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PubMed2004

Neural correlates of behavioral preference for culturally familiar drinks.

Coca-Cola (Coke) and Pepsi are nearly identical in chemical composition, yet humans routinely display strong subjective preferences for one or the other. This simple observation raises the important question of how cultural messages combine with content to shape our perceptions; even to the point of modifying behavioral preferences for a primary reward like a sugared drink. We delivered Coke and Pepsi to human subjects in behavioral taste tests and also in passive experiments carried out during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Two conditions were examined: (1) anonymous delivery of Coke and Pepsi and (2) brand-cued delivery of Coke and Pepsi. For the anonymous task, we report a consistent neural response in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex that correlated with subjects' behavioral preferences for these beverages. In the brand-cued experiment, brand knowledge for one of the drinks had a dramatic influence on expressed behavioral preferences and on the measured brain responses.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Women's attractiveness judgments of self-resembling faces change across the menstrual cycle.

Two lines of reasoning predict that women's preferences for people exhibiting cues to kinship will be lower in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Women may avoid kinship cues during the follicular phase when they are most fertile due to the costs of inbreeding. Alternatively, women may seek kinship cues during the luteal phase as a byproduct of the benefits of associating with kin during pregnancy, which is also characterized by high progesterone. We find that preferences for facial resemblance, a putative kinship cue, follow this predicted pattern and are positively correlated with estimated progesterone levels based on cycle day. Neither estimated estrogen levels nor conception risk predicted preferences for self-resemblance, and the cyclic shift was stronger for preferences for female faces than male faces. These findings lead to the possibility that this cyclic change in preference for self-resemblance may be a byproduct of a hormonal mechanism for increasing affiliative behavior toward kin during pregnancy rather than a mechanism for preventing inbreeding during fertile periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Acoustic startle reflexes in the rat during consummatory behavior.

Auditory startle reflexes were elicited in thirsty rats when they were drinking water or were between drinking boutsmthe reaction was greater during drinking, this enhancement developing over the first few seconds after drinking onset. The startle reaction was lowest immediately after the termination of drinking. Reflex enhancement was reduced when thirsty rats drank milk rather than the more preferred water. The reflex was smaller with increased water deprivation, but enhancement produced by drinking was apparent at all levels of deprivation studied, satiety to 4-days deprivation. The inhibitory effect of a preliminary stimulus was not affected by consummatory behavior. Attention is drawn to suggestive parallels between these behavioral effects and other consequences of consummatory activity, primarily having to do with electrophysiological events and arousal processes

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Neural correlates of impulsive-violent behavior: an event-related potential study.

Impulsive-violent offenders are often less capable of controlling their behavior. A cued Go/No-go task was used to test the hypothesis that impulsive-violent behavior reflects a deficit in the ability to inhibit prepotent responses and could be reflected in the measurement of event-related potentials. Results showed that the amplitudes of the N2 component at Fz reflected different degrees of inhibition in impulsive-violent offenders compared with matched controls. The N2 amplitude (No-go minus Go) was significantly lower in the impulsive-violent offenders than in matched controls. The amplitude of N2 increased when effort was required to withhold the Go intention. A smaller N2 amplitude was seen in offenders, suggesting difficulties with inhibition of prepotent behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Increase of rat alcohol drinking behavior depends on the age of drinking onset.

BACKGROUND: Although alcohol drinking onset in younger people is associated with an increased risk of alcohol-related injuries, other factors, such as habituation and susceptibility to alcohol, in the process of aging have not been adequately examined in animal models. In the present study, we determined whether age of drinking onset affected alcohol drinking behavior and led to alcohol tolerance in experimental animals, and extrapolated some of the findings to human alcohol drinking patterns. METHODS: In the first experiment, 18 rats that were naive to alcohol were tested at the age of 1, 4, and 10 months with 4 hr of access to 10% (v/v) alcohol. After the time access tests, these animals (1, 4, and 10 months of age) were housed individually and given free access to 10% alcohol solution and tap water. At 3 and 6 months later, all rats that had experienced alcohol drinking were studied for the voluntary consumption of the alcohol solution, alcohol preference, under the two-bottle method in a second experiment. RESULTS: In the 4-hr alcohol-access test, alcohol intake (g/kg/hr) was significantly increased at 0.5 and 1 hr in 1- and 4-month-old naive rats compared with 10-month-old naive rats. The daily alcohol intake (g/kg/day) of rats with drinking onset at 1 month of age was significantly increased at 3 and 6 months after the voluntary alcohol consumption. The daily alcohol intake in the rats with drinking onset at 4 months of age was significantly increased at 6 months only. However, the daily alcohol intake did not change in the rats with drinking onset at 10 months of age through the alcohol preference test. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol drinking behavior in experimental animals depends on the age of alcohol drinking onset.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Why do people reject unintended inequity? Responders' rejection in a truncated ultimatum game.

