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PubMed2006

Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and nitrate and nitrite from drinking water and diet.

INTRODUCTION: Nitrate and nitrite are precursors in the in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds, potent animal carcinogens. METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in 1998 to 2000 in Iowa, Detroit, Seattle, and Los Angeles. Because nitrate levels were elevated in many drinking water supplies in Iowa, but not in the other study centers, we evaluated water nitrate levels and risk of NHL in Iowa only. Monitoring data for public supplies were linked to water source histories from 1960 onward. Nitrate was measured at interview homes with private wells. We limited most analyses to those with nitrate estimates for > 70% of their person-years since 1960 (181 cases, 142 controls). For those in the diet arm of the study (458 cases, 383 controls from 4 centers) and for Iowa participants in both the diet and drinking water analyses, we estimated dietary nitrate and nitrite intake using a 117-item food-frequency questionnaire that included foods high in nitrate and nitrite. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression, adjusting for the study matching factors, education, and caloric intake (diet analyses only). RESULTS: We found no overall association with the highest quartile of average drinking water nitrate (> 2.90 mg/L nitrate-N: odds ratios = 1.2; 95% confidence interval = 0.6-2.2) or with years > or = 5 mg/L (10+ years: 1.4; 0.7-2.9). We observed no evidence of an interaction between drinking water nitrate exposure and either vitamin C or red meat intake, an inhibitor and precursor, respectively, of N-nitroso compound formation. Among those in the diet arm, dietary nitrate was inversely associated with risk of NHL (highest quartile: 0.54; 0.34-0.86). Dietary nitrite intake was associated with increasing risk (highest quartile: 3.1; 1.7-5.5) largely due to intakes of bread and cereal sources of nitrite. CONCLUSION: Average drinking water nitrate levels below 3 mg/L were not associated with NHL risk. Our study had limited power to evaluate higher levels that deserve further study.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

The sexual experience of women diagnosed with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: Women with bulimia nervosa generally have reported greater sexual activity and experience relative to women with anorexia nervosa. However, past research has been based on small samples and has not controlled for potential confounding variables or symptom severity. We further investigated sexual experience among women diagnosed with an eating disorder. METHODS: Women evaluated in an outpatient eating disorders program, and subsequently diagnosed with either anorexia nervosa (n = 131) or bulimia nervosa (n = 319), completed the Diagnostic Survey for Eating Disorders-Revised (DSED-R) at intake. Sexual experience variables (masturbation, coitus, sexual satisfaction), as well as control variables (age, weight, and menarche) and measures of symptom severity, were derived from the DSED-R. Logistic regression analyses were used to predict sexual experience. RESULTS: After controlling for relevant covariates, bulimics were more likely than anorexics to have engaged in sexual intercourse. Masturbation experience, as well as self-ratings of current sexual satisfaction, were inversely related to degree of restriction of caloric intake, particularly among women with anorexia nervosa. When compared to anorexics, bulimics reported greater sexual interest and earlier age of first coitus. DISCUSSION: Coitus (sexual activity involving a partner) was related to eating disorder diagnosis independent of symptoms, whereas masturbation (self-focused sexual activity) was related to caloric restriction for the sample as a whole and anorexia nervosa patients in particular. These relationships between sexual experience and eating disorder symptoms and diagnosis may illuminate the personality features of women with anorexia nervosa versus bulimia nervosa as well as the functional role of caloric restriction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Thyroid function in bulimia nervosa.

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by episodes of binge eating. Bulimic patients have diminished caloric requirements and reduced metabolic rate. Because thyroid function is an important modulator of metabolic rate, we sought to clarify conflicting reports concerning this parameter in bulimic patients. Thyroid indices were examined in 18 bulimics at admission and after 3 weeks of abstinence. Patients had thyroid indices in the normal range at admission but slightly diminished triiodothyronine (T3) compared with control subjects (n = 28). Significant declines in T3 and thyroxine and increases in thyrotropin were noted after 3 weeks of abstinence. At abstinence, T3 was positively correlated with caloric intake, protein, fat, and carbohydrate consumption and inversely correlated with percent ideal body weight. We hypothesize that binge-purge behavior may transiently increase thyroid indices and, consequently, metabolic rate in patients with bulimia nervosa. Furthermore, decreases in T3 following abstinence may be related to diminished caloric consumption or may reflect hypothalamic-pituitary dysregulation in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A semilongitudinal study of food intake, anemia rate and body measurements of 6 to 24-month-old children in a Jerusalem community.

