China and internationally, with 8454 recorded infections and 792 deaths by June 15, 2003. Temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity were the three key meteorological determinants affecting the transmission of SARS. The peak spread of SARS occurred at a mean temperature of 16.9 degrees C (95% CI, 10.7 degrees C to 23.1 degrees C), with a mean relative humidity of 52.2% (95% CI, 33.0% to 71.4%) and wind speed of 2.8 ms(-1) (95% CI, 2.0 to 3.6 ms(-1)). In northern China, these conditions are most likely to occur in the spring and suggest that SARS has a seasonal nature akin to viruses such as influenza and the common cold. A regression equation (Y=218.692-0.698X(t)-2.043X(h)+2.282X(w)) was derived to represent the optimal climatic conditions for the 2003 SARS epidemic. Further investigations in other regions are necessary to verify these results.

China↗
PubMed2006

Cinnamaldehyde reduces IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 activity in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells.

Cinnamaldehyde is a principle compound isolated from Guizhi-Tang, which is a famous traditional Chinese medical formula used to treat influenza, common cold and other pyretic conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on expression and activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (RCMEC). RCMEC were cultured, and identified by immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor in cytoplasm of the cells. Then cells were incubated in M199 medium containing interleukin (IL)-1beta in the presence or absence of cinnamaldehyde. After incubation, the medium was collected and the amount of PGE(2) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cells were harvested, mRNA expression and activity of COX were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with SYBR Green dye and ELISA respectively. Positive immunostaining for von Willebrand factor was present diffusely in the cytoplasm of >95% RCMEC. IL-1beta increased the mRNA expression and activity of COX-2, and production of PGE(2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner in RCMEC, while mRNA and activity of COX-1 were not significantly altered. Cinnamaldehyde significantly decreased IL-1beta-induced COX-2 activity and PGE(2) production in a dose-dependent manner, while it showed no inhibitory effect on IL-1beta-induced COX-2 mRNA expression in cultured RCMEC. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde reduces IL-1beta-induced COX-2 activity, but not IL-1beta-induced COX-2 mRNA expression, and consequently inhibits production of PGE(2) in cultured RCMEC.

Acrolein↗
PubMed2006

Inhibitory effect of Andrographis paniculata extract and its active diterpenoids on platelet aggregation.

Andrographis paniculata has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of common cold especially in Asia and Scandinavia. The three active diterpenoids from this plant, including aqueous plant extracts, were investigated for the inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation in vitro. The results indicated that andrographolide (AP(1)) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (AP(3)) significantly inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a concentration-(1-100 microM) and time-dependent manner while neoandrographolide (AP(4)) had little or no activity. AP(3) exhibited higher antiplatelet activity than AP(1) with IC(50) values ranging from 10 to 50 microM. The inhibitory mechanism of AP(1) and AP(3) on platelet aggregation was also evaluated and the results indicated that the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway may contribute to antiplatelet activity of these two compounds. In addition, standardized aqueous extracts of A. paniculata containing different amounts of AP(3) inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation to different degrees. The extracts significantly decreased platelet aggregation in a concentration-(10-100 microg/ml) and time-dependent manner. However, the extract with high level of AP(3) (Extract B) (IC(50) values=50-75 microg/ml) showed less inhibitory activity against thrombin than the extract with lower level of AP(3) (Extract A) (IC(50) values=25-50 microg/ml). These results indicate that the standardized A. paniculata extract may contain other antiplatelet compounds rather than AP(1) and AP(3), which contribute to high antiplatelet activity. Therefore, the consumption of A. paniculata products may help to prevent or treat some cardiovascular disorders i.e. thrombosis; however, it should be used with caution by patients with bleeding disorders.

Andrographis↗
PubMed2004

Echinacea alkylamides modulate TNF-alpha gene expression via cannabinoid receptor CB2 and multiple signal transduction pathways.

Echinacea plant preparations are widely used in the prevention and treatment of common cold. However, so far no molecular mechanism of action has been proposed. We analyzed the standardized tincture Echinaforce and found that it induced de novo synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA in primary human monocytes/macrophages, but not TNF-alpha protein. Moreover, LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha protein was potently inhibited in the early phase but prolonged in the late phase. A study of the main constituents of the extract showed that the alkylamides dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides (1/2), trienoic (3) and dienoic acid (4) derivatives are responsible for this effect. The upregulation of TNF-alpha mRNA was found to be mediated by CB2 receptors, increased cAMP, p38/MAPK and JNK signaling, as well as NF-kappaB and ATF-2/CREB-1 activation. This study is the first to report a possible molecular mechanism of action of Echinacea, highlighting the role of alkylamides as potent immunomodulators and potential ligands for CB2 receptors.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2005

An outbreak of food-borne listeriosis due to cheese in Japan, during 2001.