Rejection of an inequitable and yet unintended outcome in a truncated ultimatum game was examined in an experiment with 46 undergraduate students (27 men and 19 women) from a large national university in Japan. In an ultimatum game, one of two players, the proposer, makes an offer to divide a fixed-sum of money. The other player, the responder, decides whether to accept or reject the offer. When the responder rejects the proposer's offer, neither of the two players receives a reward. Previous work examining the behavior of participants in the truncated ultimatum game employed strategy method in their experimental design. We examined whether these previous findings would be replicated in an experimental design that did not use the strategy method and instead used the standard one-shot game. Seven out of 46 responders given an inequitable offer rejected it, replicating prior results with the strategy method. We further found that subjects who rejected an offer that was involuntary and yet inequitable did not over-attribute intentions to the proposer's involuntary behavior more strongly than did acceptors. These findings strongly suggest that aversion to inequity is the explanation for the subjects' rejection of the inequitable offer.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

What and when: parallel and convergent processing in motor control.

Successful motor behavior requires making appropriate response (response selection) at the right time (timing adjustment). Earlier psychological studies have suggested that the response selection and timing adjustment processes are performed serially in separate stages. We tested this hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The subjects performed a choice reaction time task in four conditions: two (on-line response selection required or not) by two (on-line timing adjustment required or not). We found that the neural correlates for the two processes were indeed separate: the anterior medial premotor cortex (presupplementary motor area) was selectively active in response selection, whereas the cerebellar posterior lobe was selectively active in timing adjustment. However, the functional separation was only partial in that the lateral premotor cortex and the intraparietal sulcus were active equally for response selection and timing adjustment. The lateral premotor cortex was most active when both processes were required, suggesting that it integrates the information on response selection and the information on timing adjustment; alternatively, it might contribute to the allocation of attentional resources during dual information processing. The intraparietal sulcus was equally active when either response selection or timing adjustment was required, suggesting that it modifies, rather than integrates, these processes. Furthermore, our results suggest that these activations related to response selection and timing adjustment were distinct from sensory or motor processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The challenge of behavior change.

In a culture that is becoming increasingly automated, motivating individuals to choose to be active remains a great challenge. Recognizing that individuals differ in their motivation to become active and then tailoring the counseling message according to the individual's readiness for change have been shown to help spur behavior change. Developing means for designing interventions for moderate activity and additional recommendations for patient-treatment matching will help to promote physical activity.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1979

Marketing: changing prospective patients' behavior.

Opportunities must be seen in terms of exchange values, and the hospital--by improving the perceived advantages of hospital use to groups of patients and physicians--can make the most of its marketing opportunities.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1993

Sex-related spatial learning differences after prenatal cocaine exposure in the young adult rat.

Prenatal cocaine exposure in humans is associated with a variety of adverse neurobehavioral effects. In the rat, in utero cocaine exposure has been shown to elicit learning impairment during early postnatal development. However, little research has focused on the persistence of these behavioral disruptions. The current study examines the long-term effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on learning performance during young adulthood. Fetal cocaine exposure evoked differential effects in male and female rats on radial-arm maze learning performance. Cocaine-treated females showed significantly impaired choice accuracy during acquisition of radial-arm maze performance when compared to control females. In contrast, cocaine-treated males showed no impairment and in fact showed significantly improved performance on one measure of choice accuracy. For both sexes, this effect was apparent during the final third of acquisition. No evidence was found to suggest altered sensitivity to anticholinergic drugs. While both nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic antagonists caused significant impairments in memory performance, control and cocaine-exposed rats were effected equally. Single doses of these drugs which caused moderate memory deficits were chosen for use in the current study. The entire dose range should be evaluated to determine the relative sensitivity of cocaine-exposed and control animals to these drugs. The results of this study indicate that there are cognitive effects of prenatal cocaine exposure which persist into adulthood and the sex of the offspring seems to be critical.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting iron-fortified soy sauce consumption intention: application of the theory of planned behavior and health belief model.