Food intake of 120 infants at 6 and 12 months old and 110 toddlers at 18 and 24 months old in three neighborhoods in a Western part of Jerusalem was determined by the 24-hr recall technique. Mean caloric intake was below the recommended dietary allowance, protein intake was twice the recommended dietary allowance, iron intake was low, and a high rate of mild anemia was found. Anemia rate and severity were more pronounced in a poor neighborhood. The different rate of anemia in the three neighborhoods in partly explained by the differences in sources of iron. Food intake did not vary by social class or mother's education. Using the weight/height ratio 9 to 12% of the children were overweight and 3 to 7% were obese. The impact of Mother and Child Health clinics on feeding practice is emphasized.

Anemia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aging, longevity, and diet: historical remarks on calorie intake reduction.

BACKGROUND: The link between longevity and diet is of great interest to biological and gerontological research. The fact that relevant knowledge has generally been available for many centuries is often not remarked upon. OBJECTIVE: This article examines three aspects of early modern Western medicine which thematize the following links between the elderly, longevity and caloric intake: (1) the question of a diet specifically tailored to old age as background to certain theories of aging; (2) the transfer of these dietetic concepts to younger patients in order to improve health and extend life, and (3) the promotion of dieting in order to avoid the consequences of plethora and to retard the aging process. METHODS: A number of Latin texts from premodern medical and health literature will be examined and their contents will be analyzed for material relating to diet for the elderly and longevity in their historic contexts. RESULTS: We will clearly indicate fundamental parallels as well as differences between historic and modern scientific thought. We will thereby show that although a modern understanding of hormones and molecular genetics was obviously lacking, basic knowledge of the influence of nutrition on old age was prevalent. In contrast, the early modern lay concept of longevity through calorie reduction was based on coincidental observation. CONCLUSION: These premodern, but nonetheless rational ideas must be integrated into the socio-cultural setting and the question must be raised as to the link between contemporary research aims and social reality.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Proteins and amino acids: effects of deficiencies and specific amino acids.

Information about effects of protein and amino acid intake on carcinogenesis comes mainly from experiments on laboratory animals. In general, tumor formation and tumor growth are retarded in animals consuming protein- or amino acid-deficient diets, but the effects have been attributed mainly to reduced caloric intake or body weight. Nonetheless, some tumors grow well in animals consuming diets that contain levels of protein that are insufficient to meet their nutritional needs. Induction of tumors by chemical carcinogens or procarcinogens may be enhanced or inhibited in animals consuming a diet containing a particular level of protein, depending upon the responses of enzymes that activate or inactivate the specific compound being tested. The feeding of amino acid-deficient diets or amino acid antagonists has been proposed as an adjunct to chemotherapy. Undoubtedly, tumor development and growth can be influenced by the quantity of protein consumed by an animal, but the responses observed with specific tumors and carcinogens may differ. Therefore, it is not possible to draw general conclusions about effects of protein intake on the incidence of cancer or on the process of carcinogenesis.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2004

C-Reactive protein-determined injury severity: length of stay predictor in surgical infants.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels reflect the severity of the metabolic response to injury in critically ill children. During this period, caloric overfeeding can increase complications and delay recovery. The authors hypothesized that by avoiding excessive caloric delivery, the effect of injury severity would be the major factor determining clinical outcome. METHODS: Twenty-eight surgical infants who had indirect calorimetry measurements while in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between August 2000 and January 2002 were studied. Serum CRP concentrations, mean energy expenditure (MEE), respiratory quotient (RQ), length of hospital stay (LOS), and caloric intake (I) at the time of indirect calorimetry were recorded. Data were analyzed using the Pearson product-moment correlation. RESULTS: Peak serum CRP was significantly correlated to LOS in all patients (r = 0.79, P < .0001). When net caloric balance (I-MEE) did not exceed 5 kcal/kg/d (n = 9), peak serum CRP was correlated positively with RQ (r = 0.66, P = .05). When I-MEE exceeded 5 kcal/kg/d (n = 19), the positive correlation of serum CRP with RQ was diminished (r = 0.23, P = .33). CONCLUSIONS: CRP-measured injury severity is a major determinant of clinical outcome in surgical infants. In addition, overfeeding causes additional RQ elevation.

C-Reactive Protein↗
PubMed2003

Ciliary neurotrophic factor improves diabetic parameters and hepatic steatosis and increases basal metabolic rate in db/db mice.