Food-borne outbreaks caused by Listeria monocytogenes have been recognized in US and European countries. Only sporadic cases, of neonatal listeriosis, have been reported in Japan. Since L. monocytogenes has been often isolated from foods in Japan, food-borne outbreaks potentially could have occurred. In February 2001, L. monocytogenes serotype 1/2b was isolated from a washed-type cheese during routine Listeria monitoring of 123 domestic cheeses. Further samples from products and the environments at the plant that produced the contaminated cheese were examined for L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes serotype 1/2b was detected in 15 cheese samples, at most probable number that ranged from <30 to 4.6 x 10(9)/100 g, and in environmental samples. Studies with people who had consumed cheese from the plant revealed 86 persons who had been infected with L. monocytogenes. Thirty-eight of those people had developed clinical symptoms of gastroenteritis or the common cold type after the consumption of cheese. Isolates from those patients exhibited the same serotype, pathogenicity for mice and HeLa cells, DNA fingerprinting patterns and PCR amplification patterns. From the epidemiological and genetic evidence, it appeared that the outbreak was caused by cheese. This is the first documented incidence of food-borne listeriosis in Japan.

Cheese↗
PubMed2004

Implementation of clinical practice guidelines for upper respiratory infection in Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of implementing clinical practice guidelines (CPG) on antibiotic prescribing for adults with upper respiratory infection (URI) in terms of the changes in diagnosis and prevalence and patterns of antibiotic prescribing. METHODS: The CPG on antibiotic treatments for adults with URI published in the Annals of Internal Medicine 2001; 134: 479-52 were considered to be of high quality and applicable to Thai patients. A one-page clinical practice protocol in Thai was prepared from these guidelines. The dissemination strategy provided CPG and clinical practice protocol to 12 general practitioners in Siriraj Social Security Program in Bangkok during interactive educational meetings in April 2001. The information on 837 URI episodes from January to March (pre-CPG phase) and 774 URI episodes during May to July (post-CPG phase) were extracted from the patients' medical records. Telephone follow up for patients without antibiotics in the post-CPG phase was also attempted. RESULTS: Changes in the post-CPG period included (1) The diagnosis of URI was used less frequently whereas the diagnosis of common cold, pharyngitis and acute bronchitis were used more frequently (p<0.05). (2) Antibiotic use fell from 74.0% to 44.1% (p<0.001). (3) Fewer prescriptions for amoxicillin, roxithromycin, co-trimoxazole and doxycycline, and more for penicillin V (p<0.05). Patients (n=97) not given antibiotics reported recovery in 83.5% and improvement in 16.5%. CONCLUSION: A locally prepared clinical practice protocol based on US CPG for appropriate antibiotic use for URI combined with interactive educational meetings is effective in promoting appropriate diagnosis and antibiotic therapy in an ambulatory setting in a tertiary care hospital in Thailand.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Current challenges in diagnosis of acute otitis media.

Diagnosis of acute otitis media is difficult: circumstances and equipment for diagnosis are often compromised, the child may be uncooperative, signs and symptoms of acute otitis media and those of the common cold are mostly the same, and parents appear to have strong opinions concerning correct diagnosis and treatment. Many clinicians have received inadequate pre- and postgraduate education about diagnosis. On the other hand, they are aware of the worldwide problem of antimicrobial resistance resulting from antibiotics unwisely prescribed for viral infections. We performed a systematic search to summarize what is known about diagnosis of acute otitis media and suggest ways to improve one's diagnostic skills. With the combination of appropriate and well-maintained diagnostic equipment for tympanometry and pneumatic otoscopy, strict diagnostic criteria, and open communication with each child's parents it is possible to increase accuracy in acute otitis media diagnosis. Recent public health campaigns both among clinicians and parents, plus increased knowledge of diagnostics reveal the possibility of significantly decreasing the number of acute otitis media diagnoses in children which will lead to reduced prescription of antibiotics.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