OBJECTIVE: To identify variables that significantly predict the intention of iron ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaFeEDTA)-fortified soy sauce (FeSS) consumption. DESIGN: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Health Belief Model (HBM), was administered, and a multistage, stratified sampling method was carried out to select study samples. SETTING: Urban and rural areas in Guizhou province, China. SUBJECTS: 636 women from rural areas and 454 from urban areas completed 1090 eligible questionnaires. VARIABLES MEASURED: Women's knowledge of FeSS; perceived severity and susceptibility of iron deficiency (ID) or iron deficiency anemia (IDA); and attitudes toward behavior, control beliefs, barriers, cues, intention to buy FeSS, health value, and health behavior identity factors were measured. ANALYSIS: A path analysis was conducted to test the goodness of fit of the model and to modify the model. Scale and factor analyses were conducted to verify the scale's reliability and construct validity. The alpha level was set at .05. RESULTS: The model explained 35% to 55% of the variance of behavioral intention. FeSS knowledge directly and indirectly affected the intention to buy FeSS. The behavioral intention was also impacted by women's health value and perception of perceived susceptibility and severity of IDA through the behavior identity and attitudes toward behavior. Cues, as an external factor, greatly affected the intention. The external control belief was a weak factor affecting intention. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE: Integrated TPB and HBM explained the behavioral intention of FeSS consumption among women in Guizhou, China. Nutrition education should emphasize behavioral attitudes and identity, and improve knowledge of FeSS and perception of ID and IDA, which would relieve anxiety about FeSS.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Predicting exercise in late midlife from young adult personality characteristics.

This study explored the relationship between personality and exercise over the life span by using young adult personality characteristics to predict current exercise behavior in late middle-aged male graduates from the Harvard University classes of 1942 to 1944. After controlling for prior exercise behavior, body build, and fitness in young adulthood, we found that personality variables improved classification accuracy in discriminant analysis, and especially improved identification of frequent exercisers. Personality variables positively associated with frequent exercise include affective vitality, integration, lack of anxiety, and lack of shyness. Results are interpreted as supporting a psychobiological account of exercise behavior. Caution is suggested in generalizing the results to other populations, such as less privileged socio-economic classes or females.

Aging↗
PubMed1978

Multihandicapped children's preferences for pure tones and speech stimuli as a method of assessing auditory capabilities.

Residual hearing capabilities of nine severely and profoundly retarded multihandicapped deaf-blind children were determined with an operant procedure that allowed the children to respond by making a selection between two alternative responses. One response option resulted in the presentation of auditory reinforcement (pure tones and speech stimuli of various frequencies); the other option resulted in no reinforcement. Levels of the sound intensity were varied systematically to obtain a "threshold" for selective responding. Each of the severely damaged "untestable" children made numerous meaningful responses throughout the testing sessions, thereby revealing the levels of intensity that could be heard and those that were not high enough to elicit preferential responding. The children responded comparably in conditions employing pure tones and speech. The responses of most of the children were comparable across frequency conditions, although some of the children's records show selective responding at lower levels of intensity for certain frequencies than for others. We also found that varying the level of intensity of the stimuli not only affected the children's selective behavior, but also their time on task measures and their individual patterns of responding.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1992

Maintenance of behavioral change in a cohort of homosexually active men.