Obesity plays a central role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We therefore examined the effects of a modified form of ciliary neurotrophic factor [Axokine, which is hereafter referred to as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)Ax15], which uses a leptin-like mechanism to reduce body weight, in the db/db murine model of type 2 diabetes. In previous studies, weight loss produced by CNTF treatment could largely be attributed to its effects on food intake. In contrast, CNTFAx15 treatment of db/db mice caused significantly greater weight loss and marked improvements in diabetic parameters (e.g., levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, and nonesterified free fatty acids) than could be accounted for by reduced caloric intake alone. These beneficial effects, above and beyond those seen in animals controlled for either food restriction or body weight, correlated with the ability of CNTFAx15 to increase metabolic rate and energy expenditure and reduce hepatic steatosis while enhancing hepatic responsiveness to insulin. The hepatic effects were linked to rapid alterations in hepatic gene expression, most notably reduced expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of complex lipids that is also markedly suppressed by leptin in ob/ob mice. These observations further link the mechanisms of CNTF and leptin action, and they suggest important, beneficial effects for CNTF in diabetes that may be distinct from its ability to decrease food intake; instead, these effects may be more related to its influence on energy expenditure and hepatic gene expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Thermogenesis in response to various intakes of palatable food.

Complete energy balance studies were made on groups of overfed (A) and underfed (B) Wistar rats. In experiment A one group was fed cafeteria diet ad libitum (the intake was 29% larger than the control), two other groups were fed the same diet but in restricted quantities (18 and 9% above control), and a fourth group, fed a stock diet, served as control. In experiment B, caloric intake was restricted by 12 and 31% in two groups fed cafeteria diet, and by 21 and 34% in two other groups fed stock diet. The experiments lasted 41 days and during that period the protein gain was comparable between the control and the cafeteria-29% group (643.4 +/- 33.3 vs. 578.1 +/- 25.0) but the fat gain was significantly different between the two groups (863.2 +/- 81.6 vs. 1663.2 +/- 99.8 kJ). When energy expenditure (EE) (metabolizable energy less storage added to the cost of storage) is expressed as a percentage of metabolizable energy (ME) intake no significant difference was found among the groups. The average value was congruent to 75%. This finding would not support the presence of dietary-induced thermogenesis in animals overfed on the cafeteria diet. However, since the obligatory cost associated with storing energy would not explain the higher EE of the overfed groups, it is suggested that the level of ME intake exerts continuous proportional regulatory action on EE and, as a result, energy is spared by underfeeding and it is wasted by overfeeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1998

Room service improves patient food intake and satisfaction with hospital food.

Cancer therapy causes side effects that interfere with oral intake. Frequently, patients undergoing such therapy suffer from anorexia, nausea, vomiting, food aversions, dysgeusia, and xerostomia, all which adversely affect oral intake. Adequate nutrition intake is an important part of therapy for the cancer patient, especially when that patient is a child. Children who are well nourished are better able to withstand infection and tolerate therapy. Parents and staff at our hospital have worked diligently to improve patient's oral intake with limited success. Hence, a multidisciplinary team was organized to develop a new approach to food services that would improve patients' oral intake. The team initiated patient "room service," and patients were allowed to call the kitchen when they were ready to eat. The system works much like room service in a hotel. After the introduction of room service, patients' caloric intake improved significantly (P = .008), and protein intake increased by 18%. Patient satisfaction with hospital food service also improved; excellent ratings increased by as much as 35%. We conclude that room service is a viable alternative to traditional food services in the pediatric oncology setting and may be useful in other patient populations, such as maternity and general pediatrics.

Boston↗
PubMed1991

Reduction of enhanced mammary carcinogenesis in LA/N-cp (corpulent) rats by energy restriction.

Restriction of energy intake significantly reduces mammary tumorigenesis in normal rats exposed to carcinogens. Genetically obese LA/N-cp (corpulent) female rats were given 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and fed purified diets ad libitum or restricted to 60% of the ad libitum caloric intake. Phenotypically lean littermates were also fed ad libitum. Obese animals developed large mammary tumors more rapidly than genetically normal rats so that 100% of the animals had tumors in less than 16 weeks. Only 21% of the lean animals developed tumors; the energy restricted obese animals had a tumor incidence of 27%. Although obese rats fed the restricted diet weighed significantly less than those fed ad libitum, percent body fat was not reduced, indicating that lean tissue was affected more. Obese animals were markedly hyperinsulinemic (1003 +/- 193 microunits/ml) and energy restriction reduced this to 328 +/- 41; the lean animals had insulin levels of 12 +/- 2. Tumor-bearing rats had higher insulin levels than rats without tumors. These data suggest that body fatness is not directly associated with risk of carcinogenesis. Lean body mass, adipose tissue mass, and their interaction with insulin in its capacity as a growth factor rather than body fatness per se may be determinants of tumor promotion.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer preventive role of selected dietary factors.