OBJECTIVES: To assess associations of perceptions of sexual behavior change with actual risk behaviors and psychosocial variables, and to determine whether perceptions of behavior change predict subsequent behavior. DESIGN: Cohort study of homosexually active men. SETTING: Community health center in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and sixty-two cohort members who participated in follow-up in 1989 and who had at least one subsequent visit. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Composite risk behavior variable, based on unprotected anogenital contact and number of partners. RESULTS: Of the 96% who had effected behavior change, 47% perceived that they were able to maintain those changes consistently and 58% wanted to make more changes. Perceptions of consistent maintenance were associated with lower risk behavior, lower perceived riskiness of behaviors and susceptibility to AIDS, and fewer barriers to behavior change. Desire for more change was associated with increased behavioral effort, fewer barriers to condom use, and greater perceived riskiness of current behavior. Among those with lower risk behaviors, perceived inconsistent maintenance predicted relapse to more risky behavior at the following visit. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived maintenance of behavior change is potentially useful in identifying individuals at risk of relapse from safer sex.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Integrative assessment of brain and cognitive function in post-traumatic stress disorder.

The present study combined neuropsychological and electrophysiological measures to obtain a comprehensive profile of the everyday attentional and memory dysfunction reported in PTSD. The event-related potential (ERP) literature has consistently found abnormalities in late components (N2, P3) reflecting working memory (WM) function. However, the neuropsychological profile reported in the literature has considerable variation. The present study examined ERP activity in 33 PTSD participants and matched controls during a standard two-tone auditory oddball task. Neuropsychological assessment was carried out using a task battery assessing a wide range of cognitive functions. Consistent with previous work, the PTSD group showed delayed N2 latency and reduced P3 target amplitude, together with slower and less accurate target detection. Scalp topography provided evidence of widespread abnormality during WM function, but with strongest effects broadly over the left hemisphere. Neuropsychological testing found concomitant difficulties on factorial measures of verbal memory retention/access and sustained attention but enhanced performance on measures of immediate recall. This integrative pattern of effects reflects a specific impairment in the operation of working memory systems that guide ongoing, planned behavior and that facilitate the acquisition and retention of new memories.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of an educational video on patient decision making in early breast cancer treatment.

Previous research suggests that patient education programs promoting shared decision making (SDM) may improve patient satisfaction and outcomes, yet controlled clinical trials are lacking. The authors evaluate the impact of an early breast cancer treatment educational video on patients' decisional preferences and behavior. Newly diagnosed stage I/stage II breast cancer patients were assigned to SDM video program or control groups in alternating months. Surveys were administered prior to the provider visit and 1 week following the treatment decision. Variables assessed included autonomy preferences, perceived involvement in care, satisfaction, and treatment choice. There were no significant intervention effects on informational/decisional preferences, anxiety, knowledge, or satisfaction. Although 25% of SDM patients chose mastectomy compared to 14% of controls, this difference was not statistically significant. Eventhough enthusiasm for SDM programs remains high among some patients and providers, this study found only modest benefits.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The potential contribution of preplanned refixations to the preferred viewing location.

On the basis of recent evidence for the preplanning of refixation saccades in reading-like tasks (e.g., Beauvillain, Vergilino, & Dukic, 2000), we proposed that for a proportion of words refixated during natural reading, the refixation sequence is planned before the word is fixated, and that the saccade target for these cases is near the beginning of the word. The preferred viewing location (PVL) phenomenon can then be explained as a mixture of two populations of planned saccades: those that initiate a multiple-fixation sequence and single fixations. This account supplants saccadic undershooting as the primary determinant of the PVL. We used a corpus of eye movement data to show that the probability of refixation is strongly correlated with the estimated perceptibility of the target word from the current fixation location, and that the observed (re-)fixation behavior is justified when assessed in terms of a lexical uncertainty measure. Refixations may be preplanned in order to increase the chances of successful word identification.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Isocaloric meal and snack foods differentially affect eating behavior.

The present study tested whether foods categorized as meals reduce subsequent intake more than isocaloric foods categorized as snacks. The study was repeated three times with variations. In each variation we manipulated whether subjects received meal or snack foods in an isocaloric load. In Variation 1, subjects consumed less following a load of meal foods than snacks. Variation 2 found this effect to be short-term, affecting food choice 20 min following a load but not 3 h later. Variation 3 demonstrated: (1) this effect occurs independent of the effects of the weights of foods, and (2) this effect varies specifically with subject perceptions of foods (i.e. whether they are part of a meal or snack). These results are discussed in terms of how cognitive representations of preload foods can influence subsequent consumption.

Adolescent↗