Dietary behavior seems to be an important modifiable determinant for the risk of cancer. The evidences from several epidemiological studies suggest that higher intakes of fruits and vegetables have been associated with lower risk of cancer. Dietary phenolic and polyphenolic substances, terpenoids, dietary fibers, fish oils, some micronutrients present in foods of both plant and animal origin, and a reduction of caloric intake appear to inhibit the process of cancer development. Many dietary factors possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and cause induction of phase II enzymes like glutathione-S-transferases. It has been suggested that cruciferous vegetables play an important role in cancer prevention, and their chemopreventive effects are due to high glucosinolate content which under enzymatic hydrolysis produces bioactive compound isothiocyanates. Further, isothiocyanates of a wide variety of cruciferous vegetables are powerful inhibitors of carcinogenesis in experimental animal models. Several flavonoids present in fruits, tea, soya beans, etc. may be useful as cancer preventive agents. Similarly, ellagic acid, perillyl alcohol and resveratrol found in various fruits may have chemoprotective effect. Moreover, different vanilloids such as curcumin and gingerol have been shown to possess antioxidative properties. Nevertheless, in spite of several studies, still the effects of various ingredients are not clearly distinguished. In human, little convincing evidence has been established for the proposed protective effects of dietary constituents. It is an important future research goal to provide necessary evidences to support the chemopreventive role of different dietary factors, and also to clarify misunderstandings in this perplexing area.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Impact of a nutrition education program on the lipid profile and food habits of a working adult population].

To evaluate the influence of health care education of the diet, we studied, in a sample of 68 workers (47 men and 21 women), the usual food intake (by means of a weekly registration technique), the anthropometry and the lipid profile, before and after giving a nutritional information program which lasted one year. At the end thereof, we observed a significant reduction in the global caloric intake, at the expense of a lower supply of proteins and fats (mainly saturated fats), which translated into a percentile distribution of macronutrients, which more closely resembles the dietary recommendations. The average anthropometric parameters did not vary. With respect to the lipid profile, a decrease of the plasma levels of LDL and HDL cholesterol was observed. These results confirm the capacity of educational interventions in changing the eating habits to a more healthy style, with repercussions on the lipid profile.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Short-term effects of varying glucose intake on body composition of malnourished adult patients.

Changes in weight and body content of protein, carbohydrate, fat, total body water, intra- and extracellular water, Na, and K were estimated from balance measurements in malnourished adult patients receiving total parenteral nutrition for consecutive 8-day periods, containing either a low or high carbohydrate content. Total caloric intake was 65% of energy expenditure on the low intake and 119% on the high intake, with a difference of 54% due entirely to carbohydrate. Although there are many assumptions and approximations necessarily involved in multiple balance studies, the accuracy is sufficient to produce useful information in short-term studies of this type. It is particularly useful in looking at differences between diets, since most of the methodologic errors cancel out. The effect of the increased glucose intake was to significantly increase storage, or decrease loss, of fat, carbohydrate, protein, intracellular water, and K. Changes in Na and extracellular water varied widely among patients, but were not affected by the increase in glucose. Most of the increase in K content (83%) was associated with glycogen deposition; a much smaller amount (17%) was associated with protein deposition. Thus, the ratio of K/N deposited (15 mEq of K:1 g of N) was very different from the 3:1 ratio seen in most tissues. Changes in any one constituent of body cell mass may not, therefore, be good indicators of changes in another. Since protein is the most important active component of body cell mass, changes in body cell mass components other than N should be interpreted with caution when used as indices of nutritional therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Acute treatment with trimethyltin alters alcohol self-selection.

Male rats of the Long-Evans strain were divided into two equal groups of nine each and given either 7.0 mg/kg trimethyltin (TMT) or 0.9% saline by intragastric gavage. The pattern of self-selection of alcohol in concentrations of 3%--30% was examined in both groups at 21 and 150 days following the gavage. The TMT-treated rat consistently drank less alcohol than did the controls at every concentration of alcohol. This difference in alcohol intake was equally significant when the rats were tested in a food-contingent, schedule-induced polydipsia situation. Further, although the TMT-lesioned animal consumed fewer calories per day in the form of alcohol, their overall daily caloric intakes were slightly higher than those of the controls. These results are interpreted as a consequence of damage to structures of the forebrain and as part of a syndrome of behavioral and neurological pathology.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

[Multiple-factor analysis of weight gain in very low birth weight infants].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlative factors of weight gain in very low birth weight infants (VLBW). METHODS: Fifty-one cases of VLBW from July 1998 to March 2004 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Twenty two cases were small for gestational age (SGA) and 29 cases were appropriate for gestational age (AGA). The age of first feeding was (2.35 +/- 2.29) d. Caloric intake was (377.61 +/- 121.50) kJ/(kg.d) [(90.25 +/- 29.04) kcal/(kg.d)] and protein intake was (2.18 +/- 0.83) g/(kg.d). The age of birth weight regained was (7.41 +/- 3.57) d and the velocity of weight gain was (16.38 +/- 9.29) g/d or (12.63 +/- 7.15) g/(kg.d). Single factor analysis found that early feeding and caloric supply and protein supply had significant influence on weight gain (P < 0.05). The result of multivariate linear analysis showed that the significant risk factors were associated with supply of calorie and protein. The equation was Y (weight gain) = -6.426 + 0.120X(1) (caloric supply) + 3.737X(2) (protein supply) (P < 0.01). The caloric supply of the cases that achieved the nutritional goal was (468.19 +/- 67.11) kJ/(kg.d), [(111.90 +/- 16.04) kcal/(kg.d)], and that with enteral nutrition and partial parenteral nutrition was [(520.62 +/- 21.59) kJ/(kg.d)], [(124.43 +/- 5.16) kcal/(kg.d), (451.49 +/- 68.41) kJ/(kg.d)], [(107.98 +/- 16.35) kcal/(kg.d)] respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The mean rank of time of birth weight regaining, the time in hospital stay and duration of parenteral nutrition providing at least 75% of the total daily fluid volume was 18.58, 20.24 and 20.11 in the group of early feeding, and it was 33.00, 32.48 and 31.83 in the group of late feeding, respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Sufficient supply of calorie and protein should be ensured in VLBW infants, especially in SGA and severely ill infants. It was very important to feed VLBW infants as early as possible, which could improve feeding tolerance and gastrointestinal maturation. VLBW infants should receive parenteral nutrition as supplements to enteral feeding.

Enteral Nutrition↗
PubMed1982

Energy metabolism, substrate utilization, metabolite and hormone levels in infants fed various parenteral solutions.

Previous observations on the effects of various types of parenteral nutrition on changes in oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, total heat production, distribution of nutrient utilization, metabolic and hormonal levels in infants during the neonatal and postneonatal periods are reviewed. The relevant findings obtained in fifty-two newborn infants infused with different types of metabolic solutions were as follows. Oxygen consumption increased during Aminosol-glucose and Intralipid-glucose infusion. The respiratory quotient varied according to the oxidation of the nutrients. A significant elevation was observed during Aminosol-glucose infusion, which tended to fall in response to Intralipid. Total heat production was increased during all types of parenteral nutrition, and substrate utilization depended on the quality and amount of nutrient intake. The magnitude of the changes in concentrations of metabolites (glucose, free fatty acids, alpha-amino-nitrogen) and insulin and growth hormone were smallest when the parenteral nutrition consisted of glucose, amino acids and lipid and the total caloric intake did not exceed the maintenance energy expenditure. On the basis of the results, during the neonatal period it seems advisable to administer as parenteral nutrition, about 70--75 kcal/kg/day in the form of 7.0--8.0 g/kg/day glucose, 1.7--2.0 g/kg/day amino acids and 3.0--4.0 g/kg/day lipid.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1976

Relationship between plasma insulin, the size and number of adpocytes and habitual calory intake in a group of 186 obese women.

In a group of 186 obese women, no correlation was found between post-glucose load insulinemia, measured at 13:00 hrs, and the degree of overweight, nor between post-glucose insulinemia and mean adipocyte diameter. Significant correlations were found between post-glucose insulinemia and daily caloric intake, and between post-protein insulinemia and mean adipocyte diameter. Post-glucose and post-protein load insulinemia were interrelated.

Adipose Tissue↗